基于功能安全的分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车可以实现四轮转矩分配和差动转向,提升整车的动力学控制性能和经济性,但是四轮转矩独立可控的特点也对功能安全提出挑战。当前轮单侧电机出现执行器故障失效情况时,不仅会产生附加横摆力矩降低车辆安全性,差动转向功能的存在还会使车辆严重偏航。基于此,在设计分布式驱动-线控转向一体化底盘的基础上,基于功能安全提出一种分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制策略。首先建立分布式驱动失效动力学模型,分析前轮失效对车辆状态的影响机理,发现单一的驱动转矩截断控制无法满足车辆状态修正需求;其次设计一套备用的线控转向结构,通过变截距滑模控制算法提高切换状态下线控转向系统的转角跟踪性能,并用台架试验验证跟踪的准确性;然后设计自适应失效诊断观测器实时诊断驱动系统的电机故障,在将对应轮进行驱动转矩截断后,通过模型预测控制算法对车轮转矩重新分配实现纵向和侧向的状态跟踪;最后通过仿真和实车试验验证所提失效补偿控制策略的有效性和可用性。研究结果表明：分布式驱动电动汽车前轮单侧电机失效后,备用的线控转向系统能及时矫正前轮转角,所提出的失效补偿控制策略能够快速恢复车辆的稳定性和路径跟踪能力。     

分布式驱动电动汽车电液复合ABS控制研究

针对分布式驱动电动汽车四轮电机回馈制动力矩和液压制动力矩均独立可调的特点,提出了一种电液复合防抱死制动分层控制策略。上层为基于积分滑模的滑移率控制,下层为基于模式切换的电液制动力矩分配,根据调节系数、力矩调节需求量、最大回馈制动力矩以及液压制动门限值等参数,将力矩分配分为7种模式,并通过仿真验证了不同车速高、低附着路面下的控制策略,结果表明,所提出的控制策略实现了液压制动维持相对稳定值和回馈制动快速补偿剩余值的设想,改善了滑移率控制精度。     

无人驾驶纯电动汽车制动扭矩分配控制方法

文章提出了一种无人驾驶纯电动汽车制动扭矩分配控制方法。该方法首先根据动力电池、驱动电机状态以及整车状态计算驱动电机最大能量回收扭矩,并在此基础上进行需求制动扭矩分配;接下来创造性的将电机系统引入到制动控制系统中,充分考虑了液压制动系统由于温度(如热衰减)、部件机械特性以及环境等影响其输出制动力矩稳定性与准确性的因素,通过电机能量回收所产生的制动扭矩对此进行补偿,保证最终车辆制动过程中所产生的负向加速度与需求保持一致。最后通过实车实验,验证了该方法的可行性与可靠性。     

微型纯电动汽车的系统构型与关键参数设计

本文中为微型纯电动汽车选定了轮毂电机驱动方式,并研究其构型和参数设计.首先构建了由整车控制器、电机控制器和电池管理系统组成的分布式控制系统以及能量回馈制动与液压制动协调配合的并联复合制动系统.然后进行关键部件的参数设计,先确定整车目标性能参数,再根据车辆动力学计算与Matlab/Simulink仿真结果,确定轮毂电机和动力电池的性能参数并进行选型.最后通过仿真与整车试验验证整车性能满足设计指标.     

分布式驱动电动汽车复合制动系统转矩分配控制策略仿真

针对分布式驱动电动汽车,提出了一种复合制动系统控制策略。采用分层的制动转矩分配控制结构,上层控制器采用滑模控制策略,对目标纵向力和横摆力矩进行求解,以满足车辆在制动时制动效能和制动稳定性的要求;下层控制器采用加权最小二乘控制,对四轮液压制动转矩和电机制动转矩进行分配,通过增大电机制动力分配的权值达到能量回收的最大化,并采用有效集算法完成目标函数的求解。在此基础上,在Simulink中建立了7自由度整车动力学模型,在对开路面的工况下进行了仿真分析,结果表明:所制定的控制策略能满足要求,在保证车辆制动稳定性的同时,最大限度回收制动能量。     

基于双轮式电机再生制动车辆稳定性集成控制研究

以双轮式电机前驱电动汽车制动系统为研究对象,把双电机再生制动、液压制动、稳定性控制集成在一起,开发了再生制动系统协调控制器。根据车辆制动需求、车辆状态、系统储能状态等确定车辆制动模式及分配制动力矩,并根据车辆实时稳定性状况由双轮式电机再生制动提供车辆稳定性控制力矩。仿真和试验结果表明,在车辆转弯制动工况中采用所述集成协调控制器比采用电机单边独立控制稳定性控制效果更好。     

分布式驱动电动汽车轮边电机传动系统动态特性仿真EI北大核心CSCD

采用Matlab/Simulink软件建立分布式驱动电动汽车轮边电机传动系统的仿真模型,并通过仿真,分析系统起动、加速和能量回馈制动时的动态特性。结果表明,该轮边电机传动系统的输出转矩发生突变时会引起速度和加速度的抖动,并影响整车动态特性。针对受传动系统输出转矩抖动影响较大的因素,采用状态反馈控制方法从理论上解决系统的振动问题,改善整车动态特性,提高车辆的可靠性、耐久性和乘坐舒适性。     

分布式驱动电动汽车轮边电机传动系统动态特性仿真

采用Matlab/Simulink软件建立分布式驱动电动汽车轮边电机传动系统的仿真模型,并通过仿真,分析系统起动、加速和能量回馈制动时的动态特性。结果表明,该轮边电机传动系统的输出转矩发生突变时会引起速度和加速度的抖动,并影响整车动态特性。针对受传动系统输出转矩抖动影响较大的因素,采用状态反馈控制方法从理论上解决系统的振动问题,改善整车动态特性,提高车辆的可靠性、耐久性和乘坐舒适性。     

插电式混合动力汽车结构原理简介(二)

正(接上期)(2)再生制动所谓再生制动,是指通过控制使车辆动力模块全部或部分具有能量逆向流动功能,从而实现将车辆的惯性能部分回馈至储能器,与此同时,对车辆起制动作用。在电动汽车中,再生制动的性质是电气制动,此时驱动电机工作处于发电模式。这里说的电动汽车再生制动是一种宏观称谓,它是指电动汽车在电气制动过程中,整体上表现为将车辆惯性能变成电能,并将其储存于蓄能     

能量回收式电涡流缓速器制动策略研究

文章结合电涡流缓速器和再生制动能量回收技术的优点,提出了能量回收式电涡流缓速器制动补偿策略。利用再生制动系统提供的制动力矩为电涡流缓速器在持续制动过程中的制动力矩热衰退予以补偿。以GB12676-2014政策法规为验证标准,车辆在满载情况下在7%的坡道上保持以30km/h的车速匀速行驶5km为仿真目标,对某商用车型进行仿真分析。验证了该策略使得实际产生的总制动力矩始终能满足驾驶员的制动需求,可以延缓电涡流缓速器温升,保障车辆行车安全。     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

Cooperative control of the motor and the electric booster brake to improve the stability of an in-wheel electric vehicle

A cooperative control algorithm for an in-wheel motor and an electric booster brake is proposed to improve the stability of an in-wheel electric vehicle. The in-wheel system was modeled by dividing it into motor and mechanical parts, and the electric booster brake was modeled through tests. In addition, the response characteristics of the in-wheel system and the electric booster brake were compared through a frequency response analysis. In the cooperative control, the road friction coefficient was estimated using the wheel speed, motor torque, and braking torque of each wheel, and the torque limit of the wheel to the road was determined using the estimated road friction coefficient. Based on the estimated road friction coefficient and torque limit, a cooperative algorithm to control the motor and the electric booster brake was proposed to improve the stability of the in-wheel electric vehicle. The performance of the proposed cooperative control algorithm was evaluated through a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS). Furthermore, to verify the performance of the proposed cooperative control algorithm, a test environment was constructed for the anti-lock braking system (ABS) hydraulic module hardware, and the performance of the cooperative control algorithm was compared with that of the ABS by means of a HILS test.     

Experimental investigations on continuous regenerative anti-lock braking system of full electric vehicle

Functions of anti-lock braking for full electric vehicles (EV) with individually controlled wheel drive can be realized through conventional brake system actuating friction brakes and regenerative brake system actuating electric motors. To analyze advantages and limitations of both variants of anti-lock braking systems (ABS), the presented study introduces results of experimental investigations obtained from proving ground tests of all-wheel drive EV. The brake performance is assessed for three different configurations: hydraulic ABS; regenerative ABS only on the front axle; blended hydraulic and regenerative ABS on the front axle and hydraulic ABS on the rear axle. The hydraulic ABS is based on a rule-based controller, and the continuous regenerative ABS uses the gain-scheduled proportional-integral direct slip control with feedforward and feedback control parts. The results of tests on low-friction road surface demonstrated that all the ABS configurations guarantee considerable reduction of the brake distance compared to the vehicle without ABS. In addition, braking manoeuvres with the regenerative ABS are characterized by accurate tracking of the reference wheel slip that results in less oscillatory time profile of the vehicle deceleration and, as consequence, in better driving comfort. The results of the presented experimental investigations can be used in the process of selection of ABS architecture for upcoming generations of full electric vehicles with individual wheel drive.     

Extended-Kalman-filter-based regenerative and friction blended braking control for electric vehicle equipped with axle motor considering damping and elastic properties of electric powertrain

Because of the damping and elastic properties of an electrified powertrain, the regenerative brake of an electric vehicle (EV) is very different from a conventional friction brake with respect to the system dynamics. The flexibility of an electric drivetrain would have a negative effect on the blended brake control performance. In this study, models of the powertrain system of an electric car equipped with an axle motor are developed. Based on these models, the transfer characteristics of the motor torque in the driveline and its effect on blended braking control performance are analysed. To further enhance a vehicle's brake performance and energy efficiency, blended braking control algorithms with compensation for the powertrain flexibility are proposed using an extended Kalman filter. These algorithms are simulated under normal deceleration braking. The results show that the brake performance and blended braking control accuracy of the vehicle are significantly enhanced by the newly proposed algorithms.     

Transient switching control strategy from regenerative braking to anti-lock braking with a semi-brake-by-wire system

Regenerative braking is an important technology in improving fuel economy of an electric vehicle (EV). However, additional motor braking will change the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle, leading to braking instability, especially when the anti-lock braking system (ABS) is triggered. In this paper, a novel semi-brake-by-wire system, without the use of a pedal simulator and fail-safe device, is proposed. In order to compensate for the hysteretic characteristics of the designed brake system while ensure braking reliability and fuel economy when the ABS is triggered, a novel switching compensation control strategy using sliding mode control is brought forward. The proposed strategy converts the complex coupling braking process into independent control of hydraulic braking and regenerative braking, through which a balance between braking performance, braking reliability, braking safety and fuel economy is achieved. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy is effective and adaptable in different road conditions while the large wheel slip rate is triggered during a regenerative braking course. The research provides a new possibility of low-cost equipment and better control performance for the regenerative braking in the EV and the hybrid EV.     

电动汽车复合制动控制研究现状综述

电动汽车复合制动由电机再生制动与机械摩擦制动两部分构成,其控制性能直接影响车辆的能量利用效率、制动安全性以及舒适性。围绕静态制动转矩分配控制、动态复合制动协调控制、制动换挡控制、智能辅助驾驶中的复合制动控制4个方面的研究现状与关键技术展开综述,并对复合制动控制未来研究方向进行了展望。对文献的梳理分析表明：制动转矩分配决定着复合制动系统能量回收能力与车辆制动稳定性,基于规则的分配策略面对复杂多变工况自适应性欠佳,而基于优化的分配策略各方面性能表现良好,但需要兼顾控制实时性与优化效果;利用电机响应迅速与控制精确的优势完成复合制动协调控制,能够提升制动模式切换过渡工况与紧急制动工况的控制性能,改善驾驶舒适性;制动过程中实施合理换挡可以进一步提升能量回收效率,同时通过补偿控制解决换挡过程中动力中断和转矩冲击等问题,保证换挡平顺性;随着电动汽车智能化和网联化发展,复合制动控制与驾驶人辅助系统相结合有助于在保证系统功能的同时实现能量回收效益最大化。     

Combined control of a regenerative braking and antilock braking system for hybrid electric vehicles

Most parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) employ both a hydraulic braking system and a regenerative braking system to provide enhanced braking performance and energy regeneration. A new design of a combined braking control strategy (CBCS) is presented in this paper. The design is based on a new method of HEV braking torque distribution that makes the hydraulic braking system work together with the regenerative braking system. The control system meets the requirements of a vehicle longitudinal braking performance and gets more regenerative energy charge back to the battery. In the described system, a logic threshold control strategy (LTCS) is developed to adjust the hydraulic braking torque dynamically, and a fuzzy logic control strategy (FCS) is applied to adjust the regenerative braking torque dynamically. With the control strategy, the hydraulic braking system and the regenerative braking system work synchronously to assure high regenerative efficiency and good braking performance, even on roads with a low adhesion coefficient when emergency braking is required. The proposed braking control strategy is steady and effective, as demonstrated by the experiment and the simulation.     

基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法

智能电动汽车的发展对制动系统的主动制动和再生制动能力提出了更高的要求。配备真空助力器的传统制动系统难以满足智能电动汽车的需求，因此逐渐被线控制动系统所取代。为提高线控制动系统的集成度与解耦能力，提出了一种新型集成式电液制动系统（Integrated Braking Control System，IBC），能够实现主动制动、再生制动、失效备份等功能。作为机-电-液耦合的高集成度系统，IBC具有复杂的非线性特性和动态摩擦特性，对制动系统压力的精确控制提出了挑战。为了提高IBC制动压力动态控制精度，提出了一种基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法。首先，介绍了IBC的结构原理和控制架构。随后针对液压系统的迟滞特性和传动机构的摩擦特性进行建模与测试。然后基于系统的强非线性特性，提出了主动制动三层闭环级联控制器，其中压力控制层采用液压特性前馈与变增益反馈结合的控制策略，伺服层控制器设计考虑了机构惯性补偿与摩擦补偿，电机控制层采用矢量控制并进行了电压前馈解耦。最后，基于dSPACE设备搭建了硬件在环（Hardware-in-the-loop，HiL）试验台对主动压力控制方法进行验证。结果表明：所提出的压力控制方法能控制制动系统压力快速精确跟随期望压力，使动态压力跟随误差控制在0.4 MPa之内，稳态压力误差控制在0.1 MPa之内。     

Distributed and self-adaptive vehicle speed estimation in the composite braking case for four-wheel drive hybrid electric car

Considering the controllability and observability of the braking torques of the hub motor, Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), and hydraulic brake for four-wheel drive (4WD) hybrid electric cars, a distributed and self-adaptive vehicle speed estimation algorithm for different braking situations has been proposed by fully utilising the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) sensor signals and multiple powersource signals. Firstly, the simulation platform of a 4WD hybrid electric car was established, which integrates an electronic-hydraulic composited braking system model and its control strategy, a nonlinear seven degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, and the Burckhardt tyre model. Secondly, combining the braking torque signals with the ESP signals, self-adaptive unscented Kalman sub-filter and main-filter adaptable to the observation noise were, respectively, designed. Thirdly, the fusion rules for the sub-filters and master filter were proposed herein, and the estimation results were compared with the simulated value of a real vehicle speed. Finally, based on the hardware in-the-loop platform and by picking up the regenerative motor torque signals and wheel cylinder pressure signals, the proposed speed estimation algorithm was tested under the case of moderate braking on the highly adhesive road, and the case of Antilock Braking System (ABS) action on the slippery road, as well as the case of ABS action on the icy road. Test results show that the presented vehicle speed estimation algorithm has not only a high precision but also a strong adaptability in the composite braking case.     

Analysis of a regenerative braking system for Hybrid Electric Vehicles using an Electro-Mechanical Brake

The regenerative braking system of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a key technology that can improve fuel efficiency by 20∼50%, depending on motor size. In the regenerative braking system, the electronically controlled brake subsystem that directs the braking forces into four wheels independently is indispensable. This technology is currently found in the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and in Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC). As braking technologies progress toward brake-by-wire systems, the development of Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) systems will be very important in the improvement of both fuel consumption and vehicle safety. This paper investigates the modeling and simulation of EMB systems for HEVs. The HEV powertrain was modeled to include the internal combustion engine, electric motor, battery and transmission. The performance simulation for the regenerative braking system of the HEV was performed using MATLAB/Simulink. The control performance of the EMB system was evaluated via the simulation of the regenerative braking of the HEV during various driving conditions.