新合成方法制备的LiCoO2正极材料的结构和电化学性能研究

采用新合成方法制备了锂离子二次电池正极材料LiCoO₂。通过ICP-AES、XRD、SEM、电化学方法等测试分析了所合成材料的物理性质和电化学性能，并与商品LiCoO₂材料作了对比研究。同时分别以国产MCMB和石墨作负极活性物质、合成的LiCoO₂作正极活性物质做成锂离子电池，对其电化学性能进行了测试。实验结果表明，所合成的LiCoO₂材料的电化学性能优于其它两种商品LiCoO₂材料，其初始放电容量为155.0 mAh·g^-1，50次循环后的容量保持率达95.3%，而且以此为正极的锂离子电池也表现出优良的电化学性能。计时电位分析结果还表明，合成的材料在充放电循环过程中发生了三次相转变过程，但相变过程具有良好的可逆性。     

不同温度下合成的LiCoO2的晶体结构

研究了用Li₂CO₃和Co₃O₄固相合成锂离子电池正极材料钴酸锂(LiCoO₂)过程中，LiCoO₂的晶体结构随合成温度的变化。利用X射线衍射、扫描和透射电子显微技术等各种分析测试方法，对750～900 ℃范围内合成的LiCoO₂的形貌、晶体结构以及电化学性能进行了表征。实验证实，随着合成温度的增加，合成的LiCoO₂颗粒的形貌没有明显变化，但颗粒尺寸会增加；电子衍射结果表明，合成温度为800 ℃时可以合成Li、Co原子各自分层的六方晶体结构的LiCoO₂，随着合成温度的升高LiCoO₂中Li、Co原子层之间可能发生部分混合，合成温度为900 ℃时LiCoO₂为立方岩盐型晶体结构；800 ℃合成的LiCoO₂的充放电循环性能较好。     

Zr、W共掺杂对LiNi0.88Co0.06Mn0.06O2形貌及电化学性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备前驱体Ni_0.88Co_0.06Mn_0.06（OH）₂,经高温固相烧结合成一次颗粒分散良好的高镍三元材料,探索了氧化锆（ZrO₂）与氧化钨（WO₃）共掺杂对材料一次颗粒的形貌及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Zr掺杂对LiNi_0.88Co_0.06Mn_0.06O₂（NCM-Z）一次颗粒的尺寸影响不大,但可以改善材料的循环性能;而引入W形成Zr和W共掺杂后,获得的NCM-ZW一次颗粒明显变小,材料形貌从分散的一次颗粒变成二次颗粒团聚体,因此推测W可抑制晶体生长。为了进一步合成一次颗粒分散良好的Zr和W共掺杂正极材料,研究了烧结温度对一次颗粒生长的影响,最终在900℃下保温12 h,得到了一次颗粒分散良好的Zr和W共掺杂正极材料。XRD结果表明,900℃烧结的Zr和W共掺杂样品具有良好的层状结构与较低的阳离子混排度。该样品在0.1C下首次放电容量为203.7 mAh·g^-1;5C大倍率下容量可达151.2 mAh·g^-1,经过100周循环后,放电容量保持率为84.6%。     

LiCoO2中锂离子固相扩散系数随循环次数的变化

The solid diffusion coefficient of lithium-ion in LiCoO₂ cathode material has been investigated by the capacity intermittent titration technique (CITT) at different voltages and at different charge/discharge cycles. By SEM, XRD and FTIR techniques, the structure of LiCoO₂ was studied before and after charge-discharge cycles, and the relationship between solid diffusion coefficient and crystal structure was further discussed. CITT results show that the value of Li⁺ solid diffusion coefficient of LiCoO₂ is about 10^-12 cm²·s^-1. During the whole charge-discharge cycles, the Li⁺ solid diffusion coefficient decreased within the voltage of 4.0～4.3 V, which is attributed to the change of the structure of LiCoO₂.     

以多层次聚苯胺颗粒为电极活性物质的超级电容器的电化学性能

以(NH₄)₂S₂O₈为氧化剂用化学氧化法合成了具有多层次结构的聚苯胺颗粒，其二次颗粒由一次颗粒集结而成，一次颗粒的粒径基本上在1 μm以下，一次颗粒由多层微小薄片叠合而成. 用这种聚苯胺为活性物质制成电极，以2 mol•L^-1的H₂SO₄水溶液作电解液，组装成了聚苯胺电极超级电容器. 用循环伏安法、电化学阻抗谱和恒电流充放电技术测试了该超级电容器的电化学性能.在7 mA的充放电电流下，它的比能量可达6.35 Wh•kg^-1，比功率可达132 W•kg^-1，电极材料的比容量可达408 F•g^-1. 在20 mA的充放电电流下，它的比能量可达4.39 Wh•kg^-1，比功率可达328 W•kg^-1，电极材料的比容量可达324 F•g^-1. 在100次的充放电循环中，聚苯胺电极超级电容器的电容量没有下降，电荷充放电效率一直保持在95%左右.     

纳米MnO锂离子电池负极材料的制备与性能

以高锰酸钾和抗坏血酸合成的MnC₂O₄·2H₂O为前驱体, 通过固相烧结制备了纳米MnO材料. 分别采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和恒电流充放电技术考察了其晶相结构、颗粒形貌和电化学性能.分析结果表明, 该纳米MnO具有面心立方的岩盐结构, 结晶度良好. 其颗粒是由粒径为50-100 nm的一次颗粒结合而成的二次颗粒, 大小约为400-600 nm. 当充放电电流密度为46.3 mA·g^-1时, 纳米MnO的首次库仑效率可达68.9%, 可逆比容量为679.7 mAh·g^-1. 在141.1 mA·g^-1的电流密度下循环50圈后, 比容量由584.5mAh·g^-1降至581.5 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率高达99.5%, 表现出优异的循环性能. 此外, 当电流密度增加到494.7 mA·g^-1 (~2C)时, 其比容量依然可达290 mAh·g^-1, 表现出较好的倍率性能和快速充放电能力. 因此, 纳米MnO具有比容量高、循环稳定、倍率性能好和安全环保等优点,是一种非常有前景的锂离子电池负极材料.     

双包覆法改善高压钴酸锂正极材料的电化学性能

通过结合固相和液相包覆在Al掺杂LiCoO₂表面共包覆了钛酸锂（Li₄Ti₅O₁₂）和聚吡咯（PPy）。这种双包覆方法不仅稳定了高电压下LiCoO₂的表面,还增强了材料的离子和电子电导率。电化学测试表明,当活性物质、导电剂和黏结剂的质量比为80∶ 10∶10时,在0.5C （1C=180 mA·g^-1）电流下,循环300周后的容量保持率为76.9%,且在5C电流密度下可逆比容量为150 mAh· g^-1;由于双包覆后LiCoO₂电子电导率大幅提高,当活性物质、导电剂和黏结剂的质量比为90∶3∶7时,在0.5C电流下,循环200周后的容量保持率为82.8%,且在5C电流密度下可逆比容量为130 mAh·g^-1。X射线光电子能谱测试表明,包覆层可以在循环中保持稳定且能抑制LiCoO₂材料在高电压下的表面副反应。     

富锂层状正极材料Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2的二次颗粒粒径对其倍率性能的影响

采用碳酸盐共沉淀的方法成功制备了不同二次颗粒粒径的富锂层状正极材料Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂。并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、激光粒度测试和电化学测试等手段对所得材料的结构、形貌、粒度分布及电化学性能进行表征。结果显示,不同二次颗粒粒径的Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂在材料结构上没有明显的差别,且首次放电比容量接近,均达到了281 mAh·g^-1。但是,二次颗粒粒径越小,富锂层状材料的表现出的倍率性能越优异,当二次颗粒的D₅₀为4.59μm,其在3C倍率下的放电容量达到了199 mAh·g^-1。这是因为二次颗粒粒径越小,富锂层状材料可更好的与导电剂和电解液接触,且锂离子的扩散路径更短,从而表现出更好的倍率特性。     

富锂层状正极材料Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2的二次颗粒粒径对其倍率性能的影响

采用碳酸盐共沉淀的方法成功制备了不同二次颗粒粒径的富锂层状正极材料Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂。并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、激光粒度测试和电化学测试等手段对所得材料的结构、形貌、粒度分布及电化学性能进行表征。结果显示,不同二次颗粒粒径的Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂在材料结构上没有明显的差别,且首次放电比容量接近,均达到了281 mAh·g^-1。但是,二次颗粒粒径越小,富锂层状材料的表现出的倍率性能越优异,当二次颗粒的D₅₀为4.59 μm,其在3C倍率下的放电容量达到了199 mAh·g^-1。这是因为二次颗粒粒径越小,富锂层状材料可更好的与导电剂和电解液接触,且锂离子的扩散路径更短,从而表现出更好的倍率特性。     

微量Mg/F表面梯度渗透改善高电压LiCoO2界面脆弱

采用高温固相法在1 050 ℃下烧结，制备了LiCoO₂低浓度梯度改性样品，分别为LiF掺杂包覆(LCOLF、LCO@LF)和MgF₂掺杂包覆(LCOMF、LCO@MF)。通过光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜和电化学技术等表征方法，对比分析材料形貌及电化学性能。结果表明，体相掺杂复合电极中，LCOLF热重测试显示出最优热稳定性，LCOMF晶体中(003)和(104)晶面间距收缩；45 ℃下 1C 倍率循环 70圈后，LCOLF 和 LCOMF 比容量分别为 141.45和 166.98 mAh·g^-1，循环性能优于 LiCoO₂。表面包覆复合电极中，LCO@LF和 LCO@MF晶粒表面光洁且晶格氧键价都向更高结合能方向增强；LCO@MF构建了坚实且紧密的包覆层，循环70圈后，放电比容量和容量保持率分别为 183 mAh·g^-1和 91.26%(LCO@LF分别为 154.38 mAh·g^-1和 77.54%)，循环性能显著优于体相掺杂。     

Electrochemical behaviour of solid lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2) and lithium manganate (LiMn2O4) in an aqueous electrolyte system

Lithium cobaltate (LiCoO₂) and lithium manganate (LiMn₂O₄) were synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature combustion and their phase purity and composition were characterized by X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. These transition metal oxides were mechanically immobilized on the surface of paraffin-impregnated graphite electrodes and their cyclic voltammetric behaviour in aqueous alkali electrolytes was examined. It was shown that both the oxides undergo proton insertion upon the reduction of Co³⁺ to Co²⁺ in LiCoO₂ and Mn⁴⁺ to Mn³⁺ in LiMn₂O₄, while they deintercalate protons on the reverse oxidation. Scanning electron microscopy reveals spherical LiCoO₂ particles with a very narrow size distribution. Energy dispersive X-ray detection proved the absence of metal cation intercalation. Received: 30 August 1999 / Accepted: 11 November 1999     

Synthesis of Spherical Titanium Dioxide Particles by Homogeneous Precipitation in Acetone Solution

Titania powders were synthesized by thermal hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride in a mixed solvent was studied. The dielectric constant was tuned by regulating the acetone/water volume ratio (R/H ratio) and temperature of the solvent. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was used as a steric dispersant. The synthesis were carried out at R/H ratios of 0–4, temperatures of 70–90°C, TiCl₄ concentrations of 0.05–0.2 M, HPC concentrations of 0–5 × 10^–3 g/cm³, and synthesis times of 15–60 min. The TiO₂ particles obtained at an R/H ratio of 0, i.e., pure water system, were fine and agglomerated. In contrast, the TiO₂ particles prepared at an R/H ratio of 3 were uniform and spherical. The TiO₂ particle size increased with increasing TiCl₄ concentration. The synthesis temperature did not influence the particle size, but greatly influenced the morphologyof the TiO₂. Adding HPC to the solution yielded more uniform and spherical particles. In addition, the synthesis time should be longer than 30 min to obtain the most uniform and spherical particles. The dielectric constant of the acetone-water mixed solvent at 28 gave the most uniform and spherical TiO₂ particles. The powders prepared at the condition of 0.1 M TiCl₄, R/H ratio of 3, HPC concentration of 0.001 g/cm³, temperature of 70°C, and synthesis time of 1 h exhibited the most uniform and spherical morphology. The as-synthesized powder was anatase and retained the phase below 400°C. It transformed to the rutile phase after calcination at 700°C.     

Preparation of Disperse Silver Particles by Chemical Reduction

Mastery over the microscopic shape and size of a nanoparticle enables accurate control of its properties for some strict application. The mechanism of shape-controlled synthesis was discussed by investigating the formation of silver nanospheres prepared by chemical reduction method using Ag(NH₃)₂⁺ as metal source, ascorbic acid as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (K-30) as dispersant. The effects of temperature, PVP/AgNO₃ mass ratio, pH value and the interaction between PVP and silver on the shape and particle size were studied by XRD and SEM. The results show that the morphology of silver particles could transform from branched to spherical and the particle size gradually decrease with the increase of PVP/AgNO₃ mass ratio. The particles size can also be significantly influenced by pH value and temperature. The key point for preparing high dispersity spherical silver powder is that the growth rate of each plane of the particle must be uniform and synchronous. Silver powders with spherical particles with mean size of 0.2 μm were synthesized under the optimum conditions (PVP/AgNO₃ mass ratio 0.6, pH 7, reaction temperature of 40°C).     

An aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion battery based on LiCoO2 nanoparticles cathode and LiV3O8 nanosheets anode

Nanoparticles of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) and nanosheets of lithium vanadium oxide (LiV₃O₈) were synthesized by a citrate sol–gel combustion route. The physical characterizations of the electrodic materials were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and also X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Near spherical nanoparticles of ≈100 nm and compact nanosheets with a few nanometers thick were observed by SEM and TEM for LiCoO₂ and LiV₃O₈, respectively. XRD data indicated that the as-prepared active materials presented pure phase of rhombohedral LiCoO₂ with R-3m symmetry and monoclinic LiV₃O₈ with p2₁/m symmetry. The kinetics of electrochemical intercalation of lithium ion into the nanoparticles of LiCoO₂ and nanosheets of LiV₃O₈ from 1.0 mol l⁻¹ LiNO₃ aqueous solution were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. An aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion battery consisting of LiCoO₂ nanoparticles as positive and LiV₃O₈ nanosheets as negative electrode was assembled. This battery represented a discharge voltage of about 1 V with good cycling performance.     

Preparation of nano-sized LiCoO2 powder by the combination of sonication and modified Pechini process

A sonication (ultrasonic processing) and modified Pechini process were combined to fabricate nano-sized LiCoO₂ powder. A composition of precursor solution for fabricating LiCoO₂ was modulated by controlling the molar ratios of lithium acetate to cobalt acetate and ethylene glycol to citric acid, respectively. The sonication was applied on the precursor solution to get highly dispersed transition-metal oxide powder. The sonicated precursor gels pre-dried were calcined in the range of 400 to 800 °C for 10 h. Effect of sonication on the particle size and the morphology of LiCoO₂ prepared by the modified Pechini process was elucidated. After calcination, the unsonicated LiCoO₂ powder had an aggregated-like morphology, as combined loosely and/or firmly, while the sonicated LiCoO₂ was more ultra-finely particulated and presented more mono-dispersed morphology without severe aggregation. The nano-sized LiCoO₂ with high crystallinity and homogeneity could be prepared by the combination of sonication and modified Pechini process.     

The study of carbon nanotubes as conductive additives of cathode in lithium ion batteries

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), including multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) and single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), are employed as conductive additives in lithium ion batteries. The effects of MWCNTs’ carbon precursors, diameter, and weight fraction on the electrochemical behavior of MWCNTs/LiCoO₂ composite cathode are investigated. Meanwhile, a comparison is made between SWCNTs /LiCoO₂ and MWCNTs/LiCoO₂. Among the three kinds of carbon precursors: CH₄, natural gas, and C₂H₂, MWCNTs prepared from CH₄ are very fit for acting as conductive additives due to their better crystallinity and lower electrical resistance. MWCNTs with smaller diameter favor improving the electrochemical behavior of MWCNTs/LiCoO₂ composite cathode at higher charge/discharge rate owing to their advantage in primary particle number in unit mass. To make full use of LiCoO₂ at higher rate, it is necessary to add at least 5 wt.% of MWCNTs with a diameter 10~30 nm. However, SWCNTs are not expected to be added into LiCoO₂ composite cathode since they tend to form bundles.     

Effect of Mg doping and MgO-surface modification on the cycling stability of LiCoO2 electrodes

Two synthetic routes including Mg doping and MgO-surface modification were applied to the preparation of LiCoO₂ showing enhanced reversible cycling behaviour as cathode material in lithium ion batteries. Mg-doped LiCoO₂ was obtained by the citrate precursor method in the temperature range 750–900°C. The surface of LiCoO₂ was modified by coating with Mg(CH₃COO)₂ and subsequent heating at 600°C. XRD, chemical oxidative analysis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of Ni³⁺ spin probes were used to characterize the Mg distribution in LiCoO₂. Substitution of Co by Mg in the CoO₂-layers was found to have a positive effect on the cycling stability, while Mg dopants in LiO₂-layers did not influence the capacity fade. The accumulation of MgO on the surface of LiCoO₂ improves the cycling stability without loss of initial capacity.     

Structural and electrochemical characterization of polyaniline/LiCoO2 nanocomposites prepared via a Pickering emulsion

Polyaniline (PANI)/LiCoO₂ nanocomposite materials are successfully ready through a solid-stabilized emulsion (Pickering emulsion) route. The properties of nanocomposite materials have been put to the test because of their possible relevance to electrodes of lithium batteries. Such nanocomposite materials appear thanks to the polymerization of aniline in Pickering emulsion stabilized with LiCoO₂ particles. PANI has been produced through oxidative polymerization of aniline and ammonium persulfate in HCl solution. The nanocomposite materials of PANI/LiCoO₂ could be formed with low amounts of PANI. The morphology of PANI/LiCoO₂ nanocomposite materials shows nanofibers and round-shape-like morphology. It was found that the morphology of the resulting nanocomposites depended on the amount of LiCoO₂ used in the reaction system. Ammonium persulfate caused the loss of lithium from LiCoO₂ when it was used at high concentration in the polymerization recipe. Highly resolved splitting of 006/102 and 108/110 peaks in the XRD pattern provide evidence to well-ordered layered structure of the PANI/LiCoO₂ nanocomposite materials with high LiCoO₂ content. The ratios of the intensities of 003 and 104 peaks were found to be higher than 1.2 indicating no pronounced mixing of the lithium and cobalt cations. The electrochemical reactivity of PANI/LiCoO₂ nanocomposites as positive electrode in a lithium battery was examined during lithium ion deinsertion and insertion by galvanostatic charge–discharge testing; PANI/LiCoO₂ nanocomposite materials exhibited better electrochemical performance by increasing the reaction reversibility and capacity compared to that of the pristine LiCoO₂ cathode. The best advancement has been observed for the PANI/LiCoO₂ nanocomposite 5 wt.% of aniline.     

Effects of current densities on the formation of LiCoO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/graphite lithium ion battery

The activation characteristics and the effects of current densities on the formation of a separate LiCoO₂ and graphite electrode were investigated and the behavior also was compared with that of the full LiCoO₂/graphite batteries using various electrochemical techniques. The results showed that the formation current densities obviously influenced the electrochemical impedance spectrum of Li/graphite, LiCoO₂/Li, and LiCoO₂/graphite cells. The electrolyte was reduced on the surface of graphite anode between 2.5 and 3.6 V to form a preliminary solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film of anode during the formation of the LiCoO₂/graphite batteries. The electrolyte was oxidized from 3.95 V vs Li⁺/Li on the surface of LiCoO₂ to form a SEI film of cathode. A highly conducting SEI film could be formed gradually on the surface of graphite anode, whereas the SEI film of LiCoO₂ cathode had high resistance. The LiCoO₂ cathode could be activated completely at the first cycle, while the activation of the graphite anode needed several cycles. The columbic efficiency of the first cycle increased, but that of the second decreased with the increase in the formation current of LiCoO₂/graphite batteries. The formation current influenced the cycling performance of batteries, especially the high-temperature cycling performance. Therefore, the batteries should be activated with proper current densities to ensure an excellent formation of SEI film on the anode surface.     

Polymer adsorption on fine particles; the effects of particle size and its stability

The effects of particle size on polyacrylamide (PAAm,M _w =59×10⁴, 500×10⁴) adsorption were investigated using a series of well-characterized hematite (-Fe₂O₃) dispersions. The -Fe₂O₃ particles with highly monodisperse and nearly spherical shape ranged in radius from 23 nm to 300 nm. the maximum amount of PAAm adsorption (M _m ) in each system, showed a steady increase with decreasing particle radius and was influenced strongly by particle concentrations in the medium. Furthermore, it was realized that the diameter of -Fe₂O₃ particles after treatment with PAAm under different particle concentrations decreased with increasing particle concentration. The relation between particle concentration in the medium and particle size after treatment was also influenced by the medium pH, i.e., at the medium pH close to the isoelectric point of -Fe₂O₃ particles (pH^o=9.2), the particle size after treatment increased with increasing particle concentration. All these results suggest that in the system of ultra-fine particles, the mixing process between particle-particle and polymerparticle will play an important role on the conformation of adsorbed polymer layer.