特种加工技术研究现状及发展趋势

全面介绍了特种加工技术的类型及发展现状,指出了其优势和存在的问题;阐述了电火花加工、电解加工、电子束加工、超声波加工、激光加工、化学机械复合加工等加工方法;探讨了各种加工方法的工作要素、加工特点及应用;指出了特种加工的发展趋势。     

特种加工技术的新进展

特种加工技术是直接借助电能、热能、声能、光能、电化学能、化学能、特殊机械能或复合能来实现材料切削的加工方法.是难切削材料、复杂型面、精细表面、低刚度零件及模具加工中的重要工艺方法.介绍了特种加工的技术特点,分别论述了电火花加工、电化学加工、高能束流加工、物料切蚀加工和复合加工技术特点与最新进展,并预测今后特种加工的发展方向,最后给予特种加工技术展望.     

粮油加工创业项目与关键技术

粮油加工是指对原粮和油料进行工业化处理，制成半成品粮油、成品粮油、粮油食品以及其它产品的过程。粮油加工业主要包括：稻谷加工、小麦加工、玉米加工、大豆加工、油料加工、杂粮加工和薯类加工，粮油食品生产，粮油加工副产品综合利用，以及相关机械装备和检测仪器的制造。粮油加工的产品与人民生活息息相关，是一个永不衰败的朝阳工业。     

我国食用油脂加工研究进展及发展对策

分析食用油脂加工着新进展,提出食用油脂加工存在的加工工艺落后、加工装备简单且能耗高、加工过程不规范等问题,并从食用油脂加工理念、加工工艺、加工装备和开发新型食用油脂等方面探讨了提升我国食用油脂加工水平的对策。     

钣金加工工艺研究

在钣金的加工过程中,加工工艺是指导钣金加工的重要文件,如果没有加工工艺,钣金加工将会出现无规范可依,无标准可执行的情况。因此,我们要清楚钣金加工工艺的重要性,在钣金加工过程中对加工工艺进行深入研究,保证加工工艺能够符合钣金加工的操作实际,满足钣金加工的实际需要,从根本上提高钣金加工质量。通过实践发现,钣金加工根据加工方式的不同,主要分为:下料、折弯、拉伸、成型、焊接等方式。要想保证钣金加工全过程的质量达标,就要重点研究这几种加工方式的加工工艺,对现有加工工艺进行优化,提高加工工艺的实用性和指导性。     

浅谈车铣复合配合件的加工工艺及编程

零件有多个工序组成,加工时需要分次加工,加工工序中需要车螺纹,加工程序比较简单,被加工部分的各尺寸、还有些加工的零件工艺比较复杂,因此对机床的性能和处理,刀具的选择尤为重要,刀具选择最重要的是要根据材料的选择而选择。当然还有机床的选择。对于数控加工来说最重要的就是加工工艺了,合理安排加工工序和加工工艺,对各个部分的加工都要进行精确的分析,并加以结合,尽量以最简便、快捷的方式来加工,在做到简便、快捷的同时也要保证加工的精度。本次设计主要是针对零件的工艺加工要求,以及一些加工时所须注意的事项,并且一贯追求以快速、简便为主,提高现有的数控加工的效率。     

农业部规划设计研究院——农副产品加工研究所

农业部规划设计研究院一农副产品加工研究所主要从事种子加工技术、农产品干燥储藏技术．果蔬加工技术、油菜籽加工、肉类加工技术．饲料肥料加工技术．农产品产地加工处理技术等农副产品加工技术的研究、推广；农业产业化技术及装备的组装集成与推广；农业工程新设备．新设施和农业产业化装备配套设施的开发、研制与生产；     

天然色素加工新进展及发展对策研究

综述了天然色素加工最新进展,提出天然色素加工存在着加工工艺落后、加工设备简单、加工过程不规范等问题,并从天然色素加工理念、加工工艺、加工设备和开发新型天然色素等方面探讨了提升我国天然色素加工水平的对策。     

未来我国粮油加工科技发展的任务与目标

阐述了我国未来粮油加工科技发展的任务与目标．主要是针对原粮、油料等基本原料进行工业化处理的过程。它包括：稻谷碾米、小麦制粉、玉米加工、杂粮加工、油料加工、淀粉加工、食品加工以及副产品的综合利用。     

快速发展的胶印连线加工技术

序言 所谓连线(联机)加工技术是指印刷品在印刷机上印完后,通过与印刷机联机的印后加工设备,完成上光、裁切、模切与压痕、烫印等工作.连线加工技术是与离线(脱机)加工技术相对应的一种加工技术,离线加工技术要在印品印完后,分别通过上光机、覆膜机、模切压痕机等印后加工设备来进行印刷品的表面整饰和加工.连线加工技术特别适合包装印刷品的生产,印刷与印后加工一气呵成,大大提高了生产效率.     

Buttermilk as milk powder and whey substitute in compound milk chocolate: Comparative study and optimisation

The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal concentration of milk, whey and buttermilk powder by using mixture design for the formulation of compound milk chocolate. The influence of buttermilk as a milk and whey substitute on the main physicochemical parameters of compound milk chocolate was investigated. The optimisation of the variables indicated that using 35.660% milk powder, 27.957% whey powder and 36.383% buttermilk produced the optimum milk chocolate with the highest desirability without undesirable changes in the quality properties. Chocolates containing equal amounts of buttermilk and milk powder and also equal amounts of whey powder and buttermilk powder demonstrated high consumer acceptability.     

快速黏度仪在奶粉及浓缩乳清粉凝胶化特性评价中的应用

本文运用快速黏度仪建立了奶粉与浓缩乳清粉在加热-保持-冷却过程中黏度变化,通过黏度曲线反映奶粉与乳清粉在加工过程中的热处理程度,详细探讨了乳清蛋白的热变性机理。另外,研究了不同热变性程度奶粉的混合比例对凝胶化特性的影响以及不同热变性程度的奶粉对产品质量的影响。     

DNA-based qualitative and quantitative identification of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products

As one of the main ingredients in some milk powders, whey powder is sometimes added to pure goat milk products, which can cause health risks, economic fraud, and unfair competition of food industries. This study is the first to explore qualitative and quantitative methods to identify adulteration of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products based on DNA. We extracted DNA from whey powder using a modified DNA extraction method; this exhibited good quality and integrity, with purity of 1.53 to 1.75 and concentration of 122 to 179 ng/μL. Conventional PCR and real-time PCR were compared for qualitative detection of bovine whey powder; real-time PCR demonstrated sensitivity of 0.01 ng/μL, which was higher than the 0.05 ng/μL detected by the conventional PCR method. Furthermore, real-time PCR was conducted for DNA quantitative detection, with good linearity (R² = 0.9858) obtained for bovine whey powder contents from 0.1% to 30%. Relative error decreased with increase of the mixing proportion of whey powder; the coefficient of variation above 0.1% of the mixing ratio was close to or less than 5%; and the relative standard deviation of repeatability results was less than 5%. Considering the economic costs of testing, conventional PCR could be performed first, and samples with obvious intentional adulteration detected can be further accurately quantified by real-time PCR. Overall, this research provides a realistic and effective method for qualitative and quantitative identification of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products, thus laying a good foundation for verification of goat dairy product label claims and industrial control.     

自动标准加入法测定乳粉、乳饮料及果汁中的钠含量

目的建立自动标准加入法测定乳粉、乳饮料和果汁中钠含量的方法。方法采用自动标准加入法对全脂奶粉、脱脂奶粉、浓缩乳清粉、婴幼儿配方奶粉以及市场上各类果汁饮料及乳饮料进行钠含量的测定,研究样品中钠离子的提取方式和滴定剂浓度对检测结果的影响,并将测定结果与火焰原子发射光谱法进行对比。结果自动标准加入法用于乳粉、浓缩乳清粉、果汁饮料及乳饮料中钠含量的测定结果重复性好,相对标准偏差均小于5%;而且与火焰原子发射光谱法的测定结果之间无显著性差异,两者之间的相对偏差小于5%。结论自动标准加入法重复性好、准确度高,可用于食品与饮料中钠含量的检测。     

近红外快速检测奶粉乳清粉成分研究

采用Perten8620近红外奶粉分析仪检测奶粉的近红外光谱特性，建立了奶粉近红外检测的校准模型。结果表明，近红外检测技术无需称重和化学试剂，可在1min以内快速检测奶粉和乳清粉的蛋白、脂肪、水分等指标，其准确性和精度可以达到在国际允许的误差范围内。根据近红外技术可能在短时间内收集大量样品的光谱图，开发了新检测项目的校准曲线。     

低热脱脂奶粉的生产现状

综述了我国脱脂奶粉的的市场和生产现状,提出了向低热脱脂奶粉发展的方向,论述了加工条件对脱脂奶粉蛋白变性程度的影响以及国际上对奶粉热分级的规定和乳粉加工中乳清蛋白热变性及聚合物产生机理的研究进展。     

Composition and nutritional value of commercial dried whey products from feta cheese manufacture

Various commercial dried whey products—WHEYPRO20, WHEYPRO35 and WHEYPRO65 (with approximately 20, 35 and 65% protein, respectively) and LACTINA (a permeate powder)—were studied in terms of chemical composition and nutritional value. These products were produced industrially from the whey of feta cheese manufactured with ovine and caprine milk by ultrafiltration and subsequent evaporation and spray-drying. As the protein content in these products increased, the nonprotein nitrogen and fat contents increased while the lactose and ash contents decreased. Generally the concentration of minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, Cl) in these products decreased with increasing protein content. With the exception of valine and methionine + cysteine, all essential amino acids were in excess in the whey protein concentrates (WHEYPRO35 and WHEYPRO65) as compared with the Food and Agriculture Organization reference protein and with human milk protein.     

添加乳蛋白水解物的配方奶粉的免疫功能评价

根据我国免疫调节功能食品的评价方法,对添加乳蛋白水解物的免疫增强乳制品的免疫调节作用进行评价。在实验中,采用Balb/c 小鼠建立免疫低下模型,以不同剂量的配方奶粉对小鼠进行灌胃实验,分别进行免疫脏器质量、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核- 巨嗜细胞功能等指标检测。结果表明：在所选定的剂量范围内,添加乳源蛋白水解物的老年奶粉和婴幼儿(三段)奶粉结果均为阳性,因此可判定配方奶粉具有免疫增强作用。     

Comparison of casein micelles in raw and reconstituted skim milk

During the manufacture of skim milk powder, many important alterations to the casein micelles occur. This study investigates the nature and cause of these alterations and their reversibility upon reconstitution of the powders in water. Samples of skim milk and powder were taken at different stages of commercial production of low-, medium-, and high-heat powders. The nature and composition of the casein micelles were analyzed using a variety of analytical techniques including photon correlation spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, turbidity, and protein electrophoresis. It was found that during heat treatment, whey proteins are denatured and become attached to the casein micelles, resulting in larger micelles and more turbid milk. The extent of whey protein attachment to the micelles is directly related to the severity of the heat treatment. It also appeared that whey proteins denatured during heat treatment may continue to attach to casein micelles during water removal (evaporation and spray-drying). The process of water removal causes casein and Ca in the serum to become increasingly associated with the micelles. This results in much larger, denser micelles, increasing the turbidity while decreasing the viscosity of the milk. During reconstitution, the native equilibrium between colloidal Ca and serum Ca is slowly reestablished. The reequilibration of the caseins and detachment of the whey proteins occur even more slowly. The rate of reequilibration does not appear to be influenced by shear or temperature in the range of 4 to 40°C.     

助智奶粉的功能性研究

对奶粉中添加牛磺酸、锌和磷脂的功能性进行了研究。结果表明，添加后的奶粉能够增强小鼠的记忆能力。同时通过实验得出产品的配方：鲜牛奶60％，糊精粉10％，乳清粉10％，白砂糖10％，牛磺酸0．4％，磷脂0．5％(均为质量分数)，锌45mg／g。