超音速等离子喷涂非晶涂层微观结构与摩擦学性能

采用新一代超音速高能等离子喷涂(SAPS)技术制备了Fe基和Mo基两种非晶涂层,对涂层的微观结构与摩擦学性能进行对比分析。结果表明,SAPS喷涂Fe基和Mo基非晶涂层内部孔洞少、结构致密性高。与Fe基涂层相比,具有更低孔隙率的Mo基涂层在摩擦过程中表现出更低的磨损率(1.1×10^-4 μm·N^-1·s^-1),耐磨性更优。涂层的磨损机理均以磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损为主,并伴随着磨屑氧化。     

Performance of thermal barrier coatings on γ‐TiAl

The current development of new generation gamma titanium aluminides is expected to result in alloy chemistries and microstructures capable of operating at temperatures in excess of 850 °C. Under these conditions, environmental and thermal protection becomes a concern since oxidation might eventually limit the maximum service temperatures achievable. Therefore protective coatings are necessary to exploit the full potential of gamma titanium aluminides at moderately elevated temperatures; however, as yet no coating system tested has proven sufficient performance for long‐term use in automotive and aerospace applications. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), typically applied to nickel‐based alloys, offer the potential to increase the service temperature of components by lowering the metal surface temperature in combination with cooling systems. The paper is focussed on development of thermal barrier coatings for gamma titanium aluminides. Different coatings were used for oxidation protection and bond coat application. Substrate specimens were either pre‐oxidized or coated with PVD‐Al₂O₃, TiAlCrYN, or diffusion aluminides. Yttria‐stabilized zirconia TBCs were deposited applying electron‐beam physical vapour deposition. Cyclic and quasi‐isothermal oxidation tests were carried out at 900 °C in air. Post‐oxidation analysis of the coating systems was performed using scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Zirconia top coats offer a promising thermal protection concept to be applied on γ‐TiAl components. However, high oxidation resistance has to be supplied by protective coatings. Diffusion layers of the TiAl₃ aluminide provided excellent environmental protection because of the formation of a continuous alumina scale. No spallation of the thermal barrier coatings was observed on aluminized specimens during 1000 1‐h cycles and 3000 h of cyclic and isothermal oxidation testing, respectively.     

Extended Functionality of Environmentally-Resistant Mo-Si-B-Based Coatings

Multiphase Mo-Si-B alloys with compositions which yield the ternary intermetallic Mo₅SiB₂ (T₂) phase as a key microstructure constituent together with the Mo and Mo₃Si phases, offer an attractive balance of high melting temperature, oxidation resistance, and mechanical properties. The investigation of reaction kinetics involving the T₂ phase enables the analysis of oxidation in terms of diffusion pathways and the design of effective coatings. From this basis, kinetic biasing is used together with pack cementation to develop Mo-Si-B-based multilayered coatings with an aluminoborosilica surface and in situ diffusion barriers with self-healing characteristics for enhanced oxidation resistance. While a combustion environment contains water vapor that can accelerate an attack of silica-based coatings, the Mo-Si-B-based coatings provide oxidation resistance in water vapor up to at least 1,500°C. An exposure to hot ionized gas species generated in an arc jet confirms the robust coating performance in extreme environments. To extend the application beyond Mo-based systems, a two-stage process has been implemented to provide effective oxidation resistance for refractory metal cermets, SiC and ZrB₂ ultra-high-temperature composites.     

热喷涂 Mo 及 Mo 基复合涂层研究进展

热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层因熔点高、硬度高、耐磨损、耐腐蚀及高温性能稳定等诸多特点,而广泛应用于机械零件生产及表面修复。随着以资源有效利用和机械产品再制造为一体的可持续发展战略不断推进,此类涂层将拥有更为广阔的应用前景。首先介绍了国内外在热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层方面的研究发展和应用现状;随后依据热喷涂技术的发展历程,分别总结论述了不同热喷涂技术,即火焰喷涂(普通火焰喷涂、高速火焰喷涂)、等离子喷涂(普通等离子喷涂、超音速等离子喷涂、微束等离子喷涂、低压等离子喷涂)及电热爆炸喷涂中,Mo及Mo基复合涂层的制备工艺、涂层性能特点及存在的问题;接着指出了热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层在新概念武器、航空航天等高科技领域的应用前景。最后,就进一步拓展Mo及Mo基复合涂层在贫油减摩、高温高速耐磨、高温耐腐蚀及氧化等复杂环境下的应用范围,结合热喷涂技术的研究热点及发展方向,指出了未来热喷涂Mo及Mo基复合涂层在材料组分设计和工艺优化研究中应重点关注的方面。     

Oxidation protection of γ-TiAl-based alloys – A review

Alloys based on γ-TiAl are lightweight materials with attractive mechanical properties at high temperatures. Although these alloys reveal a superior resistance against environmental attack compared to titanium and 2-based alloys, efficient protection is required for industrial applications at temperatures between 800 and 1050 °C. Extensive research in order to solve this problem started more than 30 years ago. This review provides a summary of the different concepts based on surface modification techniques developed for the environmental protection of γ-TiAl alloys at high temperatures, including overlay and diffusion coatings, as well as the halogen effect. The discussion includes a comparison between the most promising coating types under long-term high temperature exposure and an assessment of their processing routes from a technological point of view. Therefore, a mass gain of 1 mg/cm² after at least 1000 h of exposure was set as a benchmark to evaluate these protection systems.     

Identification of degradation mechanisms in coatings for supercritical steam applications

The development and qualification of coatings for materials used in modern steam power plants stems from the increased demand for higher efficiency, and hence higher operating temperatures. Within the EU funded project ‘SUPERCOAT’, several coatings, both overlay and diffusion type, were investigated. Seven different coatings are presented in this work. They included two commercially available HVOF coatings (Ni–20Cr and Ni–50Cr), an aluminium‐based slurry coating (IPCOTE), together with two further variations of this slurry coating containing sputter‐coated inter‐layers. An overlay slurry coating consisting of silica particles embedded in a matrix of alumina and chromia was also examined. The final coating to be investigated was a pack‐aluminised sample of P92. All the coating systems examined showed superior oxidation resistance compared to the 9%Cr steel substrate (P91 or P92) in extended exposures to a steam environment at 650 °C. However, in service component lifetime will be limited by degradation of the coating, therefore it is essential that the mechanisms controlling this behaviour are understood. This paper reviews several degradation mechanisms that have been observed during long‐term exposure of these coatings. The mechanisms that have been observed include depletion of active alloying elements, diffusion of aluminium into the substrate from the coating, formation of Kirkendall porosity and mechanical failure of the coatings. Examples of each of these mechanisms will be presented. Possible processing routes to avoid these degradation mechanisms will also be discussed.     

Development of novel diffusion coatings for 9–12 % Cr ferritic‐martensitic steels

Eventhough 9–12% Cr steels are mechanically designed for power plant applications up to 650 °C, their effective use is limited by the corrosion resistance at this temperature. Therefore, the present paper addresses the development of diffusion coatings on 9% Cr ferritic‐martensitic steels. The difficulty of coating these materials with conventional diffusion processes arises from the temperature limit above which the conversion of the martensite is accelerated and the mechanical properties would be deteriorated. Aluminide coatings consisting of Fe₂Al₅ or FeAl phases were thus developed for deposition temperatures between 650 and 715 °C by the conventional pack cementation technique. As the addition of boron was expected to improve the oxidation properties of the coating, the influence of B on the aluminide coating was investigated. The precedent diffusion of Cr as an interdiffusion barrier before switching to the Al diffusion step was also investigated. As a further technique, the fluidised bed chemical vapour deposition (FBCVD) method allowed the development of Fe₂Al₅ coatings at 550 °C. Furthermore, Si or codiffusion Al‐Si coatings were developed at temperatures as low as 550 °C.     

Ti基与Cr基氮化物涂层的抗氧化性能

选用TiN,TiAlN,CrN和CrAlN 4种涂层材料,使用电阻炉对试样加热并保温,进行抗氧化性能实验,利用SEM、EDS和XRD获得了氧化结果。结果表明:Ti基涂层的氧化机制以O原子向涂层内部扩散为主;Cr基涂层的抗氧化机制为N原子和Cr离子向涂层表面的扩散所形成的微孔诱发的氧化;Cr基涂层比Ti基涂层具有较好的抗氧化性;Al的加入使得TiAlN与CrAlN涂层的氧化性能和高温后硬度提高,特别是CrAlN氧化后生成的致密Cr2O3和Al2O3混合氧化物使其抗氧化性能达到最优;氧化及涂层与基体的热涨失配使得几类涂层最终开裂失效;四种涂层的抗氧化能力为CrAlN>TiAlN>CrN>TiN。     

Molybdenum based amorphous and nanocrystalline coatings prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying

The high velocity oxy-fuel(HVOF) based thermal spray process has developed as a potential advantageous approach for fabricating various kinds of functional coatings.In this article,the coatings of Mo-based alloy were synthesized using the HVOF process.The microstructure and the mechanical properties of the HVOF-processed coatings were investigated using SEM,TEM,XRD,and hardness and wear tests.Annealing treatment was applied to the as-sprayed coatings to develop the microstructure and its effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings was examined.It is found that the HVOF-processed Mo-based alloy coatings are comprised of an amorphous splat matrix embedded with nano-sized crystalline particles.Annealing at temperatures over 950 ℃ results into crystallization of the amorphous matrix.The mechanical properties of the as-sprayed coatings are enhanced with annealing temperature up to 750 ℃ and from 950 to 1050 ℃,keeps constant between 750 and 950 ℃,and reduce over 1050 ℃.The change of the mechanical property with the microstructure was illustrated in the study.     

等离子喷涂NiCrAlY-Cu涂层中Cu在宽温域环境下的扩散及摩擦耗散机制

含软金属自适应涂层在摩擦过程因软金属独特的性能而具备良好的摩擦学性能,然而在不断摩擦过程中软金属会发生一定的耗散导致涂层失效。为了研究软金属润滑剂在宽温域摩擦过程中的耗散机制,利用等离子喷涂技术制备NiCrAlY-Cu涂层;通过分析热处理及宽温域摩擦前后涂层的组分与形貌演变,揭示NiCrAlY-Cu涂层中Cu的高温扩散及宽温域摩擦耗散机制。结果表明：Cu以片层状分布在NiCrAlY基础相中,软金属Cu在温度单因素影响下垂直向涂层表面扩散,随着温度的升高扩散加剧。在1000℃环境下Cu在涂层内部发生平行扩散,并最终呈现弥散态分布。在中低温环境下随着温度的升高Cu的剪切强度降低进而使得涂层摩擦因数逐渐下降,但是由于Cu呈片层状分布,随着温度的升高涂层发生疲劳剥落导致磨损率升高。随着温度的进一步升高,Cu扩散加剧,片层状Cu减少,同时发生氧化,使得摩擦因数升高,磨损率降低。在宽温域摩擦过程中由于温度和载荷的共同影响,Cu在涂层中的摩擦耗散机制为Cu垂直向涂层表面扩散,由磨痕区域内向磨痕外平行扩散。同时,磨痕内聚集的Cu以磨屑形式逐渐损耗。提出在不同温域摩擦过程中受力-热耦合影响的软金属耗散机...     

金属——熔盐体系某些方面的研究

当两种不同的金属放在熔融的硷金属或硷土金属氯化物盐浴中时,较易腐蚀的金属会沉积在较难腐蚀的金属上。作者研究了许多这样的金属对,例如:Ti-Cu,Ti-Fe,Cr-Fe,Cr-Mo,Al-Fe,Al-Ni,Si-Fe,Si-Mo等。在这些金属对中,列在前面的金属较易被熔盐腐蚀而沉积在后面的金属上,形成扩散层,能赋予基体金属许多有用的表面性能,如抗蚀性、抗高温氧化性、抗磨耗性等。置换反应对金属沉积所起的作用很小,歧化在温度较高时有较重要的作用,而电化学作用是主要的。当阴极电流通到被腐蚀的金属时,腐蚀受到阻滞,沉积也受阻滞。反之,如果将被腐蚀的金属接为阳极,而将试样接为阴极时,沉积会加速。在熔盐中容易腐蚀的金属,例如钛,可以在熔盐中用阴极保护而进行热处理。     

Fundamental investigation of the degradation laws of aluminide coatings during high‐temperature oxidation

During high‐temperature oxidation, the aluminide coating degrades by two mechanisms, one is the oxidation of the outer surface, and the other is Al diffusion into the substrate. The relevant laws are investigated for coatings on Co‐base superalloys oxidised in air at high temperatures. The driving force mainly comes from the oxidation reaction for the outer degradation layer, and the chemical potential for the inner degradation layer. By an approximation approach, it can be concluded that the life of the outward‐diffusion coating is roughly directly proportional to the second power of the main‐phase thickness of the coating.     

水性集装箱涂料应用现状及研究进展

总结了水性集装箱涂料在国内外的应用现状和最新研究进展,指出随着人们环保意识的不断增强,国际社会对集装箱用涂料在环保方面提出了更高要求,集装箱涂料水性化成为一种必然,且实践证明集装箱涂料水性化是可行的。水性集装箱涂料具有环保、安全的优点,今后必然在集装箱涂料应用领域中产生变革性的影响。对不同体系集装箱涂料的膜厚规范,以及溶剂型涂料体系与水性集装箱涂料体系的综合性能进行了对比,综述了三涂层体系和二涂层体系为现有水性集装箱涂料的2种主流配套体系,并对2种体系的基本组成及各涂层的功能进行分析,讨论了不同集装箱涂层体系的优缺点,指出国内水性集装箱用涂料的技术瓶颈,列举了近年来在水性集装箱涂料方面的主要研究方向及最新研究成果,最后结合目前国内水性集装箱涂料应用的发展水平,提出在水性集装箱涂料的制备过程中,可在涂料用树脂或者基料的合成、改性方面进行更深入的研究和探索,努力提高涂料的综合力学性能,从而实现水性集装箱涂料行业的可持续发展。     

Protective behaviour of newly developed coatings against metal dusting

Metal dusting is a corrosion phenomenon whose mechanisms and effects depend on different parameters such as temperature, pressure, time, material, etc. and which still leads to unexpected failure cases in several high temperature industries. The present work deals with the development and testing of coating systems against metal dusting attack and the evaluation of their protective behaviour at different temperatures. The recently developed coatings are based on high amounts of strong oxide formers, like Si, Ti, Cr and Al, which are able to form protective oxide layers even under the highly reducing metal dusting atmospheres. The coatings were applied on ferritic and austenitic steel substrates by HVOF and by (co) diffusion of one or up to three elements via a pack cementation process. The process parameters of the diffusion coatings were optimized with respect to the different substrate materials and diffusing species. Isothermal tests at temperatures of 400°C, 620°C and 700°C under metal dusting atmospheres were carried out for up to 2022 h for coated and uncoated specimens. Discontinuous mass change measurements were performed in order to determine the kinetics of attack. After the corrosion tests metallographic cross sections of the specimens were investigated by optical and electron microscopy (SEM, EPMA). Especially the interdiffusion of substrate and coating and the formation of potentially protective oxide layers on top of the coatings were studied using elemental mapping and concentration profiles. The results obtained so far indicate that coatings have a high potential for significantly increasing the life‐time of components under metal dusting conditions. The different systems investigated are classified, evaluated, and discussed with respect to their protection potential and the responsible protection mechanisms.     

CODEPOSITION OF ALUMINUM AND SILICON ON PURE MOLYBDENUM SUBSTRATE USING HALIDE ACTIVATED PACK CEMENTATION TREATMENTS

1. IntroductionHigh temperature coatings are important elements for successful implementation ofmany of aero-space system ..t.,i.l.I1j. Molybdenum is one of the promising metals foraerospace application because its high melting point (2885K), moderate den…     

等离子喷涂典型耐磨涂层材料体系与性能现状研究

等离子喷涂作为重要的热喷涂技术之一,在零件表面强化处理与再制造损伤修复领域具有广泛的应用.由于不同机械零部件工作环境(温度、转速、腐蚀环境、润滑状况等)、基体材质及运动形式等因素存在较大的差异,因而通常需根据其具体服役工况选择最优的表面强化涂层,以满足零件表面摩擦学性能需求,提升机械装备的综合服役性能.基于此,对国内外采用等离子喷涂技术所制备的典型耐磨涂层的材料体系及涂层性能进行了详细地综述,系统介绍了组织成分、物相结构、力学性能、服役工况等因素对典型涂层(包括金属基涂层、陶瓷基涂层及多相复合涂层等)摩擦学性能的影响机理.结果表明,涂层的摩擦学性能受到涂层自身特性相关的内因(包括孔隙率、力学性能、组织成分等)和服役工况相关的外因(包括载荷、频率、润滑状态、工作介质等)的影响;典型金属基耐磨涂层包括Fe基、Ni基和Mo基涂层等,通过表面处理、后处理和工艺优化等手段,可显著改善涂层的摩擦学性能;采取不同的喷涂方式因颗粒熔化程度差异,使陶瓷基涂层产生不同的磨损程度;针对纳米、微米结构的陶瓷基涂层进行对比分析,发现纳米涂层通过吸收应力而降低磨损;复合涂层通过添加润滑相能够降低其摩擦因数、减轻涂层磨损,其中相较于单一润滑相,多组润滑相能通过发挥协同润滑效果,使涂层在不同温度区间下保持良好的耐磨性.最后,对等离子喷涂涂层耐磨性能的提升和优化方向进行了展望.     

Recent progress in the coating protection of gamma titanium-aluminides

Engine designers show continued interest in titanium aluminides based on the intermetallic γ-TiAl phase as lightweight structural materials to be used at moderately elevated temperatures. Although alloy development has made significant progress in terms of mechanical properties and environmental resistance, protective coatings have been developed that help to extend the lifetime of these alloys significantly. The major challenge of coating development is long-termstability of aprotective oxide scale that forms during service for which purpose alumina formation is essential. Furthermore, changes of coating chemistries at high temperatures must be controlled to avoid rapid degradation of the coatings due to diffusional losses into the substrate material and vice versa.     

银涂层保护技术在航空发动机紧固件中的应用研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

在大力发展航空业的新形势下,航空发动机紧固件的咬死失效问题逐渐成为航空领域的关注焦点。但是由于航空紧固件面临应力、高温、微动等苛刻工况,在工作过程中,表面银润滑涂层会出现形变、剥落等失效形式,这是提高航空发动机发展水平必须要解决的难题。系统阐述苛刻工况下航空发动机紧固件中存在的微动磨损、磨粒磨损、氧化磨损、粘着磨损4种主要磨损失效形式,对未涂覆保护涂层的螺栓表面以及对涂覆银润滑涂层的涂层表面产生的影响,对比电镀工艺和磁控溅射工艺制备的高温环境用银涂层在硬度、结合力等方面的不同,简述几种可以提高银涂层润滑能力的复合增强涂层制备技术,综述用于高温环境中紧固件保护的高硬度特性和高温特种氧化替代涂层。总结现用航空发动机失效紧固件上银涂层失效分析和现有研究结论,得出实际使用过程中银涂层软化和银的高扩散率是导致涂层失效的主要原因,对涂层保护技术在航空发动机紧固件中的应用提出建议与展望。主要提出了高温下银涂层失效问题的可能解决方法。     

沉积温度对硬质合金金刚石涂层附着力影响的研究

采用压痕实验、扫描电镜与激光Raman光谱分析,实验研究了酸浸硬质合金基底上金刚石涂层的附着力随沉积温度的变化.结果表明,涂层质量随沉积温度降低而显著恶化,涂层应力则随沉积温度提高而上升.从提高涂层附着力的角度考虑,存在一个最佳沉积温度.在较低的沉积温度下,涂层自身的质量较低、力学性能较差,在载荷作用下易于破坏.提高沉积温度,涂层自身的质量可得到改善,但基底中的钴向基底表面扩散的倾向加大,而且热应力增大,会严重降低涂层与基底的附着力.除硬质合金基底的预处理工艺外,沉积工艺对金刚石涂层的组织、性能以及附着力均有重要影响.     

Oxidation of refractory metallic coatings on carbon fibers heated up to 1850 °C

A method for testing high refractory metallic coatings at high temperature (up to 1850 °C) in controlled atmosphere (inert or oxidizing), at low pressure (around 4 kPa) and with an exposure time of 5 s maximum is developed here. Metallic coatings on carbon fibers are deposited using the PVD (physical vapor deposition) process. The sample is then heated by Joule effect (electrical resistivity). Cooling is not controlled, so the material undergoes quenching and keeps the microstructure and chemical composition produced at very high temperature under controlled atmosphere. PVD coatings on carbon fibers are sufficiently continuous and thick to be used as protective coatings during the oxidation tests at high temperature. This test allows studying the diffusion of carbon at the fiber/coating interface and of oxygen at the interface of external environment/coating at high temperatures. The aim of this study is to highlight the effect of a modification of composition on the carburization and on the oxidation mechanism, from the testing at high temperatures on these metallic coatings. Pure Hf and Hf-Ta metal alloys are considered.