野生酸枣疯病与栽培大枣疯病发生的关系

为了明确野生酸枣疯病与栽培大枣疯病发生和流行的关系,采用随机徒步调查、挖根和接穗嫁接法对我国野生酸枣、栽培大枣及大枣接穗嫁接野生酸枣的枣疯病进行了田间调查,并取样检测病菌及比较不同菌株的保守基因序列.结果显示,我国野生酸枣疯病发生范围广,且地区间自然发病率差异很大,在0～40%之间;病株呈明显的团簇状分布,病菌在团簇中的根蘖苗与母株间传播或通过介体昆虫传播到后代种子苗上.在枣疯病流行区,栽培大枣发病与枣园周围分布的野生酸枣发病程度有关;用感病品系的接穗或带菌接穗嫁接到野生酸枣砧木上易导致嫁接苗发病和病害流行,而采用抗病的壶瓶枣和婆枣抗病品系接穗嫁接野生酸枣则发病率明显下降.用巢式PCR进行的病菌检测结果显示,在病害流行区酸枣或大枣无症状枝叶样品的带菌检出率为10%～32%.不同地区栽培大枣和野生酸枣上植原体的16S rDNA、16S-23S rDNA间区(SR)及核糖体蛋白基因(rp)序列比较鉴定结果显示,侵染酸枣的植原体与栽培大枣疯病植原体应为相互传染的同种致病菌.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的寄主趋向和产卵选择

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。     

燕麦种质资源农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

分析了国内外54份燕麦种质资源的遗传多样性,归纳其遗传亲缘关系,为合理利用燕麦品种(系)资源提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)54份种质资源农艺性状间存在广泛的遗传多样性,5个质量性状(粒色、粒型、穗型、小穗型、抗病性)以抗病性的多样性指数最高,粒色的遗传多样性指数最低;8个数量性状(单株分蘖数、株高、穗长、小穗数、轮层数、单株粒数、单株粒重、千粒重)以单株粒重的遗传多样性指数最高,变异系数最大。(2)聚类分析将54份种质资源的8个数量性状分为4大类群,类群Ⅰ为高秆、大粒型育种目标亲本材料;类群Ⅱ为矮秆育种目标亲本材料,类群Ⅲ的有益性状不明显,为多目标性状育种的亲本材料,类群Ⅳ为增加轮层数、小穗数等育种目标的优良材料。     

陕西省小麦禾谷镰刀菌的遗传多样性研究

为了明确陕西省小麦禾谷镰刀菌混合群(Fusarium graminearum species complex)的遗传多样性,利用4对E coRⅠ和M seⅠ引物对来自陕西省19个区县的162株小麦禾谷镰刀菌菌株进行了AFLP扩增。结果表明,4对引物均能扩增出数量不等的多态性条带,最少的6条,最多的20条,大部分扩增片段在100～750bp之间。利用NTSYS-2.1软件聚类分析表明,不同地区禾谷镰刀菌可分为两大类群,即类群A和类群B。这两大类群的分化和地理来源有明确相关性,类群A主要分布在关中地区,类群B主要分布在陕南地区。初步判断可能与两个地区生态环境和小麦主栽品种差异有关。各类群内的菌系与地理位置间的关系较为复杂,一些菌系与地理来源存在明确关系,而个别菌系与地理来源间的关系尚不能完全明确。还需进一步研究以明确各菌株与地理来源之间的关系。     

“五道防线”治枣步曲

枣步曲(Sucra jujuba Chu)为我国北方枣树和苹果树上的食芽、食叶害虫。几年来在我省枣、苹果混植地区为害猖獗。造成严重减产。常年施用化学农药,幼虫产生了抗药性。施药次数逐年增多,浓度加大,而防治效果极差。且杀死大量天敌,其它害虫严重发生。1976年在太谷县枣步曲发生特别严重的南张大队试用,“五道防线一专管”综合防治枣步曲有效措施。近万株枣树没有受害。1977年在全县推广了这一措施,基本上解决了枣步     

酸枣尺蠖的生活史和习性

酸枣尺蠖Chihuo sunzao Yang属鳞翅目,尺蛾科(见图)。在山西省晋中和吕梁枣区发生历史已久,主要于野生酸枣树上为害,常将成片的酸枣食成光杆。近年来已转害大枣,并有日趋普遍、严重之势,1973年以来祁县峪口大队靠近酸枣的傍山枣园,连年遭受酸枣尺蠖的严重为害,将芽叶吃光,至5月下旬仍不见绿叶长出,对产量与品质影响极大。故对此虫的生活史和习性进行了初步观察,现报道如下:     

寄生性杂草列当的种类调查及鉴定

列当是一类难以防治的恶性根寄生杂草,目前在番茄、向日葵、烟草和瓜类上危害日益严重。列当的种类多且难以区分,明确列当的种类对制定有效防治措施具有重要意义。从新疆维吾尔自治区、河北省、内蒙古自治区和吉林省4个地区采集了19份列当样品,通过形态观察和DNA条形码技术进行种类鉴定并对其亲缘关系进行讨论。结果发现,寄生于新疆番茄上的列当样品为分枝列当,寄生于河北烟草、河北向日葵和吉林向日葵上的列当样品为弯管列当;在系统发育树中分枝列当与弯管列当有明显的系统进化差异性,弯管列当被分为2个大类群,地理区划明显而与寄主植物无关,采集自河北省的7个样品为1个类群,采自吉林省、新疆维吾尔自治区、内蒙古自治区的8个样品为第2个类群,其中第2类群中采自吉林省的4个样品亲缘关系最近。     

20个苜蓿品种对炭疽病(Colletotrichum truncatum)的抗性测定

以20个苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种为材料,研究其对苜蓿炭疽病(Colletotrichum truncatum)的抗性。通过对不同苜蓿品种抗苜蓿炭疽病的室内鉴定,以苜蓿的病叶量作为测定指标并对数据进行聚类分析。结果表明,不同品种抗苜蓿炭疽病能力的强弱不同,通过聚类分析将供试品种划分为4个类群,以ProINTA Patricia和Victoria SPI对苜蓿炭疽病的抗性最好,Defi德福、Lobo路宝、Salado萨兰多、新疆大叶苜蓿和Travois的抗病性最差,其他品种呈中等抗性。     

盐碱胁迫对酸枣幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响

以陕西、山西、河北、辽宁4个种源地酸枣为研究材料,采用营养液基质培试验,研究不同浓度盐碱胁迫对4个种源地一年生酸枣幼苗的生长和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:0.3%、0.6%和0.9%的盐碱混合胁迫均降低了酸枣的株高、茎粗和生物量,胁迫浓度越大,抑制作用越明显,其中陕西酸枣的株高和茎粗在0.9%胁迫下最低,分别为48.55、4.10 mm,山西酸枣的总生物量相比CK下降最多,降低了27.79 g·株~(-1);除酸枣叶片可溶性糖含量在胁迫处理10~50 d下降,70~110 d上升外,酸枣叶片丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性蛋白含量均随浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐增加趋势,胁迫至110 d时,在0.9%胁迫下的辽宁酸枣叶片MDA含量、陕西的可溶性蛋白含量和河北的脯氨酸含量均达最大值,分别为20.81 mmol·g~(-1)、93.53 mg·g~(-1)、670.92μg·g~(-1);利用隶属函数法对4个种源地酸枣进行耐性综合评价得出,各种源地酸枣耐盐碱性由强到弱的顺序为:河北辽宁山西陕西。     

8个乡土树种抗逆性对比研究

在半干旱地区内蒙古中部3个不同造林立地类型对当地的8个乡土树种进行亚区造林对比试验,调查了被试树种在自然状态条件下的生长特征,应用PV技术测定了其水分生理指标,测定了抗寒及抗春季干旱风的等级,运用综合指标(成活、保存率、抗旱水分生理、耐寒性等)分析各树种的抗逆性和对不同立地条件的适应能力。结果表明:柄扁桃、桃叶卫矛、荆条和山杏(对照)抗逆性强,毛樱桃、山桃抗逆性较强,酸枣(山西种源)、欧李(山西栽培种)为中等,臭椿较差。     

干旱胁迫下梨枣抗旱性研究

为探索陕北黄土丘陵区梨枣的抗旱性与耐旱能力,以大规格盆栽梨枣（Ziziphus jujuba Mill.cv.Lizao）2年生苗木为试验材料,在连续不供水情况下研究了梨枣的萎蔫到致死过程。依据干旱缺水后枣树生长衰退过程中的特征将枣树萎蔫致死分为：暂时萎蔫、初始萎蔫、表征永久萎蔫及耐旱致死四个阶段。结果表明：梨枣的初始萎蔫系数在2.017%～3.054%之间,平均为2.494%;表征永久萎蔫系数在1.199%～1.998%之间,平均为1.489%,永久萎蔫系数在1.250%～1.489%之间;耐旱致死点为1.250%,致死时间为135±11 d。试验结果证明枣树是一种十分抗旱的树种,在半干旱黄土丘陵区枣树不会出现干旱致死。     

干旱绿洲区微喷灌枣园蒸散量时空尺度转换研究

为探究干旱绿洲区不同时空尺度单棵枣树蒸散量向枣园尺度蒸散量的转换关系,通过涡度系统、茎流计和微型蒸渗仪对枣园蒸散量、枣树蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量进行了监测.通过对茎流系统与涡度系统测量的不同时间、空间尺度的枣园蒸散量进行分析,分析从点(枣树)尺度蒸散量向面(枣园)尺度蒸散量的转换关系得出:(1)全生育期蒸腾量为403.2 m...     

野生酸枣内生细菌筛选、鉴定及其抑菌活性测定

为广泛开发植物内生菌资源,采用组织分离法从野生酸枣的根、茎、叶和果实中进行生防菌的分离和筛选,通过平板对峙法和发酵液法测定了所得菌株对8种植物病原菌的活性,并利用生物学和分子学方法对所得菌株进行了鉴定。结果显示,从野生酸枣的根、茎、叶和果实中共分离得到76株内生细菌;通过对所有菌株进行初筛和复筛,最终得到8株拮抗作用较强的菌株,菌株SZG-23、SZG-1、SZY-13和SZS-3对梨黑斑病菌Alternaria kikuchiana和黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum的抑制作用较强,抑制率均分别高于82.5%和71.1%,其中菌株SZG-23的抑制率最高,达90.3%和72.4%。菌株SZG-23发酵液对8种植物病原菌生长均有一定的抑制作用,其中对梨黑斑病菌和番茄灰霉病菌Bortytis cinerea的抑制作用最好,抑制率分别达92.2%和90.5%。菌株SZG-23的抗利福平突变菌株能在酸枣幼苗中定殖和移动。结合形态观察、生理生化特征及16S r DNA同源性分析将菌株SZG-23鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,16S r DNA序列在Gen Bank中登录号为KF483660。     

Resistance to blast (Magnaporthe grisea) in a mini-core collection of finger millet germplasm

Blast caused by Pyricularia grisea [teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea] is an economically important and widespread disease of finger millet in the world. Host resistance is the most economical and effective means of combating this disease as finger millet is predominantly grown by resource-poor and marginal farmers. At the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), we evaluated a finger millet mini-core collection of 80 germplasm accessions (about 1 % of the total germplasm collection representing major trait variability) for blast resistance both in the field and greenhouse. Field evaluation was done using a refined screening technique that included new improved rating scales for leaf, neck and finger infection. Sixty six of the 80 accessions showed combined resistance to leaf, neck and finger blast in two seasons (2009 and 2010) of field screening. A highly significant and positive correlation was found between neck and finger blast ratings (r?=?0.92), whereas small but significant correlations were found between leaf blast and neck blast (r?=?0.25) and between leaf blast and finger blast (r?=?0.30). These accessions were also screened for leaf blast resistance in the greenhouse by artificial inoculation of seedlings to confirm field observations. Fifty-eight of the 80 accessions were resistant to leaf blast in the greenhouse screen as well. These resistant accessions represented one wild (africana) and four cultivated races (vulgaris, plana, elongate and compacta) of finger millet that originated from 13 countries in Asia and Africa and exhibited considerable diversity for agronomic traits, such as maturity period, plant height and panicle type. These blast resistant accessions from the mini-core collection would be useful in finger millet disease resistance breeding programs.     

Partial stem and leaf resistance against the fungal pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis> in wild relatives of tomato

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of many greenhouse crops that can be infected by the necrotrophic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea. Commercial cultivation of tomato is hampered by the lack of resistance. Quantitative resistance has been reported in wild tomato relatives, mostly based on leaf assays. We aimed to identify wild tomato relatives with resistance to B. cinerea based on quantitative assays both on leaves and stem segments, monitoring infection frequency and disease expansion rate as parameters. A quantitative tomato stem segment assay was developed. This stem assay and a previously described leaf assay were used to screen a collection of 22 Solanum accessions. Significant differences in disease parameters were observed among accessions. Resistance to B. cinerea was observed in a number of wild Solanum species, including accessions of S. chilense, S. habrochaites and S. neorickii, both in the leaf assay and the stem segment assay. A number of resistant and susceptible accessions were evaluated as adult plants under greenhouse conditions. The data obtained in greenhouse assays confirmed the leaf and stem disease data. The expression of several defence-related genes was studied in a subset of accessions. There was no apparent correlation between the expression levels of the genes tested and the quantitative resistance level to B. cinerea. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

新疆南疆枣树根腐病病原的分离与鉴定

<正>枣为鼠李科(Rhamnaceae)枣属(Ziziphus M ill.)植物,在我国拥有悠久的栽培历史。枣树的喜光、喜温、耐寒、耐旱等栽培特点,非常适合在新疆这种气候条件特殊的地区生长。近年来,随着新疆红枣产业的迅速发展,枣树病害问题也逐渐突显。2010和2011年,新疆南疆多地枣园出现枣树根腐病,该病害主要造成枣树实生苗和多年生枣树根部腐烂,叶片黄化,植株树势衰弱,最终导致植株     

Phenotypic and histological expression of different genetic backgrounds in interactions between lettuce, wild Lactuca spp., L. sativa × L. serriola hybrids and Bremia lactucae

Phenotypic and histological responses of cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and wild relatives L. saligna, L.␣virosa as well as interspecific crosses derived from L. sativa × L. serriola to two races of Bremia lactucae (CS2, CS9) were investigated. With the exception of L. sativa genotypes, all accessions and hybrids expressed incomplete or complete resistance to both pathogen races, with slight differences at seedling and adult plant stages, respectively. Histological features of the interactions (development of pathogen infection structures and host hypersensitive response to attempted infection) were studied on leaf discs 48 h after inoculation. Interactions with similar phenotypic expression of resistance were characterized by significant variation in rate of development of pathogen infection structures and hypersensitive reactions. Differences found within eight Lactuca spp. accessions and hybrids challenged by two distinct pathogen races are interpreted and discussed.     

Host Specialization not Detected Among Isolates of the EC-1 Lineage of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> Attacking Wild and Cultivated Potatoes in Peru

To determine whether populations of Phytophthora infestans attacking wild and cultivated potatoes in the highlands of Peru are specialized on their hosts of origin, we characterized isolates using several neutral markers, metalaxyl resistance and for aggressiveness in a detached leaf assay. One hundred and fifty-three isolates were collected from the northern and central highlands of Peru from different potato cultivars (both modern and native cultivars) and from different species of wild, tuber-bearing potatoes. All the isolates analyzed belonged to one of four clonal lineages that had been described previously in Peru: EC-1, US-1, PE-3 and PE-7. The EC-1 lineage (n = 133) was dominant and present in similar frequencies on wild and cultivated potatoes. PE-3 (n = 14) was found primarily on cultivated potatoes, with only one isolate coming from a wild host. US-1 (n = 2) and PE-7 (n = 4) were rare; all but one (PE-7) occurred on wild potatoes. Isolates from the EC-1 lineage from modern cultivars were compared in three separate detached leaf inoculation assays with EC-1 isolates from the wild potato species S. sogarandinum, S. bill-hookerii or S. huancabambense, respectively. No significant interactions between isolate type (from wild or cultivated potato) and host type (wild or cultivated) were measured for any assay. It appears that the pathogen genotypes in the EC-1 lineage indiscriminately attack both wild and cultivated tuber-bearing solanaceous hosts in Peru, and breeders should be able to select for resistance using the common EC-1 lineage.     

微孔渗灌环形布设对灵武长枣土壤水分分布及产量的影响

以6 a生灵武长枣为研究对象,设置微孔渗灌不同埋设深度D10(10 cm)、D20(20 cm)、D30(30 cm)和铺设半径R30(30 cm)、R40(40 cm)、R50(50 cm)的2因素3水平试验,分析了微孔渗灌不同环形布设方式对灵武长枣土壤水分分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:随着微孔渗灌埋深的增加,土壤含水率最大分布范围和湿润锋均向下移动,土壤含水率垂直方向最大分布范围可达到10～55 cm。随着微孔渗灌铺设半径的增大,土壤含水率最大分布范围和湿润锋均向外移动,并且各处理的最大湿润区域土壤含水率值均在20%以上。R40D20处理下枣树的枣吊长度、每吊开花数、每吊坐果数、坐果率、单果重、单株结果数、产量、水分利用效率均最大,分别为31.24 cm、66朵、39个、59.70%、19.20 g、444个、7 666.82 kg·hm~(-2)、2.83 kg·m~(-3),并且均与其他处理存在显著差异(p0.05)。因此,微孔渗灌埋深为20 cm、铺设半径为40 cm是灵武长枣最佳的铺设方式。     

中宁县影响红枣产量的主要农业气象灾害分析

通过对试验基地中宁1981-2008年气象资料和红枣产量资料的分析,结合历年主要农业气象灾害记录,得出了5类影响红枣产量的主要农业气象灾害,分别是萌芽展叶期高温（B1）、盛花期空气的高温低湿（B2）、盛花期连阴雨（B3）、果实生长期连阴雨（B4）、果实成熟期连阴雨（B5）;采用层次分析法对上述气象灾害进行量化分析,得到其对红枣生产的影响权重顺序：B5＞B4＞B2＞B3＞B1;将趋势产量进行灾害订正,预测红枣各生育期的实际产量,并建立了基于农业气象灾害的中宁红枣的动态产量预报模型,可为实际预报业务提供参考依据。