骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗心力衰竭

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞移植对阿霉素诱导的心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响。方法无菌条件下取8周龄F344大鼠的股骨和胫骨,获得骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs),在体外纯化、扩增后,用5-溴-2’脱氧尿苷(BrdU)进行标记,然后注射到心力衰竭模型细胞移植组和对照组大鼠的心肌组织内,细胞移植后4周,采用生理记录仪测量3组大鼠的心功能,处死动物,心脏切片行免疫组化了解移植细胞在受体心脏的存活情况。结果细胞移植后4周,细胞移植组大鼠死亡率为6.2%,明显低于假细胞移植组12.5%(P<0.01);在受体大鼠的心脏切片上有BrdU标记的移植细胞存活。心功能测定显示:与对照组相比,细胞移植组最大左室收缩末压(LVSP)、心率(HR)、左室内压最大(最小)变化速率(LV±dp/dtmax)均明显下降(P<0.01),而左室舒张末压(LVDP)明显升高(P<0.01);与对照组相比,细胞移植组大鼠的LVSP、HR、LV±dp/dtmax均有明显升高(P<0.01),而LVDP明显降低(P<0.01);与假移植组相比,细胞移植组大鼠的HR、LV±dp/dtmax仍有明显下降(P<0.01),而LVDP明显升高(P<0.01)。结论MSCs移植可有效改善阿霉素诱导的扩张型心力衰竭大鼠的心功能,减少心力衰竭大鼠的死亡率。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）对心衰大鼠心功能的影响及其机制。方法腹腔注射阿霉素（2mg／kg,每周1次,连续6周）至近交系F344大鼠体内,建立心衰大鼠模型。存活大鼠（32只）随机分为2组：心衰组（16只）和细胞移植组（16只）。分离纯化大鼠MSCs进行体外培养,予4,6-联脒-2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）进行标记;经股静脉注射MSCs或DMEM至心衰大鼠体内。细胞移植后4周,应用多导生理记录仪测量大鼠心功能;通过免疫组织荧光及化学染色,观察移植细胞存活情况,并计算血管数量;通过天狼猩红染色计算心肌胶原容积分数（CVF）和血管周围胶原面积（PVCA）。结果移植后4周,细胞移植组大鼠心肌组织见到DAPI标记的移植细胞存活,并表达心肌特异性抗原心肌肌球蛋白重链（β—MHC）。与心衰组相比,细胞移植组最大左室收缩末压（LVSP）、左室内压最大（最小）变化速率（LV＋dp／dtmax）均明显升高（P〈0．05）,而左室舒张末压（LVDP）明显下降（P〈0．05）;细胞移植组左室血管数量明显高于心衰组[（11．83±1．40）个比（7．78±1．39）个,P〈O．05],细胞移植组左心室内膜CVF及PVCA明显低于心衰组（4．53±1．98比7．79±1．99,10．91±2．31比14．17±2．49,P〈0．05）。结论MSCs移植可改善心衰大鼠心功能,其机制可能与MSCs归巢至心脏,分化为心肌样细胞,并且促进血管新生、抑制心肌纤维化有关。     

丹参素异丙酯对慢性缺氧大鼠血压和左心室功能的影响

目的: 研究丹参素异丙酯对缺氧大鼠左心室功能的影响。方法: 制备慢性缺氧大鼠模型,分别用大、小剂量的丹参素异丙酯灌胃,设立维拉帕米阳性对照组和正常对照组,采用大鼠心导管插入的方法,测定大鼠血流动力学和心功能指标,观察不同剂量丹参素异丙酯对慢性缺氧大鼠左室心功能的影响。结果: 与正常组比较,单纯模型组的动脉收缩压（SBP）、动脉舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MBP）、左室收缩压（LVSP）、最大上升速率（+dp/dtmax）和最大下降速率（-dp/dtmax）显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,T值(t-dp/dtmax)显著降低（P<0.05）,HE染色显示,心肌细胞出现肌纤维断裂、溶解,细胞核固缩、溶解。与单纯模型组比较,小剂量组的DBP、MBP、心率(HR)、左室舒张末压(LVEDP)和-dp/dtmax显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）,T值显著升高（P<0.05）;大剂量组的SBP、DBP、MBP、HR、LVEDP、左室舒张压(LVDP)、+dp/dtmax和-dp/dtmax显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）,T值显著升高（P<0.01）;HE染色显示,大、小剂量组心肌细胞内糖元含量丰富,肌纤维排列相对规则,未见明显的肌纤维断裂、溶解及核分裂。与阳性对照组比较,小剂量组的DBP、MBP、LVSP、LVDP和T值显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,LVEDP显著降低（P<0.05）;大剂量组的DBP和T值均显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,LVDP、LVEDP和+dp/dtmax均显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）。与小剂量组比较,大剂量组的LVDP、LVEDP和+dp/dtmax均显著降低（P<0.01）。结论: 丹参素异丙酯对慢性缺氧造成的大鼠血压升高、心率加快、心功能亢奋等有明显的抑制作用,因而对缺氧大鼠的心功能有明显的保护作用。     

静脉移植骨髓间充质干细胞对心衰大鼠心肌细胞cx-43表达的影响

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞移植对阿霉素诱导的心衰大鼠模型心功能及细胞缝隙连接蛋白-43(cx-43)的影响。方法选取雌性Wistar大鼠(n=38),先随机选取8只作为正常对照组,其余30只通过腹腔注射阿霉素(2.5mg/kg,每周1次,连续6周)建立心衰模型。6周后存活大鼠(n=21)再随机分为细胞移植组(n=11)和移植对照组(n=10)。正常对照组大鼠腹腔注射等量的生理盐水。进行体外分离,纯化,增殖骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)并用含有12%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基培养,采用流式细胞仪对体外培养的MSCs表型CD44进行鉴定。取第三代MSCs进行移植,移植前用5-溴-2’脱氧尿苷(BrdU)进行标记。末次阿霉素注射后1周,将5×106个MSCs通过鼠尾静脉注射的方法移植到心衰细胞移植组大鼠。移植对照组大鼠注射等量培养基。细胞移植后4周,采用超声测量心功能及心室重塑,心脏切片行病理免疫组织化学了解移植细胞在受体心脏的存活及cx-43表达情况。结果体外培养的第三代MSCs流式细胞仪鉴定结果显示:CD44阳性细胞数占(99.7±0.9)%,心衰细胞移植组心肌组织中可以见5-溴-2’脱氧尿苷标记的骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)归巢并表达cx-43阳性;左室射血分数细胞移植心衰组、对照组与正常对照组分别为(89.36±3.74)%、(72.93±3.08)%和(97.54±2.30)%(P<0.05),心衰细胞移植相对于心衰对照组左室心功能有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经静脉移植骨髓间充质干细胞可以归巢心衰大鼠心肌组织而且改善心功能并影响受体心肌组织细胞表达cx-43。     

Wistar大鼠慢性心力衰竭模型的制备及指标判定

目的使用阿霉素(ADR)制备Wistar大鼠慢性心衰模型,并对心功能指标进行检测,为研究心衰发病机制和探寻有效治疗方法提供理想的动物模型。方法将实验动物分为两组,一组是正常对照组,注射等体积生理盐水;另一组是实验组,采用阿霉素大鼠尾静脉注射法制备心衰模型,每周1次,共6 w。观察大鼠行为特征,末次注药2 w后称量大鼠终末体重(BW),心室重(VW),计算心体比(VW/BW),并进行心功能检测,包括心率(HR)、左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室舒张末压(LVEDP)及左室最大压力上升及下降速度(±dp/dtmax),并对心肌组织进行病理学检测。结果与正常对照组相比,实验组大鼠VW/BW明显增加,LVSP明显降低,LVEDP明显升高,±dp/dtmax则显著减小(P<0.05),病理学检测结果表明心肌出现典型慢性心衰样病理改变。结论连续多次尾静脉注射ADR可显著损伤心脏的舒缩功能,是建立大鼠心肌病及慢性充血性心力衰竭模型的一种简便可靠的方法。     

心脏离体灌流装置观察细胞移植对心脏功能的影响

目的观察胚胎心肌细胞移植到大鼠急性心肌梗死区后对大鼠心脏功能的影响及其存活情况。方法100只成年大鼠随机分成2组。移植组开胸结扎大鼠冠状动脉后在梗死区内注射培养的胚胎心肌细胞悬液;对照组结扎冠状动脉后在与移植组相同的部位注射等量的细胞培养液。各组分别在移植后的48h、72h、1周、2周收集心脏标本,HE染色及抗5鄄溴脱氧尿核苷(5鄄BrdU)免疫组化染色。Langendorff心脏离体灌流装置测定移植术后第2周各组大鼠的心脏功能。结果移植组大鼠心脏左室收缩峰压(LVSP)、左室内压最大上升与下降速率( dp/dtmax,-dp/dtmax)与对照组相比明显升高,差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01),左室舒张期末压(LVEDP)明显降低,与对照组相比差异也有非常显著意义(P<0.01)。在移植组心肌梗死区内可以看到存活的胚胎心肌细胞,对照组未发现。结论胚胎心肌细胞移植能够改善大鼠的心脏功能,并且可以在大鼠的心肌梗死区内存活及分化。     

脂肪间充质干细胞移植治疗扩张型心肌病大鼠的研究

目的 脂肪间充质干细胞（ADMSCs）移植对扩张型心肌病(DCM)大鼠心肌损伤及心功能的影响。方法 80只健康Wistar大鼠腹腔注射阿霉素建立DCM大鼠模型，按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组，各35只（建模中死亡5只，建模后又处死5只）。将体外分离培养的ADMSCs移植入治疗组DCM大鼠，同时将以相同体积的IMEM培养基移植入对照组DCM大鼠。术后4周，处死动物留取心脏，于荧光显微镜下观察ADMSCs植入后存活及分化情况。于细胞移植术前、术后4周，将两组大鼠进行超声心动图、血流动力学检查，测定、比较心功能的指标。结果 ①注药4周后，根据留取大鼠心脏的大体形态、病理切片及心功能指标，提示DCM大鼠模型建立成功。②移植术后4周，于移植部位可见DAPI标记的ADMSCs，同时，免疫组织荧光染色发现部分DAPI阳性细胞，TnT染色也为阳性，且排列方向与心肌细胞一致。③移植术后4 周, 对照组与ADMSCs治疗组比较，左心室舒张末容积（LVEDV）及左心室收缩末容积（LVESV）明显减少(P<0.01)；左心室每搏量(SV)、心脏射血分数(EF)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室室内压最大上升/下降速率（±dp/dtmax）均明显增加(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 ADMSCs移植可在心肌内存活,并可分化为心肌细胞, 改善DCM大鼠的心脏功能。     

混合高脂饲料喂养新西兰白兔建立DHF模型的实验

目的 使用无创方法建立兔舒张性心力衰竭模型.方法 采用混合高脂饲料喂养新西兰白兔12周,并设正常饲料组进行对照观察.结果 模型组与空白对照组比较,心室内压(LVSP)、收缩指数、左心室收缩期最大压力上升下降速率(LV±dp/dtmax)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),符合舒张性心力衰竭动物模型.结论 采用混合高脂饲料喂养新西兰白兔可以建立动物舒张性心力衰竭的模型.     

UrotensinⅡ对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响及其作用机制探讨

目的观察不同浓度UrotensinⅡ(UⅡ)对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响,及特异性的PKA抑制剂(KT5720)对UⅡ作用于心力衰竭大鼠心脏效应的影响。方法在Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型上,观察给予不同浓度的UⅡ后大鼠心功能的变化(UⅡ组);KT5720加UⅡ处理组,在灌流KT5720基础上给予UⅡ(>IC50),观察大鼠心功能指标的变化;KT5720对照组,给予KT5720后观察大鼠心功能的变化。结果UⅡ组给予不同浓度的UⅡ灌注后,大鼠心功能指标灌注压、LVEDP升高,其余指标呈明显下降趋势,KT5720加UⅡ处理组, dp/dtmax降低了3.27%,-dp/dtmax降低3.15%,与UⅡ组的±dp/dtmax抑制率组间比较,有统计学意义(P<0.01);KT5720对照组,给予KT5720后, dp/dtmax降低2.84%,-dp/dtmax降低2.96%,与KT5720加UⅡ处理组比较无统计学意义。结论UⅡ对大鼠心脏功能呈剂量依赖性抑制,KT5720可以阻断UⅡ对大鼠心脏的抑制作用,UⅡ对心功能的抑制作用可能是通过PKA途径起作用。     

益气活血药对腹主动脉结扎术后早期心功能不全大鼠血流动力学的干预作用研究

目的研究丹参等活血药对心功能不全大鼠的血流动力学的干预作用。方法腹主动脉结扎造模术后的SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组(正常组)、模型组、中药组、西药组、中西医结合组。模型组和正常组给予生理盐水灌服。中药组给予活血药浸膏,西药组给予卡托普利,中西医结合组给予中药联合卡托普利片灌胃,治疗4周和8周后检测血流动力学。包括左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室内压上升下降最大速率(±dp/dtmax)、心率(HR)、外周平均动脉压(MBP)等。结果中药和卡托普利干预治疗4周后,中西医结合组LVSP、LVEDP明显低于模型组(P0.05或P0.01),而舒张末期最大下降速率(-dp/dt)明显高于模型组(P0.01)。中西医结合组治疗8周后LVEDP明显低于模型组((P0.01);而+dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax明显高于模型组(P0.01)。结论丹参等活血药方与西药卡托普利的联合使用能显著改善心功能不全大鼠的血流动力学,从而对心脏具有一定的保护作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.