特高压互联电网联络线功率控制（二）AGC性能评价

结合中国1 000 kV特高压交流试验示范工程的实际情况,提出了一种适应特高压联络线功率控制的新的自动发电控制（AGC）性能评价指标,称之为“责任度”,以正确评价华北和华中电网对特高压联络线功率波动应承担的责任和所做出的贡献,在特高压线路投运后取得了良好的实际应用效果。在此基础上,进一步提出了一套以联络线功率为控制目标的新的AGC性能评价标准,称之为“T标准”。最后,针对即将形成的华北、华中和华东特高压同步电网的特点,对A标准、CPS标准和T标准的应用进行了初步探讨。     

挪威赛于达工程

挪威目前在建的最大的水电工程是赛于达重建和扩建工程。该工程建成后,赛于达流域的发电量将增加500GW·h/a左右。大规模的地下作业是工程的主要部分。简要介绍了该工程招标和合同签定的情况,工程经历的技术挑战及其解决办法,并概述了3DCAD和基于因特网的通信平台如何提高设计效率、质量和跟踪服务情况。     

引供水工程自动监测系统集成平台的通信与控制

介绍了引供水工程自动化以及其测量子系统,提出了基于统一信息分析查询集成平台的设备监控集成方案,论述了通信与控制集成的原理、结构及流程,分析了该设计的特点与控制机理,为引供水工程的子系统操控集成提供了一套可行的设计与架构.     

基于正交试验法的海堤安全监控控制标准

海堤施工期安全稳定受到多种因素的影响,一直都是工程建设中的难点。施工监控是提高海堤施工期安全的有效方法,但施工监控的质量很大程度上取决于监控控制标准的合理性,合理有效的监控控制标准是保障施工安全的重要前提。目前工程应用中仍以经验控制为主,缺乏理论依据。结合某海堤工程,利用正交试验法对影响海堤稳定的各种因素进行分析,得到了影响海堤稳定的最主要影响因素为内摩擦角,并基于此分析了海堤安全系数与水平位移速率的关系,最终提出了水平位移速率监控控制标准。工程实践表明,该控制标准能较好地反映海堤变形特点,具有较好的工程指导意义,可为类似工程制定科学合理的控制标准提供参考。     

基于神经元自适应PID的STATCOM直接电压控制方法

根据配电网无功功率补偿的工程要求，提出了一种静止同步补偿器（STATCOM）电压控制的新方法———基于神经元自适应PID的直接电压控制。该方法利用瞬时功率平衡的思想，通过简单的代数运算获取电压指令信号，基于该控制方法，STATCOM能够维持公共连接点电压稳定在给定值附近，而且该控制方法具有对主要参数扰动的鲁棒性。仿真和试验结果表明了该控制方法的有效性。     

SCS-500L功率振荡解列装置的研制

SCS-500L功率振荡解列装置的判据基于功率振荡轨迹,原理简单,可控性好,工程应用方便。该装置采用高速数字信号处理技术,具有运算速度快、精度和可靠性高、人机界面友好等方面的优势,可适应电网结构和系统工况的灵活多变性。最后利用数字仿真验证了该判据和装置的有效性。     

特高压互联电网联络线功率控制（一）AGC控制策略

结合中国1 000 kV特高压交流试验示范工程的实际情况,提出了一套完整的、适应特高压联络线功率控制的自动发电控制（AGC）控制策略。新的控制策略以各省级电网有功功率的就地平衡为基础,实现互联电网各网、省调控制区在紧急情况下的相互支援,在华北、华中电网及其各省级电网实施后取得了良好的控制效果。在此基础上,针对中国即将形成的华北、华中、华东特高压同步电网的特点,探讨各控制区的构成及相应的AGC控制策略。     

基于MODBUS-RTU协议的PLC多路数据采集系统

介绍了MODBUS-RTU通信协议在RS-485总线中的通信方式,提出基于MODBUS-RTU通信的数据采集系统,分析了采用ADAM-5510E/TCP数据采集器的原因,阐述了RS-485总线信号的衰减、噪声干扰、浪涌干扰的解决方法,并结合工程说明了数据采集层、可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)控制与显示层、数据传输层的实现,以及系统总召/轮询传感器数据的程序设计思路.该系统已经过2个汛期的考验,运行稳定.     

县级农村饮水安全信息监管平台设计与实现

“十三五”期间是农村饮水安全工程巩固提升的重要阶段,工程措施是重要基础,信息化等非工程措施是重要技术支撑手段。基于此,设计实现了一个服务于农村饮水安全巩固提升的信息化监管平台,主要汇聚辖区内各类分散、异构的农饮工程SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)数据进行集中管理与应用。平台采用地址目录服务器注册及协商机制实现异构网络间的网路互通,采用通信服务器中间件对异构网络协议的报文进行解析和封装,解决了农饮工程分布式SCADA系统的网络级同步和系统接口级互联问题。该平台运行1 a多的实践表明,生产管理更及时、更全面,行业监管更到位、评价更客观,供水保证率和保障率均有明显提高。     

超临界机组给水控制研究

针对超临界机组的控制特点,对淮浙煤电有限公司安徽凤台发电分公司#^1 600MW超临界直流机组给水控制工作原理及其控制策略进行了介绍。基于STAR-90仿真平台,通过仿真试验,检验了该控制策略的合理性,为以后国内超临界大型机组给水控制研究提供了借鉴和参考。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).