数据中心冷却用动力型热管的实验研究

为研究用于数据中心的动力型热管系统性能,本文在焓差法实验室对三类压缩机性能进行了实验研究,结果表明:1)带气泵功能的压缩机具备低压缩比运行能力,可根据室外环境温度以及室内负荷不同分别切换不同工作模式,简化系统配置,具有很好节能效益,其中变频转子压缩机COP可以超过20,变频涡旋压缩机COP接近20,可以较好的替代液泵; 2)中小型机房空调领域,综合利用气相动力型热管与压缩制冷技术,拓宽了自然冷却利用时间,全年能效比AEER远高于常规机房空调,配合运用地域性风冷、水冷、蒸发冷等节能方式,为现代数据中心节能减排提供了新的思路; 3)大型数据中心空调领域,磁悬浮压缩机COP超过20,具有较高的节能效益,但与液泵相比仍具有一定差距,同时离心式压缩机作为气泵运用存在循环不畅的现象,需要液泵进行压头补偿。     

转子压缩机与涡旋压缩机的对比与发展

空气源热泵压缩机的性能是适合不同气候条件的热泵的关键。本文回顾了转子与涡旋压缩机的发展历程,早期房间空调器用压缩机为活塞式,后期出现了转子压缩机和涡旋压缩机,压缩机效率得以提升。转子式压缩机和涡旋式压缩机均向适应低环境温度工况的方向发展。介绍了影响这两种压缩机发展的关键技术,改进电机与压缩机的结构来提升压缩机效率,通过变压比、喷气增焓、部分负荷下调节等技术,提升了压缩机系统性能系数COP与综合部分负荷性能系数IPLV(H)。采用直流电机替代交流电机,可提高两种压缩机的电机效率和频率调节范围。通过对涡旋压缩机进行不对称涡旋盘设计,可减小噪音与泄漏量;对转子压缩机的双转子进行对称布置,增大了压缩机的容量。带排气阀的涡旋压缩机可在一定程度上实现变压缩比,而转子式压缩机有排气阀,在变工况方面具有明显的优势。两种压缩机均可采用喷气增焓技术,实现热泵低环境温度较大的压缩比。     

转速可控型房间空调器用压缩机能效评价方法研究及应用

随着全球环境保护意识的加强,家用空调能耗水平不断增高,房间空调器能效评价方法已从单工况向全年运行效率(APF)转变。压缩机作为空调器中的主要耗能部件,其能效评价方法也要随之变化。这里提出了变速压缩机全年综合能效比指标--COAP来衡量压缩机在全年变工况条件下的运行效率,此指标综合考虑了变速压缩机全年运行的能效情况,能客观反映压缩机在不同气候条件下实际运行效率。为简化测试COAP,给出了COAP基准工况及各工况权重,讨论了压缩机效率曲线对COAP的影响,最后通过举例说明如何利用COAP进行压缩机选型及设计优化。     

电动汽车热泵空调系统的试验研究

介绍研制的电动汽车热泵空调系统及其配用的双工作腔滑片压缩机的性能,依据测试样机的试验结果分析了转速对该空调系统制冷量、输入功率及COP等性能的影响。     

Performance improvement of air source heat pump using gas-injected rotary compressor through port on blade

Gas injection has been a crucial technology to avoid the serious degradation of air source heat pumps in low ambient temperature. A novel injection structure on the blade for rotary compressors has been put forward in previous research to overcome the drawback of traditional injection structures. Based on a verified numerical model, the thermodynamic performance of an air source heat pump with the new gas-injected rotary compressor is investigated. The results indicate that, compared to the air source heat pump with the regular single-stage rotary compressor, the proposed injection structure can enhance heating capacity and COP of the air source heat pump by 23.1–28.2% and 4.5–8.1%, respectively.     

热泵工况下滚动转子式压缩机试验研究

首先对小型全封闭滚动转子式压缩机用于热泵型房间空调器的优越性进行了探讨,给出了热泵工况下压缩机的理想工作温度范围及热泵型空调压缩机气液分离器设计原则,并对依据该原则设计的不同容量样机进行了试验,对试验结果进行了处理分析。结果表明,滚动转子式压缩机能够在恶劣工况下长期安全、可靠、高效地运行,是理想的热泵空调主机。     

可变内容积比螺杆式压缩机的性能分析

随着冷水机组、单元式空调机和水源热泵机组等产品的能效指标从名义工况EER或COP发展到IPLV或ICOP,机组的变容量或变工况性能主要取决于压缩机的变容量或变工况性能。固定内容积比的螺杆式压缩机如果在偏离设计工况下工作,效率下降,进而导致整个机组的性能下降。本文研究变内容积比螺杆式压缩机,内容积比可变化,使得压缩机内压比与外压比与工况相适应,可提升压缩机效率及机组性能。应用于冷水机组、水源热泵机组时,水源热泵机组在制冷工况时能效比可提高14.1%～35%,冷水机组的IPLV可提高7.2%左右。     

直流变频空气源热泵热水器的实验研究

针对普通的定频空气源热泵热水器不能在宽负荷和宽温度条件下运行等缺陷,提出一种直流变频空气源热泵热水器.通过对样机进行实验,得出了制热量、功率、COP值、吸气温度、排气温度等性能参数随压缩机运行频率的变化规律。结果表明直流变频热泵热水器能在宽负荷、宽温度条件下稳定运行。     

电动汽车热泵系统低温工况的制热性能实验研究

为研究低温时电动汽车热泵空调系统的制热性能,本文通过搭建空气源热泵空调系统实验台,实验研究了电动汽车热泵空调系统在环境温度为-10~0℃的低温工况下的制热性能,分析了压缩机转速(2000~5000 r/min)、HVAC总成进风量(300~400 m^3/h)和环境温度对该热泵系统性能的影响,最后通过推导公式,估算电动汽车在使用空调系统后的续航里程。实验结果表明:随着压缩机转速的增加,压缩机排气温度、排气压力和系统制热量均增加,而COP下降;当保持压缩机转速和环境温度不变时,HVAC总成进风量从300 m^3/h增至400 m^3/h,制热量增加约13.3%~26.0%,COP增加约0.03~0.80;在其他条件不变时,当环境温度从-10℃升至0℃,热泵空调系统的制热量增加约60.9%~71.0%,COP增加约0.51~0.63;通过公式进行计算,当环境温度为-10~0℃时,在达到相同制热量条件下,热泵空调系统可在PTC加热器的基础上使续航里程提高13.5%~20.8%。     

制冷压缩机机壳散热研究

许多机房专用空调的制冷压缩机置于室内机的机壳内,用回风冷却制冷压缩机,良好的冷却对于延长制冷压缩机的寿命非常有利,但是,会增大空调房间的冷负荷,制冷系统的能耗增大。本文研究了与制冷压缩机机壳散热有关的因素,计算了全封闭蜗旋压缩机机壳散热量,分析了机壳散热量与压缩机制冷量之间的关系和制冷压缩机置于室内与室外的利弊。     

Using an air cycle heat pump system with a turbocharger to supply heating for full electric vehicles

Air cycle heat pump has large potentials in heating applications. However, a key challenge faced nowadays is the matching problem between its expander and compressor. This paper presents the performance evaluation of an air cycle heat pump system integrated with a turbocharger, a blower and a regenerated heat exchanger. A thermodynamic model for this system is first developed and the relationships between the system performance and the operating parameters are investigated. Then, the performance of three different air cycle heat pumps with a blower installed before the compressor, and a blower installed before the turbine, and with an expander, are numerically simulated. The results indicated that the blower installed before the compressor can achieve a higher heating capacity and thus a higher COP. Finally, the heating power consumption of air cycle heat pump was compared with the PTC and the vapor compression heat pump of the full electric vehicle.     

双蒸发温度的温湿分控空调机组实验研究

针对传统热湿联合处理中存在的能源浪费、热湿平衡不匹配等问题,本文利用EnergyPlus软件对上海市某住宅建筑进行全年逐时负荷模拟。根据模拟结果将温湿度独立控制技术与双蒸发温度压缩机结合在一起,搭建了基于双蒸发温度的温湿分控空调机组实验台。在进行相关理论计算的基础上对其在全年工况下运行特性进行实验研究。结果表明:将具有双蒸发温度压 缩机的空调机组用于温湿分控空调系统是可行的,机组运行可靠且满足设计要求。夏季设计工况下该机组压缩机能效比为3.5,比同冷量常规空调变频压缩机的能效比3.04提高了14.8％。同时,冬季设计工况下该机组压缩机能效比为4.3,相对于同冷量常规空调变频压缩机而言,双蒸发温度的温湿分控空调机组节能性显著。     

高温压缩机变转速的复叠式热泵系统性能实验研究

为研究变转速压缩机对复叠式热泵系统的影响,本文搭建了高温压缩机变转速的复叠式热泵实验台。通过实验研究了不同运行工况下系统排气温度、中间温度、制热量、功率及COP随高温压缩机转速的变化规律。结果表明:在冷凝温度为46℃,蒸发温度为-35℃～-10℃时,压缩机运行安全可靠;在冷凝温度为46℃,蒸发温度为-25℃,高温压缩机转速从1 200 r/min增至6 000 r/min,制热量提升了129. 7%,低温压缩机功率减少43.4%; COP随高温压缩机转速的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,存在最大COP和对应的最佳高温压缩机转速。     

R417A热泵空调器运行特性分析

在焓差实验台和热泵性能测试系统中,对1台R417A热泵空调器在高/低温工况下的运行特性进行研究。通过改变蒸发器侧空气的温度、湿度等参数,测得压缩机吸/排气温度、蒸发温度、冷凝温度、制热性能系数,并用数码相机对室外侧翅片管蒸发器的结霜情况进行记录。实验数据和结果表明,在高/低温工况下,R417A热泵空调器的排气温度相对较低,制冷系统的冷凝温度、蒸发温度、制热系数和功耗在高温工况时变化不大,低温工况时,由于室外侧翅片管蒸发器结霜系统各性能变化较大,在结霜后期系统的性能有较大的衰减。     

带闪蒸型经济器的风冷螺杆热泵机组性能的实验研究

研究了带闪蒸型经济器风冷螺杆热泵机组对制热性能的影响,理论分析了补气压力的变化对机组制热性能的影响。研究表明,带闪蒸型经济器热泵螺杆机组制热量随经济器的补气压力的减小而增大,压缩机功率也随经济器的补气压力的减小而增大,压缩机的COP随着经济器的补气压力的升高先升高再降低,存在最佳效率的补气压力点。实验测试了比最佳补气压力点偏高的经济器补气压力对机组性能的影响,理论计算结果和实测数据吻合良好。     

CO_2热泵热电池储能性能实验研究

CO_2热泵热电池系统由跨临界二氧化碳水源热泵与蓄冷蓄热装置组成,其在储能过程中系统的效率会逐渐降低。本文实验研究了CO_2热泵热电池的储能性能,分析了储冷罐、储热罐循环水体积流量、压缩机频率和电子膨胀阀开度对储能效率的影响。结果表明:低循环水流量既可使储能罐获得良好的温度分层,又能获得较大的换热量;压缩机频率越高,系统效率越大;同时电子膨胀阀开度也影响系统的储能效率。当压缩机频率为50 Hz,电子膨胀阀开度为330脉冲,储冷罐、储热罐循环水体积流量分别为0.2 m~3/h、0.1 m~3/h时,总体COP最大,为5.49。同时数学拟合了系统COP与储冷罐、储热罐出水温度、控制参数的关联式,提出了一种基于遗传算法的优化控制策略,系统总COP可达6.29。     

Loss-efficiency model of single and variable-speed compressors using neural networks

Compressor is the critical component to the performance of a vapor-compression refrigeration system. The loss-efficiency model including the volumetric efficiency and the isentropic efficiency is widely used for representing the compressor performance. A neural network loss-efficiency model is developed to simulate the performance of positive displacement compressors like the reciprocating, screw and scroll compressors. With one more input, frequency, it can be easily extended to the variable speed compressors. The three-layer polynomial perceptron network is developed because the polynomial transfer function is found very effective in training and free of over-learning. The selection of input parameters of neural networks is also found critical to the network prediction accuracy. The proposed neural networks give less than 0.4% standard deviations and ±1.3% maximum deviations against the manufacturer data.     

Indirect measurement of hermetic compressor speed through externally-measurable quantities

Compressor speed is a very important parameter when testing hermetic compressors. Its measurement is routine in the refrigerator compressor industry, either to evaluate parameters such as capacity, power consumption, and coefficient of performance (COP), or as an indicator of steady-state operation. However, there are some difficulties associated with measuring the speed of hermetic compressors, mainly concerning uncertainty and time constraints. This study presents some hermetic compressor speed measurement techniques, based on quantities that can be measured outside a compressor shell. In this study it was possible to measure compressor speeds through these techniques with an uncertainty of less than 1 rpm in a measurement time of 5 s.     

Two-stage heat pump system with vapor-injected scroll compressor using R410A as a refrigerant

Refrigerant vapor-injection technique has been well justified to improve the performance of systems in refrigeration applications. However, it has not received much attention for air conditioning applications, particularly for air conditioning in hot climates and for heat pumping in cold climates. In this study, the performance of an 11 kW R410A heat pump system with a two-stage vapor-injected scroll compressor was experimentally investigated. The vapor-injected scroll compressor was tested with the cycle options of both flash tank and internal heat exchanger configurations. A cooling capacity gain of around 14% with 4% COP improvement at the ambient temperature of 46.1 °C and about 30% heating capacity improvement with 20% COP gain at the ambient temperature of −17.8 °C were found for the vapor-injected R410A heat pump system as compared to the conventional system which has the same compressor displacement volume.     

Experimental investigation of a CO2 automotive air conditioner

In this study, a CO₂ automotive air conditioner prototype was designed and constructed. The compressor was of swash plate design; the gas cooler and evaporator were made of fin-tubes; a manual expansion valve and an internal heat exchanger accumulator were used. The lubricant, the CO₂ charge, the evaporator outlet pressure, the compressor speed, the air inlet temperature and flow rate of the gas cooler and the air flow rate of the evaporator were varied and the performance of the prototype was experimentally investigated in detail. The cooling capacity, compressor power consumption, CO₂ mass flow rate, and COP value were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the CO₂ system performance was greatly affected by different lubricants; the CO₂ system performance was sensitive to the mass charge; the high side pressure affected the system performance greatly and a high side pressure controller was needed.