不同净水工艺对含溴水体消毒副产物生成势的影响

以溴离子和有机物浓度不同的5个水厂原水和各工艺段出水为研究对象,考察了不同净水工艺对三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)这两类典型消毒副产物生成势和种类分布的影响。结果表明,仅采用常规处理工艺对THMs和HAAs生成势的控制效果不明显,而增设生物预处理和臭氧氧化预处理工艺能显著提高常规工艺对THMs和HAAs前体物的去除效果,臭氧/生物活性炭(O3/BAC)深度处理工艺能进一步去除THMs和HAAs的前体物。增设预处理和O3/BAC深度处理工艺,并采取砂滤池后置的净水工艺流程对THMs和HAAs生成势的控制效果最好。对于含溴水体,溴离子浓度越高,有机物中亲水性组分所占比例越高,经氯消毒后生成的溴代THMs和HAAs所占比例就越高。随着处理工艺流程的进行,THMs和HAAs的生成势逐渐降低,但是它们的溴结合因子逐渐增大,即毒性更大的溴代组分所占比例逐渐增大。     

常规工艺和深度处理工艺控制消毒副产物前体物的比较

以南方地区水源水为对象,对比研究常规工艺和深度处理工艺对三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和三氯乙醛消毒副产物前体物的去除效果.试验结果表明,与常规处理工艺相比,增加臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺,可以使三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和三氯乙醛消毒副产物前体物去除率分别提高32.34％、20.59％、24.32％.     

不同饮用水处理工艺中消毒副产物的生成潜能

对取自饮用水处理过程中的水样分别进行氯消毒和氯胺消毒,分析不同饮用水处理工艺对7类18种消毒副产物(DBPs)生成潜能的影响,测定的DBPs包括含碳DBPs[三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)、卤代酮(HKs)、三氯乙醛(CH)]和含氮DBPs[卤乙腈(HANs)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)、总亚硝胺(TONO)]。结果表明,混凝、沉淀和过滤工艺均能有效降低卤代DBPs的生成潜能,活性炭吸附反而会增大TONO的生成潜能。混凝和砂滤工艺对去除含碳DBPs前体物更有效,氧化处理工艺则更有利于含氮DBPs前体物的去除。细胞毒性主要来源于HANs和HAAs,且其变化趋势大致与HANs和HAAs生成潜能一致。水中Br~-浓度的增加会显著增大溴代DBPs的生成潜能,并使细胞毒性大幅升高。     

H2O2预氧化对混凝／气浮去除THMFP的影响研究

消毒副产物三卤甲烷类物质(THMs)是一种致癌物质,在加氯前去除三卤甲烷前体物(THMFP)是控制THMs生成的有效方法.在常规的混凝/气浮工艺前增加过氧化氢预氧化,不但降低了混凝剂的投量(最佳投量由170 mg/L降至140 mg/L),而且提高了处理效果,大大降低了后续加氯消毒工艺生成的THMs量,提高了饮用水的安全性.     

预臭氧/生物滤池去除消毒副产物的前体物研究

采用预臭氧氧化技术与陶粒生物滤池组合工艺去除原水中消毒副产物的前体物，考察了三卤甲烷前体物和卤乙酸前体物的转化规律。试验结果表明：预臭氧氧化和生物过滤组合工艺对受污染黄河水中三卤甲烷前体物的去除效果不佳，可能会引起出水中前体物浓度的升高；该组合工艺对二氯乙酸前体物有一定的去除作用，对三氯乙酸前体物的去除效果显著。     

供水管网中AOC、消毒副产物的变化规律

以西南L市的供水管网为研究对象,以可同化有机碳（AOC）、三卤甲烷（THMs)、卤乙酸（HAAs)为评价指标,研究了不同季节给水管网中水质的变化情况,结果表明：三卤甲烷在管网中只受余氯的影响,其含量一般随管道长度的增加而增加;卤乙酸和AOC在管网中的变化受余氯和微生物活性的影响,其含量一般随管网延伸而先增加后减少,温度越高则下降越快,温度和余氯是管网中控制消毒副产物和AOC浓度的重要因素。     

O3/BAC对氯化消毒副产物的控制作用

采用臭氧化—生物活性炭(O3／BAC)深度处理工艺去除水中消毒副产物前质的试验结果表明，该工艺能够有效去除水中消毒副产物前质，可控制氯化消毒副产物的生成，其中主臭氧化对三卤甲烷前质和卤乙酸前质均具有很好的去除效果，生物活性炭对卤乙酸前质表现出较好的去除效果，但对三卤甲烷前质的去除效果有限；藻类、有机物等在滤层的累积使得砂滤池在同一工作周期中的不同阶段对水中三卤甲烷前质的去除效果有所不同，因而需要合理设置砂滤池的反冲洗周期。臭氧化—生物活性炭工艺充分发挥了臭氧化和生物活性炭两种技术的优点，并相互促进和补充，能够充分保障饮用水的安全性。     

溴离子对污水处理工艺消毒副产物生成势的影响

利用消毒副产物（DBPs）三卤甲烷生成势（THMs FP）和卤乙酸生成势（HAAs FP）,研究了含溴污水在某校园污水处理工艺中沿程DBPs前体物变化及溴离子对DBPs类型的影响规律。结果表明,以A²/O生物工艺为主的二级处理,对污水中DOC、UV₂₅₄的去除效果十分显著,THMs FP在沿程处理中呈逐渐降低的趋势,HAAs FP与SUVA值经二级处理后呈升高趋势,即芳香性与不饱和度高的溶解性小分子有机物是HAAs的重要前体物,含溴消毒副产物（Br-DBPs）占总DBPs的50%～65%;经A²/O工艺处理后,当Br^-浓度由100μg/L增加到300μg/L时,THMs中溴结合因子（BIF）由0.5增加到0.8,HAAs中BIF由0.51增加到0.62,溴代为主的THMs FP和HAAs FP呈逐渐增加的趋势,即溴离子浓度的增加使DBPs的种类由氯代向溴代转化。     

强化混凝去除饮用水中消毒副产物前驱物（DBPFP）的应用

天然有机物（NOM）是水体产生色度和嗅味的主要原因。它可分为腐殖质和非腐殖质两部分，腐殖质包含土壤浸析和从植物分解产生的有机物质——腐殖酸和富里酸等，非腐殖质包括亲水酸类、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖类。NOM能产生对人体有害的消毒副产物（DBP）的形成，如三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）。因此，NOM的有效去除是控制饮用水中DBPFP的关键问题，     

卤代苯醌检出及前体物研究进展

卤代苯醌（HBQs）是一类近年来新检出的且未受控的消毒副产物,虽然在水中的浓度很低且只有ng/L级别,但是其细胞毒性和遗传毒性均强于常见的消毒副产物三卤甲烷、卤乙酸等,其高毒性和膀胱癌风险对人类的健康无疑是一项重大威胁。水处理厂的常规处理工艺目的在于去除消毒副产物前体物,但是目前对HBQs的前体物及检测情况研究较少。从HBQs的种类、HBQs的检出情况、已证实的HBQs前体物及其生成HBQs途径和可能的HBQs前体物等四个方面,综述了HBQs的前体物研究进展及检测情况,并对HBQs目前研究方面存在的局限进行了总结,进一步提出未来HBQs的研究新方向和思路,以期从前体物方面为更好地处理HBQs和分析HBQs的生成途径提供依据。     

浅析高速公路工程招投标中的最低评标价法

结合目前高速公路施工项目招投标活动的实际情况,阐述了最低评标价法的概念,归纳了其优点及存在问题,对完善最低评标价法提出几点策略,以期促进招标投标市场更加规范有序。     

Place-Making in Megaprojects in Melbourne

This article analyses state-led place-making practices in Melbourne. The two levels of government that influence planning in Melbourne make much of the city as ‘culturally vibrant’ and ‘creative’, and have incorporated creative city-inspired place-making principles into many layers of the planning system. An examination of the development of two mixed-use megaprojects in central Melbourne reveals however that ideals of culturally engaging public places, and indeed of creative landscapes for middle-class consumption, wither in the face of more basic imperatives for economic development. In these case studies the ‘creative city’, no matter how the idea is interpreted, has little traction either as a set of inclusive place-making principles or as a gentrification strategy. The article concludes that the creative city-inspired place-making objectives in the planning system at both state and local levels are ambiguous in their overall intents and completely unsupported by statutory controls. Such place-making objectives as are realised are the compromised results of the interplay of uncoordinated decisions, delivered at the pleasure of the developer.     

Pathogens in septage in Vietnam

Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l^− 1, and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l^− 1. Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage.     

新时期广东城市化的新特点

新时期广东城市化出现以下特点:知识源导向、城市由单体向群体化发展、产业集群推动、政府主导自上而下的集约化发展、城镇化向城市化转变、由重“数量”发展向重“质量”发展的转变。     

谈城市历史保护规划的误区

由于缺乏起码的历史文化知识,忽视历史文化遗产的保护,错误的决策导致了建设性的破坏,要加强城市保护的教育,培养合格人才。     

浅谈我国工程项目建设成本控制存在的问题

结合目前我国施工企业工程项目成本管理现状,对工程项目成本管理过程中存在的问题进行了较详细的分析,并提出了一些解决问题的办法,以做好项目成本控制工作,进而增强企业经济实力。     

浅谈建筑施工临时用电安全

针对由于建筑施工临时用电安全管理的不完善和不规范操作而导致大量工伤事故频频发生的问题,为消除用电安全隐患,对建筑施工临时用电安全管理进行了归纳和分析,并提出了整改意见,以确保现场人员及电气设备的安全运行。     

Perchlorate exposure in lactating women in an urban community in New Jersey

Perchlorate is most widely known as a solid oxidant for missile and rocket propulsion systems although it is also present as a trace contaminant in some fertilizers. It has been detected in drinking water, fruits, and vegetables throughout New Jersey and most of the United States. At sufficiently high doses, perchlorate interferes with the uptake of iodine into the thyroid and may interfere with the development of the skeletal system and the central nervous system of infants. Therefore, it is important to quantify perchlorate in breast milk to understand potential perchlorate exposure in infants. In this study we measured perchlorate in breast milk, urine, and drinking water collected from 106 lactating mothers from Central New Jersey. Each subject was asked to provide three sets of samples over a 3-month period. The average ± SD perchlorate level in drinking water, breast milk, and urine was 0.168 ± 0.132 ng/mL (n = 253), 6.80 ± 8.76 ng/mL (n = 276), and 3.19 ± 3.64 ng/mL (3.51 ± 6.79 μg/g creatinine) (n = 273), respectively. Urinary perchlorate levels were lower than reference range values for women of reproductive age (5.16 ± 11.33 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.03), likely because of perchlorate secretion in breast milk. Drinking water perchlorate levels were ≤ 1.05 ng/mL and were not positively correlated with either breast milk or urine perchlorate levels. These findings together suggest that drinking water was not the most important perchlorate exposure source for these women. Creatinine-adjusted urine perchlorate levels were strongly correlated with breast milk perchlorate levels (r = 0.626, p = < 0.0005). Breast milk perchlorate levels in this study are consistent with widespread perchlorate exposure in lactating women and thus infants. This suggests that breast milk may be a source of exposure to perchlorate in infants.     

安康市工程施工企业未来几年人才需求调查

为了不断提高工程类专业的办学质量,对安康市区主要施工企业或项目经理部未来几年人才需求状况进行了调查,同时提出相关建议,以期培养更多的该类专业人才,满足施工企业需求。