镁合金真空电子束深熔焊接及焊缝成形数值模拟

对10mmAZ61镁合金板材进行了真空电子束深熔焊接数值模拟研究.考虑到焊接过程中高温金属蒸气等离子体的热效应及真空电子束焊接"匙孔"深熔热效应特征,建立了高斯面热源与双椭球体热源复合的移动热源模型,采用数值模拟的方法研究了镁合金真空电子束焊接温度循环特征及不同焊接工艺对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,建立的复合热源模型能够获得电子束深熔焊接的效果,并可模拟不同焊接工艺下的温度场分布与电子束热源作用下的焊缝成形,这也证明了该模型在AZ61镁合金电子束平板焊接的热效应模拟中有较好的适用性.     

电子束选区熔化成形工艺与组织模拟

电子束选区熔化作为一种新型金属增材制造工艺具有能量利用率高、成形效率高、材料适应性广等优点,适用于钛合金、钛铝合金、高温合金等材料的成形加工,在航空航天、生物医疗等领域具有广泛应用前景.介绍了电子束选区熔化的技术原理,总结近年来国内外该技术的装备发展、工艺研究、材料开发及工艺仿真的研究现状与进展,并展望未来发展方向.     

Research on Preheating of Titanium Alloy Powder in Electron Beam Melting Technology

研究了电子束熔化快速成形技术中的钛合金粉末预热工艺,并对粉末预热后的颗粒联接方式进行了分析.结果表明,当Ti6A14V粉末由电子束连续扫描快速预热升温至600℃以上,粉末颗粒中高比表面积的细小颗粒,由于高能量密度电子束作用将全部或部分熔化而充当粉末颗粒联接团聚的粘结剂,使得预热区域的粉末颗粒聚团结块.该粉末团聚体不仅能有效抵挡高速电子束流的冲击而使熔化成形的表面粉末不飞溅,而且也能避免成形表面粉末颗粒熔化时的球化效应.以Ti6Al4V粉末为原料并充分预热每层的成形粉末,制备了层间熔合良好并且力学性能优异的Ti6Al4V柱状试样.     

基于电子束快速成形金属粉末扫描路径试验

扫描路径的优化对于提高电子束快速成形工艺的效率和加工质量具有较大影响,设计4种不同的电子束快速成形的扫描路径,针对投影扫描和轮廓线偏置扫描的温度场进行了有限元计算和试验.结果表明,采用轮廓线偏置扫描时只需较小的电子束电流就能使粉末达到较高的温度,高温区域与扫描区域一致,即得到的成形区域与扫描区域一致,扫描区域上各点的熔化量也基本一致,成形件表面比较均匀平整,且有利于下次铺粉,成形效果均优于投影扫描.同时偏置间距越小,成形效果越好.     

TC18钛合金电子束熔丝成形送丝工艺与显微组织性能

利用电子束熔丝成形(EBRM)技术制备了TC18钛合金试样,研究了相同热处理工艺条件下,不同送丝方式对电子束熔丝成形TC18钛合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明:电子束熔丝成形件经热处理后,2种工艺对应的宏观组织均为异常粗大的β柱状晶,但是单丝工艺晶粒尺寸较双丝工艺细小;2种工艺成形后显微组织均为片状初生α相、β转变组织及晶界α相,单丝片状初生α相含量多于双丝,且片间距小于双丝;单丝工艺对应的塑性及稳定性均高于双丝,强度略低于双丝。     

活性剂对GH4169薄板电子束焊接焊缝成形的影响

选用镍基高温合金GH4169进行试验,分析了不同种类活性剂对焊缝成形的影响规律,发现添加不同的氧化物对焊缝表面成形、熔深均有影响,而添加氟化物却影响不大.在此基础上,进行配比和优化,得到了能改善焊缝成形,提高表面质量的电子束焊活性焊剂.分析活性剂改善电子束焊接焊缝成形的原因,认为添加活性剂改变了熔池内部的表面张力梯度,从而影响了熔池的流动方式,形成了窄而深、表面成形较好的焊缝.结果表明,活性剂电子束焊接能改善焊缝表面成形,并可进一步消除咬边等表面缺陷,这对薄板的电子束焊接技术很有帮助.     

TiAl基合金电子束快速成形研究进展

TiAl基合金作为一种新型轻质高温结构材料,在航空航天和汽车工业有着广泛的应用前景.电子束快速成形技术是目前制备TiAl基合金最新颖、前沿的技术.本文主要介绍了电子束快速成形技术制备TiAl基合金的原理、优势、最新研究进展,以及预合金粉末制备的发展现状,对TiA1基合金的电子束快速成形技术的不足进行了分析并提出了展望.     

大型复杂钛合金进气道铸件成形工艺研究

通过分析大型复杂钛合金进气道铸件的结构特点、技术要求和技术难点，制定了合理的“分体熔模精密铸造+真空电子束焊接”的铸件成形工艺方案。结合ProCAST软件进行铸造成形工艺优化，设计了合理的浇注系统，实现了两段分体铸件的铸造完整成形。采用真空电子束整体焊接方法，解决了大型复杂三通道狭长内腔结构的铸件完整成形问题，最终生产出长度为1 260 mm的进气道钛合金铸件。     

电子束快速成形温度场模拟

利用ANSYS软件模拟电子束快速成形过程的温度场分布情况,电子束能量输入用高斯面热源表示,由于快速成形过程在真空室中进行,因此只考虑热辐射散热。同时模拟了单圆扫描、多个圆同时扫描和多个圆依次扫描的温度场分布.结果表明,对于成形一定宽度的圆筒,多个圆从外到里依次扫描的方式比较理想,用较小的束流就可以达到熔点以上温度,扫描范围与成形范围趋于一致,得到的成形件表面均匀平整,成形精度较多个圆同时扫描时容易控制.利用"生死单元"技术模拟了层层堆积快速成形的过程,从中可以了解快速成形过程的温度场变化情况,以优化工艺参数.     

电子束直接金属成形技术的工艺研究

基于电子束的直接金属成形技术利用电子束能量密度高、无反射以及真空加工环境无污染等优点，将电子束加工与快速原型制造技术相结合，可制造传统制造技术无法制造的复杂金属零件。本研究利用自行开发的电子束选区熔化成形设备进行了316L不锈钢粉末的试验研究，结果发现气雾化粉末具有较好的一维成形能力，但扫描速度不能太快；水雾化粉末聚球现象严重。通过工艺试验和数值模拟，得出气雾化粉末的比例在40％～60％之间的混合粉末具有较佳的成形性能，该粉末的成形过程分为粉末固定、粉末预热及粉末熔化3个阶段。采用电子束选区熔化成形的层片表面光滑平整，内部组织致密、细小，层间为冶金结合。     

电子束深穿透焊接过程匙孔动力学研究进展

综述了电子束焊接机理和匙孔动力学的研究成果。简要归纳了电子束深熔透过程起始、焊接、衰减三个典型阶段焊缝熔深及成形变化特征。回顾了前人利用电子束焊接过程产生的特有现象作为研究瞬态过程的依据 ,揭示了一些焊接瞬态特征以及提出的各种有关电子束深穿透焊接的物理模型。文章还进一步分析了电子束与金属相互作用过程中产生的内部信号如二次电子、X射线、可见光、红外线、特种声音等在研究中的不同作用和应用特点 ,同时也分析了X射线、红外线、超声波等外加信号在动态过程研究中的特点和应用前景 ;对比了外加信号和熔池内部信号与匙孔动力学研究方法的关系 ,并展望了电子束焊接机理和熔池动力学研究的方向。     

Comparative Analysis on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties between EBW and TANDEM Welding of 7A52 Aluminum Alloy Joint

The plates with 20mm thickness of 7A52 aluminum alloy were welded by electron beam welding and TANDEM welding with ER5356 filler,respectively.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated.The results showed that the microstructure of EBW metal was finer and tighter than TANDEM welding.The heat-affected zone of the EBW joint was narrower,its hardness was higher and the tensile strength improved obviously compared to TANDEM welding.Excellent quality control of the EBW joint was made without abnormal porosity,inclusions and micro-cracks.Therefore,the EBW joint of 7A52 aluminum alloy showed excellent performance.     

高温合金电子束焊接温度场数值模拟

根据熔池边界准则应用有限元方法对高温合金电子束焊接温度场进行了数值模拟.通过线性插值、等效代换等方式估计材料高温参数,模拟材料状态变化.针对电子束焊接特有的钉头状焊缝及其穿透深度大的特点,采用高斯面热源与柱体热源组成的组合热源模型,对焊接温度场进行分析,模拟结果与实际焊缝取得了良好的一致.获得了一定工艺条件下高温合金电子束焊接温度场的分布特征及焊接过程热循环曲线,为优化电子束焊接工艺和电子束焊接残余应力研究提供了参考.     

多束流电子束薄板焊接应力变形数值模拟

为了减小薄板结构的焊接变形,基于电子束高频偏转扫描技术在焊缝两侧添加辅助扫描热源实现了多束流电子束焊接及焊前预热. 建立了矩形均匀加热辅助热源模型,采用热弹塑性有限元分析方法对1.5 mm厚304不锈钢薄板进行多束流电子束焊接数值模拟,并进行了试验验证. 结果表明,焊后残余应力和变形的实测结果与模拟结果吻合良好,多束流电子束焊接方法不仅可以改变熔池前方材料的受力状态,而且可以减小熔池形成瞬间熔池前方材料的压应力峰值,有利于减小熔池的前方压缩塑性应变,进而减小薄板结构的焊接变形.     

UPA based 3D visualization of discontinuities in great thickness EBW seam

Electron beam welding(EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to two materials to be joined.It is a complex high-temperature metallurgical process,and the quality of welding may deteriorate because of defects caused by improper welding parameters,especially in the EBW of thickened aluminum alloy plate.Ultrasonic phased array(UPA) technology has been applied more widely in the field of nondestructive testing because of its ability of effectively controlling the shape and direction of the emitted ultrasonic beam.In present research,a specimen with EBW seam on thickened aluminum plate was tested with a linear array ultrasonic phased array probe,and a large number of B-scan images of the weld were acquired by electronic scanning in probe combined with the mechanical scanning of the probe along the weld direction.This large number of B-scan images were stacked to construct the volume data,with which the 3D image of the weld discontinuities were reconstructed,and the 3D visualization was realized.More details about weld discontinuities' spatial distribution and orientation were revealed,and this approach also made the results of non-destructive ultrasonic testing more easily to understand.     

UPA based 3D visualization of discontinuities in great thickness EBW seam 1

Electron beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to two materials to be joined.It is a complex high-temperature metallurgical process,and the quality of welding may deteriorate because of defects caused by improper welding parameters,especially in the EBW of thickened aluminum alloy plate.Ultrasonic phased array(UPA) technology has been applied more widely in the field of nondestructive testing because of its ability of effectively controlling the shape and direction of the emitted ultrasonic beam.In present research,a specimen with EBW seam on thickened aluminum plate was tested with a linear array ultrasonic phased array probe,and a large number of B-scan images of the weld were acquired by electronic scanning in probe combined with the mechanical scanning of the probe along the weld direction.This large number of B-scan images were stacked to construct the volume data,with which the 3D image of the weld discontinuities were reconstructed,and the 3D visualization was realized.More details about weld discontinuities' spatial distribution and orientation were revealed,and this approach also made the results of non-destructive ultrasonic testing more easily to understand.     

Effects of Welding Processes and Post-Weld Aging Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy Joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy square butt joints without filler metal addition were fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), electron beam welding (EBW), and friction stir welding (FSW) processes. The fabricated joints were post-weld aged at 175 °C for 12 h. The effect of three welding processes and post-weld aging (PWA) treatment on the fatigue properties is reported. Transverse tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated. Microstructure analysis was also carried out using optical and electron microscopes. It was found that the post-weld aged FSW joints showed superior fatigue performance compared to EBW and GTAW joints. This was mainly due to the formation of very fine, dynamically recrystallized grains and uniform distribution of fine precipitates in the weld region.     

Evaluation of the strength of explosion‐welded bimetallic sheets produced under combined loading conditions

In this paper, conditions for vertical weld defectless formation at horizontal electron-beam welding (EBW) are shown and power-complex selection methods to weld thick-walled constructions by electron beam are developed. Dependences to estimate EBW optimal conditions are obtained.     

PLC在电子束焊机中的应用

介绍了电子束焊机的组成及工作原理,对电子束焊机的控制原理和作用进行了分析,提出用三菱公司的ＦＸ系列要编程逻辑控制器对电子束焊机进行逻辑控制。结合电子束焊机对控制系统的要求及焊接工艺的需要,分别对控制软件伯艇和构成进行了详细说明。设备经过运行表明：控制系统的硬、软件功能完善,工作可靠。