微波作用下合成食品添加剂没食子酸丁酯

在微波作用下以没食子酸和正丁醇为原料,以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,合成没食子酸正丁酯(BG)。考察了微波辐射功率、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间对BG产率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,运用响应曲面法的Box-Behnken模式优化工艺条件,得到最佳工艺参数为:催化剂用量1.06 g,物料摩尔比1∶10.94,反应温度125.31℃,反应时间26.97 min,此时BG产率的预测值为88.41%。对产物进行元素分析和红外光谱分析,结果表明,在微波加热条件下成功合成食品添加剂没食子酸丁酯。     

没食子酸异戊酯的微波快速合成

以没食子酸和异戊醇为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,微波辐射合成了没食子酸异戊酯。单因素实验确定的最佳反应条件为:酸醇摩尔比1∶7.5(没食子酸0.03 mol),催化剂用量3.00 g,反应温度125℃,微波辐射功率400 W,辐射时间17 min,产率达88.72%。     

二氧化硅负载磷钨酸催化合成生物柴油

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备二氧化硅负载磷钨酸催化剂,并对其进行红外光谱、XRD表征。再以菜籽油和甲醇为原料,以自制固体酸为催化剂,合成生物柴油。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定最佳反应条件。结果表明:二氧化硅负载磷钨酸催化合成生物柴油的最佳条件为磷钨酸负载量40%、醇油摩尔比6∶1、催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的10%、反应时间2. 5 h、反应温度68℃,在此条件下生物柴油转化率可达96. 0%。     

食品抗氧化剂没食子酸正辛酯的绿色合成新工艺

以硫酸氢钠为催化剂微波辅助催化合成没食子酸正辛酯.通过熔点测定、红外光谱分析对产品进行结构表征;研究了微波功率、反应时间、酸醇物质的量比、催化剂用量以及催化剂重复使用对酯收率的影响.通过正交实验确定了最佳的反应工艺条件:没食子酸0.025 mol,微波功率360W,酸醇的物质的量比为1∶18,催化剂1.25g,反应时间15min,不加带水剂,该条件下,没食子酸正辛酯的收率可达91.2％.结果表明,硫酸氢钠作为催化剂用于合成没食子酸正辛酯具有较好的催化活性和重复使用性;与传统的加热方式相比,微波加热大大缩短反应时间,降低能耗.     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成没食子酸异戊酯

以没食子酸和异戊醇为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,合成了没食子酸异戊酯.在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验得出没食子酸异戊酯合成的最佳条件为:酸醇摩尔比1:7.5(0.01mol没食子酸),催化剂用量1.00g、反应温度125℃,反应时间4h,产率为78.51%.     

微波辅助合成食品抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯

以没食子酸和正丙醇为原料,硫酸氢钠为催化剂,采用微波辐射成功合成了没食子酸丙酯。通过熔点测定、红外光谱分析和元素分析对产品进行结构表征;通过单因素考察了没食子酸和正丙醇的物质的量比、催化剂的用量、微波时间、微波功率等因素对反应的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交试验法优化确定了最佳合成条件,结果表明最佳反应条件为:没食子酸用量为0.025mol,没食子酸与正丙醇的物质的量比为1∶15,催化剂量为3g,微波功率为500W,微波时间为45min,不加带水剂,在此条件下,没食子酸丙酯的收率可达82.58%。实验证明硫酸氢钠具有较好的催化活性和重复使用性能;与热催化酯化反应相比,微波辐射可缩短反应时间,降低能耗。该方法实现了绿色合成食品抗氧化剂没食子酸丙酯。     

磷钨酸离子液体催化合成乙酸苄酯

乙酸苄酯的工业合成法中,常使用液体质子酸作催化剂,该方法存在设备腐蚀,酸废液处理操作繁琐和环境污染的问题.新近报道的磷钨酸功能化离子液体催化剂,具有酸活性高,易于与产物分离,可回收再利用等优点.本文以乙酸和苄醇为原料,比较了磷钨酸、磷钨酸质子化咪唑和含丙磺酸基团和磷钨酸杂多基团离子液型化合物,催化合成乙酸苄酯的情况.考察了催化剂用量、酸和醇摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间等因素对合成乙酸苄酯产率的影响.结果表明:磷钨酸离子液体催化剂具有较高的催化活性,其用量为苄醇用量的0.2%摩尔百分比、酸与醇摩尔比为2 :1、温度110℃、反应5h,乙酸苄酯产率可达95.52%.催化剂重复使用五次后,乙酸苄酯产率仍能达到84.15%,为乙酸苄酯的合成提供了一种环境友好的方法.     

没食子酸-1,4-丁二醇单酯的合成及其鞣制性能研究

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,用过量1,4-丁二醇与没食子酸(GA)酯化脱水,合成了没食子酸-1,4-丁二醇单酯(BG),通过正交实验考察了反应条件对产率的影响,确定了最佳的合成路线:催化剂用量为没食子酸质量的6%,n(1,4-丁二醇):n(CA)=15:1,反应温度120℃,反应时间5 h,该条件下反应产率可达83.2%,熔点158.3～159.0℃,产物为白色晶体.采用IR、1HNMR对产品的分子结构进行了表征.将BG与铝盐结合用于皮革鞣制,坯革收缩温度可达88.5℃,与酸皮相比收缩温度提高了27.7℃.     

微波协同大孔树脂催化合成肉桂酸正戊酯的研究

本文研究了微波协同强酸性大孔树脂催化合成肉桂酸正戊酯的新工艺，通过优化合成工艺得到最佳工艺条件：肉桂酸0．01mol，酸醇摩尔比1：3，催化剂为CAT600树脂，催化剂用量为反应物质量的30％，微波功率400W，反应时间12min，在此条件下产率达95．8％。催化剂可再生循环使用．催化性能稳定。     

酶催化合成大豆甾醇油酸酯的工艺研究

以大豆甾醇和油酸为原料,在酶的催化下合成大豆甾醇油酸酯,采用高效液相色谱对产物进行定性定量分析,通过单因素实验考察催化剂脂肪酶的种类和用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间等对大豆甾醇油酸酯产率的影响,并通过正交实验优化大豆甾醇油酸酯的合成工艺条件。采用红外光谱对产物进行了表征。结果表明:大豆甾醇油酸酯的最佳合成工艺条件为催化剂N435脂肪酶用量6%(以大豆甾醇和油酸的总质量计)、醇酸摩尔比1∶1、反应温度50℃、反应时间30 h、异辛烷用量10 mL(大豆甾醇为1 mmol时),在最佳条件下大豆甾醇油酸酯产率为86. 51%;红外表征说明合成的产物为大豆甾醇油酸酯。     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.     

Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Obesity has become a prevailing epidemic throughout the globe. Effective therapies for obesity become attracting. Food components with beneficial effects on "weight loss" have caught increasing attentions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) belong to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, they have similar effects on alleviating obesity and/or preventing from obesity. They influence the balance between energy intake and expenditure; and reduce body weight and/or fat deposition in animal models, but show little effect in healthy human subjects. They inhibit key enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, enhance lipid oxidation and thermogenesis, and prevent free fatty acids from entering adipocytes for lipogenesis. PUFA also exert suppressive effects on several key factors involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat storage. Despite their similar effects and shared mechanisms, they display differences in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, DHA and EPA exhibit "anti-obesity" effect as well as improving insulin sensitivity, while CLA induces insulin resistance and fatty liver in most cases. A deeper and more detailed investigation into the complex network of anti-obesity regulatory pathways by different PUFA will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of body weight control and reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。