桂林市儿童Ⅰ型糖尿病发病率调查

为研究桂林市儿童Ⅰ型糖尿病（ＩＤＤＭ）发病情况,按照ＷＨＯ儿童糖尿病多国计划（ＷＨＯ ＤＩＡＭＯＮＤ计划）登记方法,采用捕获－ 再捕获方法进行调查。结果显示,１９８９～１９９８ 年间１５ 岁以下儿童发病率为：男性０．５８／１０ 万,女性０．６２／１０ 万,总发病率为０．６０／１０ 万;桂林市ＩＤ－ＤＭ 发病率与ＷＨＯ ＤＩＡＭＯＮＤ计划获得的多国发病率情况相一致,与东方及中国其他地区的情况也相近     

武汉市前列腺癌的流行病学研究

前列腺癌是欧美国家男性的主要死亡原因，我国还没有全面的发病率和死亡统计资料。为了解我国前列腺癌的流行情况，在武汉市１９９０～１９９２年前列腺癌的发病及死亡报告的基础上，收集了１９９０～１９９５年住院治疗的１０２例前列腺癌现患病例进行了１１配比的病例对照研究。结果显示：武汉市前列腺癌的发病率和死亡率分别为１．３７／１０万和０．７５／１０万，世界人口年平均标化发病率和死亡率分别为１．１０／１０万和０．６６／１０万。泌尿系统病史〔ＯＲ＝５．４２，９５％可信区间（ＣＩ）＝１．５６～１８．８３〕、子女数超过３个（ＯＲ＝２．４３，９５％ＣＩ＝１．１７～５．０２）、青壮年期每周性交超过３次（ＯＲ＝３．３８，９５％ＣＩ＝１．５１～７．５８）、滥用药物（ＯＲ＝４．１１，９５％ＣＩ＝１．６５～１０．２５）、体质指数高（ＯＲ＝２．５８，９５％ＣＩ＝１．３０～５．１１）等是前列腺癌的危险因素，而体力劳动（ＯＲ＝０．３５，９５％ＣＩ＝０．１７～０．７１）、初次遗精年龄晚于１８岁（ＯＲ＝０．２０，９５％ＣＩ＝０．０８～０．５２）等是其保护性因素。     

哈尔滨市儿童IDDM发病率研究

对１９８９～１９９４年哈尔滨市儿童ＩＤＤＭ发病率进行调查。结果：平均年发病率为０．５５３７／１０万，其中男、女年龄别标化率分别是０．５４９５／１０万，０．５５９１／１０万。０～４岁组年发病率最低，为０．２２６２／１０万；１０～１４岁组最高达０．９２４４／１０万。年度发病率呈现波动，１９９２年发病率最低（０．３８６３／１０万），１９９４年最高（０．７７２７／１０万）。城市和农村平均年发病率经年龄调整后分别是１．０１０１／１０万，０．１９０１／１０万。仅３例病例有家族糖尿病病史，占总病例数的６．７％。两个来源共同登记总预计值的符合率为９８．２％     

1989～1997年南宁市1型糖尿病发病率研究

根据ＷＨＯ儿童糖尿病多国计划（ＷＨＯ ＤｉａＭｏｎｄ计划）的登记方法和南宁市儿童１型糖尿病登记方法草案,采用捕获－再捕获方法。于１９９５年及１９９７年在南宁市及其效县,２６所到以上医院和１２２个学校及托幼机构登记的ＩＤＤＭ发病资料进行整理分析。结果表明：１９８９～１９９６年间南宁市１５岁以内儿童发现ＩＤＤＭ２８例,年平均发病率男性为０．３３／１０万,女性为０．５８／１０万,总发病率为０．４５／１０     

膳食因素与NIDDM继发冠心病关系的研究

调查１０２例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）继发冠心病（ＣＨＤ）病例，进行１１配比病例对照研究，探讨膳食因素对糖尿病继发冠心病的影响。通过条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归综合分析发现碳水化合物、肉类、蛋类日常摄入情况与ＮＩＤＤＭ继发ＣＨＤ无关。动物脂肪日常摄入量与之有关，ＯＲ为３．７１％（９５％ＣＩ，１．９９～６．９２）。而多食蔬菜、水果可预防ＮＩＤＤＭ患者继发ＣＨＤ，其ＯＲ值分别为０．４２（９５％ＣＩ，０．２５～０．７２）和０．６０（９５％ＣＩ，０．４２～０．８６）。     

本溪市大气污染与死亡率的关系

本溪市１９９３年和１９９４年两年总死亡率经年龄调整后为６９１．３／１０万。比较了７个大气监测点周围各街道死亡率后、发现大气污染水平与总死亡率及３种慢性病之间都有显著相关;ＴＳＰ每增加１００μｇ／ｍ３,总死亡率增加８％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０２～１．１４）;对慢性阻塞性肺疾患（ＣＯＰＤ）、心血管病（ＣＨＤ）和脑血管病（ＣＶＤ）死亡专率分别增加２４％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０４～１．４４）、２４％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０８～１．４１）和８％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．００～１．１５）     

天津市女性糖尿病危险因素初步研究

对天津市区居民１２１例女性非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）病例进行了１：１配对病例对照研究。经条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析，发现与ＮＩＤＤＭ有关的危险因素是：经济收入高（ＯＲ一３．４８，９５％ＣＩ＝２．０２～５．９８）、糖尿病家族史（ＯＲ＝６．３７，９５％ＣＩ＝２．９２～１３．８９）、既往相关病史（ＯＲ＝６．９２，９５％ＣＩ＝３．２５～１４．７３）、绝经年龄晚（ＯＲ＝３，３９，９５％ＣＩ＝２．１５～５．３５）、嗜甜食（ＯＲ＝３．５６，９５％ＣＩ＝２．２９～５．５４）、肥胖（ＯＲ＝１６．３２，９５％ＣＩ＝６．０２～４４．２３）及ＢＭＩ大（ＯＲ＝２．０８，９５％ＣＩ＝１．５２～２．８５）。同时还发现，体育锻炼（ＯＲ＝０．３６，＝３１．４７，Ｐ＜０．０１）和蔬菜、水果等是保护性因素。     

胰岛素抵抗在非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者继发冠心病中的作用

为研究冠心病（ＣＨＤ）的发病危险因素，对１０２例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）继发ＣＨＤ病例进行多个配比病例对照研究。通过条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析，发现胰岛素抵抗及高血糖症是ＮＩＤＤＭ继发ＣＨＤ的危险因素，ＯＲ分别为２．５６（９５％ＣＩ１．２７～５．１６）、４．３２（９５％ＣＩ２．５６～７．２８），高胰岛素血症增加ＮＩＤＤＭ继发ＣＨＤ的危险性，ＯＲ为１．６０（１．０３～２．４７）。     

河北省1990~1992年急性弛缓性麻痹发病情况调查

笔者报告了１９９３年９月对河北省１９９０～１９９２年０～１４岁儿童住院的急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡｃｕｔｅＦＬａｃｃｉｄＰａｒａｌｙｓｉｓ，ＡＦＰ）进行调查的情况。结果表明，３年平均ＡＦＰ、非脊髓灰质炎急性弛缓性麻痹（Ｎｏｎ－ｐｏｌｉｏＡＦＰ）调查发病率分别为１．４９８／１０万、０．９８８／１０万；０～４岁儿童３年平均发病率二者分别为２．９１７／１０万和１．５９１／１０万。格林巴利综合征（ＧＢＳ）占全部ＡＦＰ病例的５４．０６％。     

武汉市前列腺癌的流行病学研究

本文在武汉市１９９０～１９９２年前列腺癌的发病及死亡报告的基础上进行了１∶１配比的病例对照研究，结果显示武汉市前列腺癌的发病率和死亡率分别为１．３７／１０万和０．７５／１０万，世界人口年平均标化发病率和死亡率分别为１．１０／１０万和０．６６／１０万。泌尿系统病史（ＯＲ＝５．４２，９５％可信区间＝１．５６～１８．８３）、子女数超过３个（ＯＲ＝２．４３，９５％可信区间＝１．１７～５．０２）、每周性交超过３次（ＯＲ＝３．３８，９５％可信区间＝１．５１～７．５８）、滥用药物（ＯＲ＝４．１１，９５％可信区间＝１．６５～１０．２５）、体质指数高（ＯＲ＝２．５８，９５％可信区间＝１．３０～５．１１）等是前列腺癌的危险因素，而体力劳动（ＯＲ＝０．３５，９５％可信区间＝０．１７～０．７１）、初次遗精年龄晚于１８岁（ＯＲ＝０．２０，９５％可信区间＝０．０８～０．５２）等是其保护性因素。     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.