泌尿道感染患儿膀胱输尿管返流和肾瘢痕的发生情况

目的分析不同年龄泌尿道感染儿童膀胱输尿管返流（VUR）和肾瘢痕的发生情况，加强对VUR的认识，提高检出率。方法选择上海交通大学附属新华医院儿科2001年1月-2006年12月因泌尿道感染入院患儿90例，通过排泄性膀胱尿道造影（VCUG）和（或）直接放射性核索膀胱造影（DRNC）明确诊断VUR共40例。分别根据泌尿道感染发生次数及不同年龄，分为首次泌尿道感染和1次以上泌尿道感染组，〉5岁和≤5岁组；分析VUR在首次泌尿道感染和1次以上泌尿道感染组、不同年龄组发病率情况。通过肾静态皮质显像（DMSA）检测肾瘢痕，分析年龄与VUR的级别、肾瘢痕的关系。剖析胎儿超声检查异常、生后VUR和肾瘢痕的发生情况。结果VUR的发病率在首次泌尿道感染和1次以上泌尿道感染组、〉5岁和≤5岁组差异均有统计学意义（X^2=10．627，4．409Pa〈0．05）。年龄与VUR的级别、年龄与肾瘢痕均呈负相关（r=-0．342，-0．348Pa〈0．05）。反复泌尿道感染、≤5岁的泌尿道感染患儿VUR的发生率高。年龄越小发生肾疤痕和高级别VUR的可能性越大。胎儿B超检查显示肾积水患儿，发生高级别VUR和肾瘢痕的可能性大。结论反复泌尿道感染、≤5岁的泌尿道感染患儿、胎儿B超检查显示肾积水的患儿应及时行VCUG和DMSA，及时发现、监测VUR和肾瘢痕。     

小儿膀胱输尿管返流的诊治进展

小儿膀胱输尿管返流（ＶＵＲ）及反流性肾病的病因、病理生理、影像学检查及治疗等方面的研究，近几年有很大进展，但某些方面仍存有争论，有些地方还难以理解，有待深入研究。一、病因小儿ＶＵＲ的病因，已不再认为是单一的输尿管口位置异常的病理过程。反流有种族差异和...     

神经源性膀胱伴输尿管反流的尿动力学研究

目的 探讨有输尿管反流的神经源性膀胱(NB)患儿有或没有逼尿肌过度活动(DO)时的尿动力学差异,为临床治疗此类患儿提供理论参考依据。 方法 选取2013～2015年就诊并经影像尿动力学检查发现膀胱输尿管反流的NB患儿68例,男30例,女38例,年龄4～12岁,平均7.5岁。按照充盈期有DO,将其分为DO组( n＝20)与无DO组( n＝48)。观察记录两组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱灌注量、逼尿肌压并计算发生反流时的膀胱顺应性;记录两组充盈结束时最大膀胱测压容量、最大逼尿肌压、并计算充盈期膀胱顺应性。 结果 DO组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(98.7±16.1)ml和(5.2±1.9)ml/cmH ₂O,无DO组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(127.3±36.3)ml, (7.1±2.1)ml/cmH ₂O,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05);两组的逼尿肌压分别为(21.6±9.2)cmH ₂O、(19.2±7.4)cmH ₂O,差异没有统计学意义;DO组充盈结束时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(182.7±31.2)ml、(5.4±1.7)ml/cmH ₂O,与无DO组充盈结束时的膀胱容量(230.6±34.6)ml与顺应性(6.5±1.1)ml/cmH ₂O相比,差异有统计学意义;两组尿动力学检查结束时逼尿肌压分别为(33.8±7.8)cmH ₂O、(36.4±8.1)cmH ₂O,差异没有统计学意义。 结论 膀胱容量小,膀胱顺应性差是有输尿管反流的NB患儿伴发DO时的尿动力学特征。     

小儿膀胱输尿管反流87例相关尿动力学因素研究

目的 探讨小儿膀胱输尿管反流(vesicoureteric reflux,VUR)的尿动力学表现特点,为小儿VUR的诊断和治疗提供临床参考.方法 选取在郑州大学第一附属医院小儿尿动力学中心就诊的VUR患儿87例(男58例,女29例);年龄4～12岁,平均6岁.另选取因下尿路症状就诊而尿动力学检查无异常且无VUR小儿60例(男38例,女22例)作为对照组;年龄4～12岁,平均6岁.将VUR患儿依据反流的程度分为轻度(Ⅰ度,15例)、中度(Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度,33例)、重度(Ⅳ度和Ⅴ度,39例).尿动力观察参数包括:最大尿流率、残余尿量、最大逼尿肌收缩压力、最大膀胱容量和膀胱顺应性.结果 VUR组的最大尿流率和最大膀胱容量分别为(6.8±6.3)ml/s和(138.5±73.9)ml,均明显低于对照组(16.1±6.7)ml/s和(285.5±107.5)ml,组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).VUR组残余尿量为(95.9±103.4)ml明显高于对照组(9.6±13.9)ml,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).VUR组最大逼尿肌压力为(41.6±22.2)cmH2O与对照组(35.1±13.0) cmH2O比较,差异无统计学意义(P-0.229).VUR组男、女童尿动力学参数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).VUR组轻度反流(15例)、中度反流(33例)和重度反流(39例)的最大膀胱容量分别为(121.83±69.94) ml、(163.73±80.81)ml和(123.58±68.70) ml,组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).轻度反流组顺应性正常12例(80％),中度反流组12例(36.4％),重度反流组9例(23.1％),三组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 最大尿流率降低、最大膀胱容量减少、残余尿量增多和膀胱顺应性差可能是VUR发生的相关因素.     

小儿膀胱输尿管返流的临床研究

目的　探讨小儿膀胱输尿管返流的临床特征、治疗和预后。方法　对 5 8例小儿膀胱输尿管返流的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果　原发性膀胱输尿管返流 31例 (5 3 % ) ,继发性返流 2 7例 (4 7% ) ;大多数在婴幼儿期发病 (5 5 % ) ,无特异性临床表现 ;返流越严重 ,肾瘢痕形成率越高 ,蛋白尿及高血压与肾功能损害有关 ;持续小剂量抗菌药物预防性治疗对返流治疗有效率达 71%。结论　早期诊断、及时治疗对小儿膀胱输尿管返流预后十分重要。     

尿动力检查评估膀胱输尿管反流患儿下尿路功能障碍的临床研究

目的 探讨尿动力学(urodynamics,UDS)检查评估无神经系统及下尿路器质性病变的膀胱输尿管反流(vesicoureteral reflux,VUR)患儿下尿路功能障碍(lower urinary tract dysfunction,LUTD)的临床意义。 方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2021年12月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的106例VUR患儿UDS检查结果,按照有无LUTD将患儿分为有LUTD组(77例)和无LUTD组(29例),比较两组患儿膀胱容量、残余尿量(post voiding residual urine volume,PVR)以及最大尿流率等尿动力学指标。 结果 有LUTD组残余尿量97.71±93.17 mL,明显高于无LUTD组11.81±9.17 mL(t＝5.564,P＝0.008);有LUTD组最大尿流率8.82±5.01 mL/s,明显低于无LUTD组15.04±7.75 mL/s(t＝6.314,P＝0.030)。有LUTD组中,29例为低级别VUR(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级),48例为高级别VUR(Ⅳ~Ⅴ级)。低级别VUR患儿中3例膀胱顺应性减低,高级别VUR患儿中19例顺应性减低,两者比较(χ²＝7.537,P＝0.006)差异有统计学意义;低级别VUR患儿中7例PVR增加,高级别VUR患儿中23例PVR增加,两者比较(χ²＝4.298,t＝0.038)差异有统计学意义。特发性逼尿肌过度活动(idiopathic detrusor overactivity disorder,IDOD)35例(35/77,45.5%),其中19例为低级别VUR,占低级别VUR总数的65.5%(19/29);逼尿肌括约肌协同失调(dysfunctional voiding,DV)33例,其中27例为高级别VUR,占高级别VUR总数的56.3%(27/48)。 结论 PVR增多、最大尿流率降低提示VUR患儿存在LUTD的可能。高级别VUR患儿中,PVR增加更为明显、且膀胱顺应性更差。IDOD在低级别VUR中常见,DV在高级别VUR中更为常见。     

尿动力检查评估膀胱输尿管反流患儿下尿路功能障碍的临床研究CSCD

Objective To evaluate the lower urinary tract dysfunction （ LUTD） in children with vesicoureteral reflux（ VUR）without neurological or lower urinary tract organic lesions by urodynamic examination. Methods From January 2017 to December 2021, the results of UDS examination were retrospectively reviewed for 106 VUR children. According to the presence or absence of LUTD, they were divided into LUTD group（ n =77） and non-LUTD group （ n =29）. Such urodynamic parameters as bladder volume, residual urine volume （ PVR） and maximum urine flow rate were compared between two groups. Results Residual urine volume was significantly higher in LUTD group than that in non-LUTD group（ t =5. 564, P = 0. 008）. And maximum urine flow rate was lower than that in non-LUTD group （ t = 6. 314, P = 0. 030）. Among LUTD children, 29 cases were of low grade VUR（ grades I 一 如）and 48 cases high grade VUR （ grades W - V）. Bladder compliance （ χ2 = 7. 537, P = 0. 006）and PVR（ χ2 = 4. 298, P = 0. 038）were significantly different between low-grade VUR and highgrade VUR. Idiopathic detrusor overactivity disorder（ IDOD）was the more common type of LUTD 45. 5%（35/77）and 65.5%（19/29）in low-grade VUR. Dysfunctional voiding（ DV）was more common in high-grade VUR 56.2%（27/48）. Conclusion Higher PVR and lower maximum urine flow rate hint at a greater possibility of LUTD in VUR children. Children with high-grade VUR are more likely to have a greater increase in PVR and a poor bladder compliance. IDOD is common in low-level VUR while DV is more common in high-level VUR. © 2023, Science and Technology Association of Hunan Province. All rights reserved.     

小儿继发性膀胱输尿管返流的尿流动力学表现

对12例继发性膀胱输尿管返流患儿行8项道程尿流动力学检查,见：膀胱逼尿肌肌电频率、充盈期逼尿肌压高于正常儿童组,逼尿肌肌电幅度、排尿期逼尿肌收缩压有增高的倾向。不稳定膀胱、逼尿肌-尿道外括约肌不协调的发生率较高。有下尿路梗阻者,其尿道压力分布图上见异常压力高压区。     

儿童原发性膀胱输尿管返流的诊断与治疗

目的 总结儿童原发性膀胱输尿管返流(PVUR)的诊断与治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析本院近8 a来收治的36例共60侧PVUR患儿的诊治资料,其中1例先行保守治疗,保守治疗无效后行经膀胱内横向黏膜下推进抗返流输尿管膀胱再植术(Cohen手术)治疗,另外35例诊断明确尿路感染控制后均行Cohen手术治疗,术后3～6个月回院复诊,并进行尿常规、排泄性膀胱尿道造影(VCUG)、肾核素扫描等检查,观察治疗效果.结果 经VCUG检查证实35例患儿术后返流消失,其中1例患儿术前双侧Ⅳ度返流、慢性肾功能不全,术后VCUG检查膀胱输尿管无返流,但肾功能无改善,并进一步恶化至尿毒症期,透析替代治疗维持生命;1例双侧患病患儿术后7a复发,再次行Cohen手术治疗,术后6个月复查,效果良好.结论 VCUG检查是诊断PVUR的金标准,Cohen手术治疗儿童PVUR具有创伤小、并发症少、成功率高的优点,是治疗儿童PVUR的经典术式.     

Color Doppler ultrasonography in the assessment of vesicoureteric reflux in children with bladder dysfunction

To determine whether color Doppler ultrasound (DUS) evaluation of ureteric jets could predict vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in children with non-neuropathic and neuropathic bladder/sphincter dysfunction, 129 children were evaluated to identify the vesicoureteric orifice and measure the distance from the orifice to the midline of the dorsal bladder wall (MVU distance). The type of bladder dysfunction was determined by urodynamic studies. Forty-two children with no history of kidney or bladder disease were examined by DUS as a control group. MVU distances were compared between several groups of children with different urodynamic findings, and the significance was tested. Jets were visualized in 81% of children. MVU distances were significantly lower in children without VUR compared to those with VUR. No statistically significant differences were observed between children without VUR and those with VUR and more severe urodynamic disturbances like dysfunctional voiding. In children with neuropathic bladders, jets were visible in only 57% of refluxive units and the range of MVU distances was very wide (5–22 mm). If a cut-off point of 10 mm is used, in children without bladder dysfunction the sensitivity of MVU measurement in the diagnosis of VUR was 87.5% and the specificity 97%. However, in children with non-neuropathic and neuropathic bladder dysfunction, the sensitivity was only 55% and the specificity 79%. Color Doppler (DUS) and measurement of the MVU distance proved useful in predicting VUR only in children with normal bladder function. In children with neuropathic and non-neuropathic bladder dysfunction it can be used to visualize ureteric jets, but cannot replace radiographic or radionuclide voiding cystourethrography. Accepted: 21 March 2001     

Bladder dysfunction in children with vesico-ureteric reflux

Vesico-ureteric reflux and non-neurogenic bladder dysfunction are closely related, although a causal relationship has been established only for severe forms of detrusor-sphincter dyscoordina-tion. There are several urodynamic studies reporting high frequency of bladder instability and/or detrusor-sphincter dyscoordination in children with reflux. The latter includes an element of functional outflow obstruction and is the most serious, since it accompanies kidney damage. When instability is the only urodynamic abnormality damage is absent. There are indications that treatment of bladder dysfunction increases spontaneous resolution of reflux and, furthermore, that bladder dysfunction is a negative prognostic factor following antireflux surgery. Recently also, gross reflux in infant boys was seen to associate with bladder dysfunction in addition to earlier finding of congenital malformation of the ureterovesical junction. However, no comparisons have emerged on the outcome following treatment of bladder dysfunction and following observation only. In conclusion, children with reflux on chemoprophylaxis prior to reimplantation must always be assessed for bladder dysfunction. This is especially important when there are recurrent urinary tract infections.     

改良Lich-Gregoir手术治疗神经性膀胱输尿管反流的评价

目的　探讨改良Lich Gregoir手术在治疗神经性膀胱输尿管反流中的应用。方法　神经性膀胱并输尿管反流患儿 12例 ,男 8例 ,女 4例 ,年龄 4～ 14岁 ,均为脊膜膨出修补术后。排泄性膀胱尿道造影 (VCUG)示膀胱输尿管反流左侧 5例 ,右侧 3例 ,双侧 4例 ,其中Ⅲ° 4条 ,Ⅳ° 10条 ,Ⅴ°2条。全部行改良Lich Gregoir输尿管抗反流术 ,同时行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术。结果　术后 6个月随访 ,VCUG显示 16条反流的输尿管中 ,Ⅲ° 4条反流完全消失 ,Ⅳ°10条中 3条变为Ⅰ°,3条变为Ⅱ° ,1条变为Ⅲ°,3条无明显变化 ,Ⅴ°2条变为Ⅲ°。结论　神经性膀胱逼尿肌压增高 ,导致膀胱输尿管连接部功能失调 ,同时逼尿肌纤维化、膀胱挛缩 ,使得输尿管膀胱壁内段缩短 ,是输尿管反流的重要原因。行改良Lich Gregoir输尿管抗反流术的同时 ,须行膀胱扩大术 ,降低逼尿肌压 ,增加膀胱顺应性。     

膀胱自体扩大术在神经性膀胱患儿中的应用评价

目的评价逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱自体扩大术的临床疗效。方法选择脊髓脊膜膨出患儿6例,其中男性3例,女性3例,年龄18个月至9岁。患儿均口服索利那新和行清洁间歇导尿3个月后无好转而行逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱自体扩大术,术后予清洁间歇导尿,手术前及术后1年行泌尿系超声、排泄性膀胱尿道造影,并行尿动力评价,评价指标为膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性和充盈末逼尿肌压。结果术前尿动力学检查显示6例患儿膀胱容量减小、膀胱顺应性下降及逼尿肌压升高,其中5例膀胱容量低于预期容量的50%。排泄性膀胱造影4例合并膀胱输尿管反流,其中左、右侧Ⅳ°反流各1例,双侧Ⅳ°反流2例。6例患儿手术后恢复顺利,无穿孔、感染发生。术后1年尿动力学检查显示6例患儿膀胱容量略有增加,但膀胱容量与预期膀胱容量(年龄×30+30)、膀胱顺应性及逼尿肌压力无明显变化,VCUG显示4例输尿管反流无减轻。结论对于膀胱容量明显变小的神经性膀胱患儿,逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱扩大术不能有效增加膀胱容量和顺应性,降低逼尿肌压,临床不能取得满意的效果。     

New hydronephrosis and/or vesicoureteral reflux after bladder outlet surgery without augmentation in 75 children with neurogenic bladder

ObjectiveWe report new upper tract changes in children after bladder neck (BN) surgery without augmentation for neurogenic incontinence.Materials and methodsConsecutive children with neurogenic sphincteric incompetency had BN surgery without augmentation. Postoperative renal sonography and fluoroscopic urodynamics were done at 6 months, 12 months, and then annually.ResultsThere were 75 patients with mean follow-up of 48 months. Of these, 17 (23%) developed new hydronephrosis (HN) or vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). All HN resolved with medical management, as did 25% of VUR cases. Persistent VUR was treated by dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection, or re-implantation in two patients undergoing re-operative BN surgery. There was no association between these upper tract changes and end filling pressures (<40 cm vs. >40 cm) or continence status (dry vs. wet).ConclusionsUpper tract changes developed in 25% of patients with neurogenic bladders after BN surgery without augmentation during a follow-up of 48 months. All new HN and most new VUR resolved with medical management or minimally invasive intervention. No patient developed upper tract changes requiring augmentation.     

Occurrence of reflux in children with ureteral jets

The urograms of 186 boys and 145 girls were scrutinized in order to reveal the incidence of ureteral jets demonstrable during intravenous pyelography (IVP). In this series a unilateral jet was observed in 26 cases and a bilateral jet in 6 cases. Ureteral jets were almost three times as common in patients with normal urograms compared with those revealing urinary abnormalities. The incidence of a positive jet sign, usually unilateral, varies with the employed technique of examination, but the highest incidence in routine IVP seems to be about 30%. Although infrequent, significant ipsilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) may occur. This fact together with the reported low rate of bilateral jets restricts the value of uneteral jets being used as an indicator of absence of gross VUR. The need for micturition cysto-urethography (MCU) at the uro-radiological work-up remains unchallenged.     

Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children with neuropathic bladder

The authors report on the management of 15 patients with vesicoureteral reflux secondary to neuropathic bladder treated by endoscopic subureteral injection of polytef paste (Teflon) in the first 9 cases and collagen (Zyplast) in the last 6 cases. Their ages ranged from 18 months to 12 years. The degree of reflux ranged from grade II to grade V. The amount of paste injected varied from 0.2 to 1 ml Teflon and from 0.75 to 1.5 ml Zyplast. The endoscopic treatment was completely successful in 12 cases. The risks and benefits of endoscopic treatment versus medical and traditional surgical management are discussed. The endoscopic approach could be a valuable alternative to open surgical repair in vesicoureteral reflux secondary to neuropathic bladder.Presented in Basel, at the International Congress of Endoscopic Paediatric Urology, 13–15 September, 1990     

Occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux in children

Aim: The reported low occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux in the general population seems implausible. We wanted to test the hypothesis that reflux is more common and more independent of urinary‐tract infection than has previously been thought. Methods: We tested our hypothesis by analysing the characteristics of 406 consecutive children aged <5 years who had been referred for consultation because of urinary‐tract infection. Using data on their urine samples, we evaluated the reliability of the urinary‐tract infection diagnosis and analysed the frequencies of vesicoureteral reflux and abnormal ultrasound findings in three reliability groups (A: certain urinary‐tract infection, B: possible and C: improbable). Results: The occurrence of reflux was the same irrespective of the diagnostic reliability of urinary‐tract infection (A: 98/276 [36%] versus B: 13/46 [28%] versus C: 9/25 [36%]). Most of the abnormal ultrasound findings (58/71, 80%) were found among patients with a certain diagnosis (Group A). Conclusion: We suggest that vesicoureteral reflux is more common in children even without urinary‐tract infection than has been thought previously. The guidelines recommending a search for reflux by means of voiding cystourethrography should be reconsidered.     

肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经原性膀胱的临床应用

目的报告逼尿肌切开双层肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经原性膀胱的临床应用.方法1986～1999年间治疗脊髓发育不良所致的反射亢进性神经原性膀胱52例(年龄4～18岁),通过随访比较手术前后临床表现和尿流动力学检查,评价其疗效.结果 43例随访3个月～13年,平均6.7年.术前均表现为尿失禁;术后均无粘液尿、电解质失衡、代谢紊乱、尿路结石等,24例(55.8%)能完全自主排尿,15例(34.9%)配合CIC可达到不失禁,有效率达到90.7%(39/43).39例手术前后行尿流动力学检查,其术前膀胱容量为(159±78)ml,膀胱容量差为(-145±67)ml,充盈期末逼尿肌压为(6.5±2.6)kPa;术后分别改变为(346±86)ml、(12±52)ml、(2.1±1.5)kPa.均较术前有显著改善(P<0.01),已达到或接近其正常范围.结论逼尿肌切开双层浆肌层膀胱扩大术是一种较理想的膀胱扩大术和反射亢进性神经性膀胱的有效疗法.