结核性脑膜炎的磁共振成像诊断

目的 探讨结核性脑膜炎(TBM)的MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法 15例临床确诊为TBM病人的MR平扫和Gd—DTPA增强扫描表现,进行了回顾性分析。结果 所有病人的MR图像均显示异常病变,包括粟粒性结节3例,脑膜渗出9例．脑积水8例,脑梗死5例和结核瘤6例。结论 MR成像特别是增强扫描是TBM最有效的诊断方法。     

脑膜癌病的磁共振成像征象分析

目的探讨脑膜癌病的MRI表现,提高对脑膜癌病的影像学认识和诊断水平。方法对67例确诊的脑膜癌病患者的MRI平扫及增强影像学资料进行回顾性分析,总结其影像学特点。结果MRI平扫脑膜均未见异常信号,间接征象包括脑转移瘤11例,脑室扩大、脑积水8例;33例行增强检查后,18例(54.5%)有不同程度的脑膜强化。按脑膜强化的部位,10例显示软脑膜型异常强化,5例表现为硬脑膜型强化,3例为全脑膜型强化。按脑膜强化形状,线形强化9例,结节型5例,混合型4例。脑膜强化组与非脑膜强化组脑脊液比较,强化组的脑脊液蛋白和白细胞计数显著高于非强化组,而糖含量明显低于非强化组(P0.05)。结论增强MRI在显示本组脑膜癌病患者软脑膜-蛛网膜强化方面较为敏感,脑膜结节型或混合型强化是其较具特征的MRI表现,对脑膜癌病有重要的临床诊断价值。     

脑静脉窦血栓MRI增强扫描及MRV影像诊断价值

目的探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的影像及诊断价值。方法本研究分析2009年7月至2012年2月在第四军医大学西京医院35例CVST患者的MRI平扫、MRV及MRI增强扫描的直接征象,MRI增强扫描表现为静脉窦内低信号三角征(直接征像),磁共振轴位上,静脉窦呈高信号明显强化,而与腔内血栓无强化,类似三角形,MRI平扫表现为T1为等信号、T2等低信号直接征像。MRV表现为受累静脉窦不显影或者局限性信号缺失、中断。结果本组35例(81.2%)为中青年患者,均行MRI平扫、MRV及MRI增强扫描,其中MRI增强扫描中有31例出现"三角征",29例患者MRV呈阳性,5例MRI平扫呈阳性;由此可见,MRI增强扫描"空三角征"的出现率极高,达到88.6%。结论头部MRI、MRV、增强扫描检查能显示CVST脑组织直接和间接受累征像,本研究得出头颅MRI增强扫描+MRV成像可作为诊断CVST的首选检查,且其联合扫描是CVST最敏感的检查方法,也是最佳影像学检查方法。三种检查联合扫描复查能动态观察病情及反映疗效。     

脊髓转移瘤的MRI诊断

目的 探讨脊髓转移瘤(ISCM)的MRI特征及其病理机制,以提高对该病的认识.方法 搜集15例经手术病理证实及临床确诊的ISCM,回顾性分析其MRI表现.全部病例均行MRI平扫及钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)增强扫描.结果 15例转移瘤均为单发,位于颈髓3例,胸髓5例,胸腰段脊髓圆锥部7例.MRI表现:T1WI呈等信号12例,低信号3例;T2WI呈高信号14例.等信号1例;增强扫描肿瘤均呈明显强化,7例呈环形强化,4例结节状强化,4例不均匀强化.结论 ISCM的特征性MRI表现为脊髓内明显强化的环形或结节状病灶,结合临床病史可以明确诊断.     

艾滋病合并颅内弓形虫感染的MRI表现

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并颅内弓形虫感染的MRI表现特征。方法回顾性分析30例AIDS并颅内弓形虫感染的MRI平扫、DWI和增强表现,随访观察影像学变化。结果 30例共发现128个病灶,其中7例单发,23例多发。MRI平扫时病灶呈斑片状、结节状和团块状,周围不同程度水肿。T_1WI呈低至中等信号,边缘可见高信号环;T_2WI呈中等到高信号,边缘可见低信号环;FLAIR多呈高信号,DWI呈等或稍高信号。增强后25个病灶呈斑片状强化,32个呈结节样强化,36个呈环状强化,27个呈靶样强化,3个呈螺旋状强化,6个未见明显强化。3例环状强化合并壁结节,6例合并脑膜强化,1例累及室管膜。结论 AIDS合并颅内弓形虫感染MRI表现有一定的特征性,MRI可监测病情进展,随访病情转归。     

颅内孤立性纤维瘤/血管外皮瘤的影像学分析

目的探讨颅内孤立性纤维瘤/血管外皮瘤(intracranial solitary fibrous tumor,SFT/hemangiopericytoma,HPC)的影像学特征。方法分析10例经手术及病理确诊的颅内孤立性纤维瘤/血管外皮瘤的影像学结果。结果 10例患者9例病变位于幕上,1例跨越幕上及幕下,为类圆形或不规则形,有分叶,边缘清楚。CT平扫病变表现为稍高密度影,增强扫描后病变均匀或不均匀明显强化;MRI平扫,与脑实质相比,T1WI上,5例表现为等信号,2例表现为低信号,3例表现为混杂信号;T2WI上6例表现为等信号,4例表现为混杂信号;DWI表现为低信号,增强扫描后病变均匀或不均匀明显强化。病变与硬脑膜呈窄基底相连7例(70.0%),呈宽基底相连3例(30.0%);5例伴脑膜尾征(50.0%);瘤周见轻-中度水肿7例(70.0%);最大径2.5~5.6(4.5±1.0)cm。结论认识颅内孤立性纤维瘤/血管外皮瘤的的影像学特点,有助于患者的后续治疗和预后。     

神经梅毒的磁共振成像表现

目的 提高对神经梅毒MRI表现的认识,探讨MRI在诊断神经梅毒中的价值与局限性.方法 总结了临床与实验室证实的11例神经梅毒患者经1.5T超导MR进行检查(9例增强,2例平扫)的结果.结果 2例梅毒树胶肿患者表现为脑内占位性病灶(1例左小脑半球,1例右额叶),呈不均匀强化;1例麻痹性痴呆患者示右额、颞、顶叶局部脑萎缩,伴脑内多发腔梗;1例脑膜梅毒患者脑表面颅板下及大脑镰、小脑幕脑膜强化明显,双侧海马区见条状强化;1例脊膜血管梅毒患者胸腰段MRI示脊髓增粗,髓内异常信号,不均匀强化;6例脑膜血管梅毒患者均为不同程度的血管炎表现,脑叶多发病灶,颞顶叶、额顶叶、顶枕叶、双侧丘脑、中脑等处或基底节及侧脑室旁多个大小不等的异常长T1、长T2信号,其中3例病灶呈不均匀强化,1例伴脑膜强化.结论 神经梅毒在MRI上无特异性表现,但MRI是显示其病变范围、病变性质以及治疗后随访的有效方法.     

多发性多形性胶质母细胞瘤

病例介绍患者男,53岁。主因1日内癫痫发作3次入院,服用镇静药好转。神经系统查体无阳性体征。CT平扫双颞叶及胼胝体压部左侧呈多发类圆形稍高密度影,边界不清,占位效应及周围水肿较轻(图1)。MRI平扫T1加权像病变信号高低不均,T2加权像呈稍高信号,边界欠清。增强扫描病变呈轻、中度不均匀强化,不同病灶强化程度不一,多数病灶边界仍不清(图2)。26d后MRI示病变范围增大,数目增多,占位明显,部分病灶边界变清。增强后强化更不均匀,部分病灶出现坏死区,并出现“子灶”及室管膜、柔脑膜强化结节,不同病灶强化程度及类型不一(图3)。PET示脑内…     

脑膜病变致脑膜强化的MRI表现及其临床意义

目的　研究脑膜病变致脑膜强化的磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）表现及其与临床的关系。方法　对４３ 例ＭＲＩ增强扫描表现为脑膜强化的患者进行分析。结果　ＭＲＩ脑膜强化见硬膜型强化３１例,软膜型强化１２例;其中化脓性脑膜炎１４ 例,结核性脑膜炎、脑梗死各７ 例,病毒性脑膜炎、脑膜癌病、血管畸形各５ 例,与临床诊断一致;ＭＲＩ平扫所见正常１２ 例,局部脑膜增厚１１ 例,脑内病灶２０ 例。结论　脑膜强化的类型与病因有一定关系,ＭＲＩ增强扫描有助于发现脑膜病变。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的磁共振成像诊断:59例报道

目的::探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)影像学特征及其诊断价值。方法::回顾性分析1995年1月—2015年12月经术后病理证实的59例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的术前MRI影像学特征。结果::59例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者中,男性15例,女性44例。所有59例鞍结节脑膜瘤的基底均位于鞍结节或鞍隔的硬膜;MRI平扫T1加权像(weighted image,WI)均呈等信号或略低信号,T2WI均呈等信号或略高信号;57例鞍结节脑膜瘤的MRI增强扫描图像呈明显的均匀强化,2例呈不均匀强化;45例可见"脑膜尾征"。结论::MRI检查在鞍结节脑膜瘤的定位和定性诊断中显示出明显的优势,可以为手术方式的选择、肿瘤切除程度的评估以及手术风险的预测提供重要指导。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.