战略性微生物资源知识产权现状研究及发展对策

微生物作为全世界分布最广且拥有量最多的生物资源,其应用已涉及到诸多领域并展现出了巨大的经济价值和社会价值。因此研究微生物及其知识产权(intellectual property rights,IPR)全产业链的现状和发展,对于我们如何全新地认知微生物,如何挖掘微生物资源以及发挥微生物作为产业最重要部分的作用具有重要的意义。我国已形成了较为完备的微生物相关专利保护体系,已形成了基于微生物的全产业链生态发展闭环格局。本文通过以微生物专利构成实质技术转移、许可和质押相关大数据分析,通过挖掘利用各种微生物资源,从战略高度探索国家开放遗传资源的大数据,围绕微生物功能性活性成分、菌株(群)基因大数据,基于微生物功能代谢产物、基因组进行数据分析、预警和专利布局,做好微生物资源IPR现状研究及发展对策。最终形成以产业为依托,战略性资源作为引导,IPR助推微生物全产业链中核心技术引擎的格局,进而实现微生物战略资源产业集群发展。     

活性污泥中电活性微生物的富集筛选研究进展

活性污泥含有多种微生物,是废水处理系统中污染物降解转化的重要驱动者。电活性微生物(Electroactive microorganisms,EAMs)是活性污泥的重要微生物类群,在废水资源化与能源化中发挥着核心关键作用。本文概括了活性污泥中EAMs的富集和筛选方法,整理总结了目前已从活性污泥中获得的EAMs菌种资源信息,在此基础上分析了从活性污泥中富集和筛选EAMs所存在的问题,并进一步展望了未来的研究方向,以期加速EAMs菌种资源的挖掘,促进以EAMs为主导的废水资源化与能源化技术发展。     

微生物多糖合成关键基因挖掘的研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,功能基因的挖掘在微生物高产多糖合成关键途径研究中变得越来越重要,不断发展的基因挖掘方法和基因组分析工具推进了研究的深入进行。本文主要综述了近年来报道的微生物多糖生物合成途径和多糖合成途径中的关键酶,以及利用多种技术手段和分析软件工具对多糖合成关键基因进行挖掘和验证的相关研究,为微生物多糖合成关键基因的验证以及微生物高产多糖菌株的制备提供参考。     

我国微生物防治研究与微生物农药产业化的进展(1980-1999)

总结了我国 1980年以来微生物防治研究与微生物农药产业化取得的成就。重点总结了杀虫微生物及杀虫基因资源的发掘鉴定 ,杀虫微生物及杀虫活性物质与昆虫相互作用机制的研究 ,抗虫遗传工程及遗传工程菌 ,以及微生物农药应用和产业化的发展和成就。对我国微生物防治及微生物农药产业化的发展前景作了展望。     

微生物脂肪酶资源挖掘及其催化性能改良策略

脂肪酶催化在食品、医药、化工、能源等领域发挥重要作用.开发新型微生物脂肪酶资源,对脂肪酶进行修饰改良,是脂肪酶催化领域的重要研发内容.极端微生物和不可培养微生物脂肪酶的发掘是获取新型工业催化剂的热点;体外定向进化、杂合酶、表面展示等蛋白质工程等分子生物学技术手段为开发特定性质"新酶"提供了有力工具;生物印迹、pH记忆、定向固定化、交联酶晶体、脂质体包埋等高效物理化学修饰方法拓宽了脂肪酶原有的催化性质.微生物脂肪酶资源挖掘及其改良将推动脂肪酶的生物催化产业快速发展.     

基于16S rRNA基因测序分析微生物群落多样性

微生物群落多样性的研究对于挖掘微生物资源,探索微生物群落功能,阐明微生物群落与生境间的关系具有重要意义。随着宏基因组概念的提出以及测序技术的快速发展,16S rRNA基因测序在微生物群落多样性的研究中已被广泛应用。文中系统地介绍了16S rRNA基因测序分析流程中的四个重要环节,包括测序平台与扩增区的选择、测序数据预处理以及多样性分析方法,就其面临的问题与挑战进行了探讨并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为微生物群落多样性相关研究提供参考。     

宏基因组学在微生物活性物质筛选中的应用

采用传统分离培养筛选微生物新活性物质的方法受到很大制约,自然界99%以上的微生物不能培养,其资源开发受到很大限制。环境微生物宏基因组技术应用避开了微生物分离纯培养问题,极大拓展了微生物资源的利用空间,增加获得新活性物质的机会和途径。本文着重介绍宏基因组的概念、研究策略包括DNA提取、文库构建与筛选等及在微生物活性物质筛选中的应用,并对宏基因组研究中存在的问题进行探讨。     

宏基因组学技术在微生物功能酶开发中的应用

宏基因组学技术以特定环境样品中微生物复杂群落的基因组总和为研究对象,突破了传统微生物纯培养方法的局限,为不可培养微生物中丰富的基因资源的开发和利用提供了强有力的工具,已经取得了令人瞩目的研究进展。对宏基因组学技术及其在微生物功能酶新基因发现中的应用进行综述。     

植物病害防治相关微生物组研究进展与展望

微生物是人类活动过程中重要的生物资源。植物及其根围土壤中生存着大量多种多样的微生物,这些微生物与植物健康之间存在着密不可分的关系。近年来,基因测序技术的快速发展为植物微生物组结构和功能的研究提供了极大的便利,多种植物相关的微生物组得到了解析。同时更多研究者聚焦于植物病害相关的微生物组研究,通过差异分析,发现了一些特定的有益于植物健康的微生物菌群。此外,植物根围或根内微生物塑造的内在原理也得到了进一步的揭示。一系列植物微生物组研究为植物病害防治和新的微生物资源的挖掘提供了更多思路。     

中国微生物资源研究现状及未来发展态势分析

[目的]微生物资源由于其对于生命科学基础研究和生物经济的重要价值,一直是全球生物技术竞争的战略重点。中国目前已经成为在生命科学研究领域最有影响力的国家之一,每年发表的论文数量居全球第二位。通过微生物资源的保藏和利用的分析能够一定程度反映我国微生物研究的整体状况和进展,并进一步反映生命科学研究和生物产业的发展趋势。[方法]本文通过分析我国微生物资源保藏、文献、专利等数据,阐述了我国微生物资源的保藏和利用现状,并同相关国家进行了比较,基于此分析,为我国微生物资源挖掘与利用提供战略方向和建议。[结论]近年来,我国建立了微生物资源国家平台,每年发表论文数量居全球第二位,申请和授权专利数量居全球第一位,充分反映了我国微生物资源研究及其在生物产业的应用现状。我国正在形成一个微生物资源保藏、研究和应用的完整体系,为我国乃至全球的生物经济的发展提供支撑。     

Evaluation of coumarin derivatives as anti-fungal agents against soil-borne fungal pathogens

Development of new and safer pesticides that are target-specific is backed by a strong Federal, public and commercial mandate. In order to generate a new generation of pesticides that are more ecologically friendly and safe, natural products are being evaluated for pesticidal activities. Many plant-derived chemicals have proven pesticidal properties, including compounds like sesamol (3,4-Methylenedioxyphenol), a lipid from sesame oil and coumarins (1,2-Benzopyrone) found in a variety of plants such as clover, sweet woodruff and grasses. Both of these plant-derived compounds have been shown to inhibit a range of fungi and bacteria and it is believed that these cyclic compounds behave as natural pesticidal defense molecules for plants. These compounds represent a starting point for the exploration of new derivative compounds possessing a range of antifungal activity and for use as seed protectants. Within this study, six derivatives of coumarin that resembled sesamol's structure were screened for their antifungal activity against a range of soil-bome plant pathogenic fungi. Fungi in this in vitro screen included Macrophomina phaseolina (causal agent of charcoal rot) and Pythium spp. (causal agent of seedling blight), two phylogenetically diverse and economically important plant pathogens. Preliminary studies indicate that many of these novel coumarin derivatives work very effectively in vitro to inhibit fungal growth and several coumarin derivatives have higher antifungal activity and stability as compared to either the original coumarin or sesamol compounds alone. Interestingly, several of these highly active coumarin derivatives are halogenated compounds with solubility in water, and they are relatively easy and inexpensive to synthesize. These halogenated coumarin derivatives remained active for extended periods of time displaying 100% inhibition of fungal growth for greater than 3 weeks in vitro. In addition to the in vitro fungal inhibition assays, preliminary phytotoxicity assays of these halogenated coumarin compounds show no obvious plant toxicity issues or interference in plant development. These results support additional research in this area of natural pesticide development.     

高通量分析技术在资源微生物及功能基因发掘中的应用

随着新的微生物资源不断被发现以及微生物基因组测序数据的积累和完善,目前研究重点和难点是如何从大量数据中快速发现和鉴定与微生物重要表型相关的功能基因,这就需要高通量的分析研究手段,主要涉及建库和筛选两个主要技术单元。其中,建库是指构建能够覆盖微生物全基因组的突变或干扰文库,所涉及的技术包括宏基因组、转座子插入突变、RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)、反转录子文库重组工程(retron library recombineering,RLR)、CRISPR抑制(CRISPRi)和CRISPR激活(CRISPRa)等。筛选则是通过某种胁迫压力来促使文库菌群的差异化生长,并结合高通量测序全面发掘与特定表型相关的功能基因,从而为后续研究提供有效信息。本文对功能基因组学研究中现有的高通量分析技术进行了梳理、总结和展望,以期为这类技术方法的拓展、优化以及应用提供参考。     

有机磷农药降解菌及其基因工程研究新进展

有机磷农药是目前我国使用量最大的农药,对农业的发展有重要的作用,但同时造成了严重的环境污染.利用微生物及其产生的降解酶来降解农药是行之有效的方法.随着分子生物学技术的深入利用,农药的微生物降解已在基因工程领域取得了很大进展.本文综述了有机磷农药降解微生物的筛选、降解酶和基因的克隆、基因工程菌的构建以及应用等几个方面的研究进展.     

Impact of pesticides on soil microbiological parameters and possible bioremediation strategies

Intensive agriculture is spectacularly successful since last couple of decades due to the inputs viz; fertilizers and pesticides along with high yielding varieties. The mandate for agriculture development was to feed and adequate nutrition supply to the expanding population by side the agriculture would be entering to into new area of commercial and export orientation. The attention of public health and proper utilization natural resources are also the main issues related with agriculture development. Concern for pesticide contamination in the environment in the current context of pesticide use has assumed great importance [1]. The fate of the pesticides in the soil environment in respect of pest control efficacy, non-target organism exposure and offsite mobility has been given due consideration [2]. Kinetics and pathways of degradation depend on abiotic and biotic factors [6], which are specific to a particular pesticide and therefore find preference. Adverse effect of pesticidal chemicals on soil microorganisms [3], may affect soil fertility [4] becomes a foreign chemicals major issue. Soil microorganisms show an early warning about soil disturbances by foreign chemicals than any other parameters. But the fate and behavior of these chemicals in soil ecosystem is very important since they are degraded by various factors and have the potential to be in the soil, water etc. So it is indispensable to monitor the persistence, degradation of pesticides in soil and is also necessary to study the effect of pesticide on the soil quality or soil health by in depth studies on soil microbial activity. The removal of metabolites or degraded products should be removed from soil and it has now a day’s primary concern to the environmentalist. Toxicity or the contamination of pesticides can be reduced by the bioremediation process which involves the uses of microbes or plants. Either they degrade or use the pesticides by various co metabolic processes.     

中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用

我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史悠久。近年来我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。从而为研究植物源杀虫剂奠定了基础。     

Development,registration and commercialization of microbial pesticides for plant protection

Plant protection against pathogens, pests and weeds has been progressively reoriented from a therapeutic approach to a rational use of pesticide chemicals in which consumer health and environmental preservation prevail over any other productive or economic considerations. Microbial pesticides are being introduced in this new scenario of crop protection and currently several beneficial microorganisms are the active ingredients of a new generation of microbial pesticides or the basis for many natural products of microbial origin. The development of a microbial pesticide requires several steps addressed to its isolation in pure culture and screening by means of efficacy bioassays performed in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo, or in pilot trials under real conditions of application (field, greenhouse, post-harvest). For the commercial delivery of a microbial pesticide, the biocontrol agent must be produced at an industrial scale (fermentation), preserved for storage and formulated by means of biocompatible additives to increase survival and to improve the application and stability of the final product. Despite the relative high number of patents for biopesticides, only a few of them have materialized in a register for agricultural use. The excessive specificity in most cases and biosafety or environmental concerns in others are major limiting factors. Non-target effects may be possible in particular cases, such as displacement of beneficial microorganisms, allergenicity, toxinogencity (production of secondary metabolites toxic to plants, animals, or humans), pathogenicity (to plants or animals) by the agent itself or due to contaminants, or horizontal gene transfer of these characteristics to non-target microorganisms. However, these non-target effects should not be evaluated in an absolute manner, but relative to chemical control or the absence of any control of the target disease (for example, toxins derived from the pathogen). Consumer concerns about live microbes due to emerging food-borne diseases and bioterrorism do not help to create a socially receptive environment to microbial pesticides. The future of microbial pesticides is not only in developing new active ingredients based on microorganisms beneficial to plants, but in producing self-protected plants (so-called plant-incorporated pesticides) by transforming agronomically high-value crop plants with genes from biological control agents     

中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用

我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史悠久。近年来我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。从而为研究植物源杀虫剂奠定了基础     

Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review

Microorganisms produce biosurfactant (BS)/bioemulsifier (BE) with wide structural and functional diversity which consequently results in the adoption of different techniques to investigate these diverse amphiphilic molecules. This review aims to compile information on different microbial screening methods, surface active products extraction procedures, and analytical terminologies used in this field. Different methods for screening microbial culture broth or cell biomass for surface active compounds production are also presented and their possible advantages and disadvantages highlighted. In addition, the most common methods for purification, detection, and structure determination for a wide range of BS and BE are introduced. Simple techniques such as precipitation using acetone, ammonium sulphate, solvent extraction, ultrafiltration, ion exchange, dialysis, ultrafiltration, lyophilization, isoelectric focusing (IEF), and thin layer chromatography (TLC) are described. Other more elaborate techniques including high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), infra red (IR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS), protein digestion and amino acid sequencing are also elucidated. Various experimental strategies including static light scattering and hydrodynamic characterization for micelles have been discussed. A combination of various analytical methods are often essential in this area of research and a numbers of trials and errors to isolate, purify and characterize various surface active agents are required. This review introduces the various methodologies that are indispensable for studying biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers.     

Pesticide relevance and their microbial degradation: a-state-of-art

The extensive use of pesticide causes imbalance in properties of soil, water and air environments due to having problem of natural degradation. Such chemicals create diverse environmental problem via biomagnifications. Currently, microbial degradation is one of the important techniques for amputation and degradation of pesticide from agricultural soils. Some studies have reported that the genetically modified microorganism has ability to degrade specific pesticide but problem is that they cannot introduce in the field because they cause some other environmental problems. Only combined microbial consortia of indigenous and naturally occurring microbes isolated from particular contaminated environment have ability to degrade pesticides at faster rate. The bioaugumentation processes like addition of necessary nutrients or organic matter are required to speed up the rate of degradation of a contaminant by the indigenous microbes. The use of indigenous microbial strains having plant growth activities is ecologically superior over the chemical methods. In this review, we have attempted to discuss the recent challenge of pesticide problem in soil environment and their biodegradation with the help of effective indigenous pesticides degrading microorganisms. Further, we highlighted and explored the molecular mechanism for the pesticide degradation in soil with effective indigenous microbial consortium. This review suggests that the use of pesticide degrading microbial consortia which is an eco-friendly technology may be suitable for the sustainable agriculture production.     

Applications of phytochemical and in vitro techniques for reducing over-harvesting of medicinal and pesticidal plants and generating income for the rural poor

Plants provide medicine and pest control resources for millions of poor people world-wide. Widespread harvesting of medicinal and pesticidal plants puts pressure on natural populations, thus severely compromising their contribution to the income and well-being of traders and consumers. The development of in vitro propagation techniques appropriate for developing countries will provide a robust platform for effective propagation and cultivation of endangered plants. This review focuses on advances in the application of phytochemical and in vitro tools to identify and rapidly propagate medicinal and pesticidal plants. Problems of over-harvesting can be alleviated and ex situ cultivation in agroforestry systems can be facilitated through improving seed germination, in vitro cloning and the use of mycorrhizal fungi. We also present a case for effective use of phytochemical analyses for the accurate identification of elite materials from wild stands and validation of the desired quality in order to counter loss of efficacy in the long run through selection, propagation or ex situ management in agroforestry systems. Future prospects are discussed in the context of medicinal activity screening, sustainable propagation, on-farm planting, management and utilization.