男性催乳素瘤及其治疗

本文介绍31例男性催乳素瘤的临床特点及手术和溴隐亭治疗的结果。该病早期不易确诊,术前主要靠血清催乳素(PRL)水平确诊。溴隐亭可以使病人症状很快得到改善,腺瘤明显缩小。手术治疗复发率高,症状改善不及溴隐亭,作者建议大催乳素瘤先用溴隐亭治疗。     

溴隐亭能否治愈垂体催乳素瘤

目的 通过溴隐亭治疗垂体催乳素瘤的临床和病理研究,探讨其临床效果和作用机制.方法 选择26例催乳素瘤,术前服用溴隐亭16例,另外7例术前未服用溴隐亭,手术切除的肿瘤标本作光镜和电镜检查;3例巨大催乳素瘤单纯用溴隐亭治疗,临床观察肿瘤体积变化.结果 手术前溴隐亭治疗的16例催乳素瘤瘤细胞的胞质体积缩小,核质比例增大,电镜下胞质内分泌颗粒明显减少,线粒体、粗面内质网数量明显减少.长期服药后肿瘤细胞核染色质有边聚现象,部分染色质透出核膜,以出芽方式向细胞质蔓延,并有凋亡小体形成.肿瘤细胞有空泡变性、核固缩和坏死自溶.单纯溴隐亭治疗的巨大催乳素瘤肿瘤体积平均缩小98.52%.结论 溴隐亭可以治愈催乳素瘤,其主要作用机制是使肿瘤细胞发生凋亡和继发性坏死.     

溴隐亭对脑垂体腺瘤的作用：19例临床病理研究

12例催乳素腺瘤(PRL 腺瘤)和7例生长激素腺瘤(GH 腺瘤),手术前服溴隐亭治疗,摘除标本进行光镜、电镜、免疫组化等研究,另外各有7例手术前未服药的手术标本同样观察以为对照研究。结果:PRL 腺瘤细胞明显缩小,主要是粗面内质网、高尔基氏器核糖体等减少以致瘤体积缩小、故认为溴隐亭主要是抑制泌乳素腺瘤的泌乳激素产生和释放,并无根治和杀伤瘤细胞的作用。     

溴隐亭(Bromocriptine)治疗垂体腺瘤

目前,垂体瘤可以在局限于蝶鞍内的微腺瘤阶段得到确诊,并采用经蝶窦显微手术,选择地将肿瘤全部摘除。然而,就全部垂体瘤来说,手术远非可以解决一切问题。50多年前,Cushing曾预言:目前垂体瘤的手术治疗,实际上是处于本病治疗发展史的石器时代,不久,生物化学家将告诉我们,如何治愈最普遍的功能性垂体腺瘤。现在麦角碱的衍生物、多巴胺增效剂——溴隐亭,成功地治疗垂体腺瘤的事实,有力地证明了这位医学大师的预言。新近,关于溴隐亭治疗功能性垂体腺瘤的报导,说明溴隐亭的问世,确是垂体瘤治疗上的一大重要进展。一、溴隐亭能迅速地降低病人血液中升高的泌乳素浓度,使之恢复正常。放射免疫分析的研究表明,大部分垂体腺瘤分泌泌乳素(PRL)。以往称之为非分泌的难染色性腺瘤,实际上2/3是属于PRL腺     

强化胰岛素治疗在重型颅脑创伤救治中作用的荟萃分析

目的 评价强化胰岛素治疗(IIT)与常规胰岛素治疗(CIT)在重型创伤性脑损伤(sTBI)救治中的作用.方法 系统性检索中、外文文献数据库中的临床随机对照试验(RCT),使用Review Manager软件进行荟萃分析.评价指标包括:早期(住院期间)病死率、远期(3个月后)病死率、感染率、远期神经功能损伤量表(NSS)评分、低血糖事件发生率等.结果 共有12篇文献、共计1 277名患者纳入本项分析.早期病死率的合并OR =0.78 (95％ CI:0.53 ～ 1.15,P=0.21);晚期病死率的合并OR =0.85 (95％ CI:0.63 ～ 1.15,P=0.30);感染率的合并0R=0.49 (95％ CI:0.37～0.64,P＜0.00001);远期良好NSS比例的合并OR=1.62 (95％ CI:1.18 ～2.21,P=0.003);低血糖事件发生率的合并OR =4.33 (95％ CI:1.39 ～ 13.49,P=O.01)和2.61(95％ CI:2.27 ～2.99,P＜0.00001).结论 在sTBI救治中,与CIT相比,IIT对降低病死率无明显作用,但可降低患者感染率、改善远期神经功能,同时低血糖事件却明显增多.故IIT不太适合继续应用于救治重型颅脑创伤,进一步的证据还有待深入研究.     

催乳素瘤溴隐亭治疗后出现脑脊液鼻漏和癫痫1例

正催乳素瘤是起源于腺垂体的良性肿瘤,首选多巴胺受体激动剂治疗[1]。有报道,有的催乳素瘤服用溴隐亭后可出现脑脊液鼻漏,有的催乳素瘤患者可以合并癫痫,但服用溴隐亭后出现脑脊液鼻漏和癫痫者报道甚少。本文报道1例巨大型催乳素瘤患者服用溴隐亭后出现脑脊液鼻漏并癫痫。患者男,40岁,因"左侧头痛半年余,加重1 w"于2011年5月31日入院。查体:双眼视力下降、颞侧视野缺损,体毛少,     

术前溴隐亭治疗对垂体催乳素腺瘤手术的影响

垂体腺瘤是一种良性的颅内内分泌肿瘤,约占颅内肿瘤的10％.催乳素(PRL)腺瘤占分泌性垂体腺瘤的40％ ～60％,其治疗主要有手术治疗和溴隐亭的药物治疗,少数患者在手术和药物治疗无效时选择放射治疗[1].本文通过回顾我院2006年3月至2010年3月收治的102例经手术治疗的催乳素腺瘤患者,分析术前溴隐亭治疗对垂体催乳素腺瘤术后并发症和手术疗效的影响.     

催乳素腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿3例及文献复习

目的探讨催乳素腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿(RCC)的临床特点,以提高诊治水平。方法回顾性分析3例催乳素腺瘤合并RCC的病例资料,并结合文献进行分析。术前MRI示腺瘤中存在无强化囊性结构,经蝶窦入路手术均在切除肿瘤时见到典型Rathke囊肿囊液。结果 1例术后病理提示催乳素腺瘤合并RCC,2例因囊性组织被吸引器吸除,病理仅见催乳素瘤组织。3例病人随访26~78个月,均未见复发。结论催乳素腺瘤合并RCC较罕见,两者间可能无因果关系。RCC因体积小在术前MRI诊断中易遗漏,当MRI提示垂体腺瘤中存在无强化的囊性结构时,应考虑合并RCC可能。此病变经蝶窦入路手术可确诊,手术疗效确切。     

内镜手术与显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤疗效的Meta分析

目的比较内镜手术与显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤的安全性和有效性。方法计算机检索Pubmed、EMbase、CBM、CNKI、万方及VIP等数据库,查找所有比较内镜手术与显微手术治疗垂体瘤的随机对照试验或病例对照研究,检索时限均为建库至2014年5月31日。按纳入排除标准由两人独立进行研究的筛选、资料提取和质量评价后,采用Rev Man5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入8个研究、712例患者,结果显示,与显微手术相比,内镜手术肿瘤全切率[优势比(OR)=1.23;95%可信区间(CI)(0.62~2.46);P=0.56]、手术时间(P0.05)、术后激素水平改善率[OR=1.21;95%CI(0.58~2.55);P=0.61]、术后脑脊液漏发生率[OR=1.44;95%CI(0.80~2.58);P=0.23]、脑/脑膜炎发生率明显减少[OR=1.15;95%CI(0.38~3.48);P=0.81]、尿崩发生率[OR=1.17;95%CI(0.71~1.94);P=0.53]均无明显改善,而术后鼻出血发生率[OR=0.24;95%CI(0.07~0.78);P=0.02]和术后住院天数明显缩短(P0.05)。结论内镜手术与显微手术相比其术后鼻出血患者较少,术后住院天数短。     

芍药甘草汤治疗高催乳素血症对照研究

目的:探讨芍药甘草汤对女性精神分裂症患者应用利培酮后出现高催乳素血症的疗效。方法:对女性精神分裂症患者以利培酮治疗后催乳素水平≥50μg/L伴月经稀发或闭经者纳入交叉对照研究,共18例。利培酮继续原有剂量,先后合并芍药甘草汤或溴隐亭治疗各4周,间隔4周,总疗程12周。测定血清催乳素、雌二醇、睾酮、孕酮浓度,评定阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和副反应量表(TESS)。结果:芍药甘草汤或溴隐亭治疗均可降低催乳素浓度(P<0.01),服芍药甘草汤后催乳素浓度平均降低(18.0±24.3)μg/L;服溴隐亭后平均降低(25.3±24.4)μg/L,二者相仿(t=-1.054,P>0.05);经治疗9例患者月经来潮。结论:芍药甘草汤可用于治疗利培酮所致的高催乳素血症,未见明显不良反应。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists as research tools and potential therapeutics

We recently reviewed the status of peptide and nonpeptide agonists and antagonists for the V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) receptors for arginine vasopressin (AVP) and the oxytocin receptor for oxytocin (OT). In the present review, we update the status of peptides and nonpeptides as: (i) research tools and (ii) therapeutic agents. We also present our recent findings on the design of fluorescent ligands for V(1b) receptor localisation and for OT receptor dimerisation. We note the exciting discoveries regarding two novel naturally occurring analogues of OT. Recent reports of a selective VP V(1a) agonist and a selective OT agonist point to the continued therapeutic potential of peptides in this field. To date, only two nonpeptides, the V(2) /V(1a) antagonist, conivaptan and the V(2) antagonist tolvaptan have received Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use. The development of nonpeptide AVP V(1a), V(1b) and V(2) antagonists and OT agonists and antagonists has recently been abandoned by Merck, Sanofi and Pfizer. A promising OT antagonist, Retosiban, developed at Glaxo SmithKline is currently in a Phase II clinical trial for the prevention of premature labour. A number of the nonpeptide ligands that were not successful in clinical trials are proving to be valuable as research tools. Peptide agonists and antagonists continue to be very widely used as research tools in this field. In this regard, we present receptor data on some of the most widely used peptide and nonpeptide ligands, as a guide for their use, especially with regard to receptor selectivity and species differences.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.