使用宽频带地震记录研究2017年6月24日茂县新磨滑坡的动力学过程

北京时间2017年6月24日5时39分左右,四川省茂县叠溪镇新磨村发生大型岩质滑坡.体积约4.3×10⁶ m³的巨型岩体从山顶脱落,顺坡滑行约2.6 km后破碎沉积;碎屑物掩埋了整个新磨村,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.本文使用来自滑坡周围的10个地震台站的宽频带观测资料的长周期信号反演了这次滑坡的受力时间函数;同时使用逐步细化的格点搜索方法得到了滑坡的位置,与其真实位置一致;根据反演的受力时间函数计算了滑坡过程中滑体的运动学参数,得到的滑体运动轨迹与实际路径吻合.综合分析地震信号、受力时间函数和运动学参数表明,本次滑坡主运动的持续时间约为79 s;脱落岩体在5∶38∶50.2启动后持续加速,在5∶39∶37.2达到速度峰值,约为52.1 m·s^-1;这段时间内岩体没有明显的破碎;之后,岩体开始铲刮并裹挟古滑坡造成的碎屑沉积物,自身也开始破碎解体,总体开始减速运动,直到5∶40∶9.2主运动停止;此后,小规模的碎屑散落又持续了约10 s的时间.     

SBAS-InSAR技术在特大型滑坡变形监测中的应用

利用SBAS-InSAR技术对滑坡易发区域进行时序变形监测是研究滑坡机理和预防灾害的重要途径。文章利用SBAS-InSAR技术对甘肃省甘南州舟曲县果耶镇磨里滑坡灾害进行时序变形特征分析,基于2018—2021年光学遥感影像数据获取磨里滑坡所在区域的变形分布图和时序变形特征,再结合其他勘查成果资料验证变形监测结果的准确性,证明SBAS-InSAR技术在特大型滑坡变形监测中的可靠性。结果表明：(1)磨里滑坡滑坡平面形态呈“长舌状”,滑动方向最大长度1 500 m,滑坡体上窄下宽,平均宽度240～530 m,面积53×10⁴ m²;(2)磨里滑坡前部变形速度大于中后部,前缘局部形变速率最大可达140 mm/a;(3)磨里滑坡还在不断地发生变形,应进一步加强变形监测,做好应急避险和搬迁避让的措施。研究可为该地区特大型滑坡复活破坏机制和应急处置提供参考。     

基于有限元方法的冕宁跨断层水准大幅变化机理

分析计算安宁河断裂带上冕宁跨断层水准场地原始观测数据及年均速率结果,结合1-1C测段加密观测数据的差异性特征,重点对滑坡、抽水2个主要影响因素,利用有限元方法构建该场地三维Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性滑坡体模型及二维抽水影响的单向流固耦合模型,模拟获得2种主要因素的影响模式。结果显示:冕宁水准1-1C测线中距离1C点约300 m范围为古滑坡体所处边坡的坡脚区域,古滑坡体对坡脚区域长期的累积作用使得该区域存在隆升变形特征,进而使1-1C测段在抽水造成的大幅下降过程中出现沉降量逐渐减小后再次增大的特征;地下水抽取造成沿水井形成了较为明显的抽水漏斗沉降变形特征,在含水系统平衡被打破后,1号点所处土体边坡更易受到抽水带来的沉降变形影响,出现与井口处相当甚至比井口附近更大的沉降变形。     

融合升降轨InSAR数据的东川区滑坡隐患识别

为解决常规In SAR技术仅能获取一维视线上的形变,导致升、降轨监测的模糊性和差异性,难以全面完整识别出区域内滑坡隐患问题．本文利用小基线数据集技术,以云南东川区为研究对象,获取该区域2018年至2020年升轨和降轨Sentinel-1A数据,采用融合升降轨数据的方法,反演研究区垂直向和东西向二维形变场进行滑坡隐患识别,并结合遥感影像对识别结果的可靠性进行验证．实验结果显示:(1)研究区在升轨和降轨雷达视线方向上的形变速率分别为-188.1～88.9 mm/a、-163.6～74.7 mm/a,融合升降轨数据反演出的东西向形变速率为-123.9～136.7 mm/a,垂直向为-206.5～58.5 mm/a,说明研究区地表形变在垂直方向变化较大,相对于其他方向,沉降中心更为明显．(2)在单一轨道雷达视线向的升降轨形变结果中,分别有15和12个滑坡隐患区被识别;而在融合后所提取的垂直向形变场中,则有25个滑坡隐患区被探测,除升降轨所识别的区域外,还新增6处滑坡隐患．表明垂直向形变结果具有较好的监测能力,能够有效识别区域内滑坡隐患,弥补单一轨道在复杂山区应用的不足．(3)通过对融合结果中典...     

地震诱发低角度黄土-泥岩滑坡动力响应及变形分析

基于室内试验获取黄土滑坡的静力和动力力学强度参数,建立低角度黄土滑坡破坏大型物理模拟试验模型,结合FLAC^3D有限差分软件,分析黄土滑坡的动力响应规律和宏观破坏特性,阐明在地震作用下黄土滑坡的失稳演化规律,揭示黄土滑坡滑体运动迁移路径。结果表明：低角度黄土-泥岩滑坡在地震荷载作用下地震波水平方向和垂直方向均出现明显的放大效应;在黄土层内部,随着斜坡高度增加,坡肩和斜坡后缘加速度放大效应较为明显,对比坡脚、坡腰和坡肩处剖面上加速度放大系数,下伏泥岩对地震波产生一定的放大效应。松弛拉张裂隙,土体强度降低,接触面和坡肩、斜坡后缘处的拉张裂缝形成弧形滑移面,上覆黄土层由内向外依次连带下滑,坡肩处土体的下滑力和地震力促使坡腰土体大面积长距离滑动,最大滑动涉及范围长达200 m左右,土体下滑至坡脚发生堆积并产生隆起。数值模拟结果和振动台试验结果在动力响应和宏观变形破坏特征均呈现较高的吻合度。     

涟源市石马山镇龙埠村新兴组滑坡重大地质灾害变形特征和整体稳定性分析

通过工程地质测绘、钻探、土工试验等,查清了滑坡区地质环境条件,查明了滑坡区变形特征,利用不平衡推力传递系数法对滑坡整体和局部稳定性进行计算。结果表明,滑坡整体在自重+地下水工况下处于稳定-基本稳定状态,在自重+暴雨+地下水工况下处于不稳定状态-稳定状态。     

重庆巫山望霞W2-2危岩体失稳演化过程分析

重庆市巫山县望霞危岩是长江三峡黄金水道巫山段左岸的一处典型重大危岩体,2010年雨季出现明显变形,随后转入应急监测,并依据监测成果两次成功预警。本文基于地质分析和监测成果,研究望霞W2-2危岩体变形-演化的动力学过程,发现持续降雨是崩滑灾害发生的直接诱发因素。雨水渗入浸泡使泥岩软基强度降低,塑流变形加剧,加大了危岩的下部变形程度,使上覆砂岩层沿接触底面出现拉裂。同时水体作用造成危岩中节理、裂隙极其发育。W2-2危岩体变形破坏演化过程可分为前期累积变形、匀速变形、加速变形和临界加速变形四个阶段,其中加速变形点和临界加速变形点具有很好的预警指示意义,加速点可视为岩体稳定与不稳定破坏的分界点。     

利用空间观测技术研究青海玛多7.4级地震孕育发生变形时空特征

为揭示2021年青海玛多7.4级地震震前变形与同震破裂特征,本文系统收集与处理了青海省CORS站和中国地壳运动观测网络等GNSS资料、以及Sentinel-1和ALOS-2卫星SAR数据,通过多源数据综合处理获取了玛多地震形变场动态结果.震前GNSS形变场结果显示,玛多震源区处于其北侧剪切形变高值区边缘,震前存在左旋剪...     

福建省泉州地区断裂带地壳形变PS-InSAR监测

PS-InSAR技术能够有效降低常规差分干涉雷达受时间失相干、空间失相干和大气效应的影响,在常规D-InSAR不能形成干涉条纹的情况下,可利用时间序列的雷达影像和相位稳定的永久散射体目标点获取离散的PS像素点形变速率。以福建省泉州地区的断裂带为研究对象,对1996-1999年的22景ERS SAR数据进行PS-InSAR处理,得出研究区主要断裂的视线向位移速率为3~5mm/a,表明该区断裂仍有一定的活动性,具有潜在的地震危险。     

2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震震前与同震滑坡空间分布规律对比分析

2014年8月3日,云南省昭通市鲁甸县发生了MS6.5地震,地震诱发了大量滑坡。文中以牛栏江沿线鲁甸县、巧家县和会泽县交界处面积为44.13km2的区域为研究区,开展地震震前与同震滑坡的空间分布规律对比分析。根据震前Google Earth高分辨率影像与震后0.2m分辨率的超高分辨率航片数据,分别建立了震前滑坡与同震滑坡数据库。结果表明,研究区内震前有284处滑坡,本次地震触发1 053处滑坡。借助10m×10m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,基于GIS平台提取研究区的高程、坡度、坡向、曲率、岩性、烈度、河流共7个主要因子,并利用滑坡的面积百分比(Landslide Areas Percentage,LAP)和点密度(Landslide Number Density,LND)对比分析震前与同震滑坡的空间分布规律。结果表明,震前与同震滑坡的易发高程区间分别为1 200m与1 200~1 300m。坡度越大越容易发生滑坡,其中坡度10°的区域由于距离河流很近,也为滑坡易发区。震前与同震滑坡发育的优势坡向都是近S向。当斜坡为凹坡时(曲率值为负值),滑坡易发性较高。地震烈度越大,越易发生同震滑坡。灰岩夹白云质灰岩分布区很容易发生滑坡,玄武岩和火山角砾岩分布区在地震力的作用下边坡的稳定性也大大降低。震前、同震滑坡的发生与到河流的距离大致呈现正相关性。震前滑坡LAP的峰值大多数都与震前已经存在的大型滑坡有密切的对应关系。     

Early Identification of the Jiangdingya Landslide of Zhouqu Based on SBAS-InSAR Technology

SBAS-InSAR technology is characterized by the advantages of reducing the influence of terrain-simulation error, time-space decorrelation, atmospheric error, thereby improving the reliability of surface-deformation monitoring. This paper studies the early landslide identification method based on SBAS-InSAR technology. Selecting the Jiangdingya landslide area in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province as the research area, 84 ascending-orbit Sentinel-1A SAR images from 2015 to 2019 are collected. In addition, using SBAS-InSAR technology, the rate and time-series results of surface deformation of the landslide area in Jiangdingya during this period are extracted, and potential landslides are identified. The results show that the early landslide identification method based on SBAS-InSAR technology is highly feasible and is a better tool for identifying potential landslides in large areas.     

Spatial explicit soil moisture analysis: pattern and its stability at small catchment scale in the loess hilly region of China

Soil moisture is essential for plant growth and terrestrial ecosystems, especially in arid and semi‐arid regions. This study aims to quantify the variation of soil moisture content and its spatial pattern as well as the influencing factors. The experiment is conducted in a small catchment named Yangjuangou in the loess hilly region of China. Soil moisture to a depth of 1 m has been obtained by in situ sampling at 149 sites with different vegetation types before and after the rainy season. Elevation, slope position, slope aspect, slope gradient and vegetation properties are investigated synchronously. With the rainy season coming, soil moisture content increases and then reaches the highest value after the rainy season. Fluctuation range and standard deviation of soil moisture decrease after a 4‐month rainy season. Standard deviation of soil moisture increases with depth before the rainy season; after the rainy season, it decreases within the 0‐ to 40‐cm soil depth but then increases with depths below 40 cm. The stability of the soil moisture pattern at the small catchment scale increases with depth. The geographical position determines the framework of soil moisture pattern. Soil moisture content with different land‐use types is significantly increased after the rainy season, but the variances of land‐use types are significantly different. Landform and land‐use types can explain most of the soil moisture spatial variations. Soil moisture at all sample sites increases after the rainy season, but the spatial patterns of soil moisture are not significantly changed and display temporal stability despite the influence of the rainy season. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于径流分析的淮河流域汛期旱涝急转研究

本文基于淮河流域吴家渡水文监测站1950-2007年月径流量资料,通过定义长、短周期径流旱涝急转指数,分析了淮河流域汛期径流旱涝急转现象(分旱转涝和涝转旱两种类型),研究结果表明:1)长周期径流旱涝急转在1986年以前发生次数较多,而1986年以后发生次数相对较少;2)各相邻月间的短周期旱涝急转的年际振荡以6-7月最多,且其长期变化规律与长周期旱涝急转年际振荡变化相似;3)长、短周期旱涝急转频次呈现不断减少的趋势,但全旱和全涝频次则有增加的趋势;4)2000s汛期长周期旱转涝、短周期6-7月旱转涝有逐渐增加的趋势,分析认为这种旱涝急转变化是导致淮河流域汛期径流量增加的主要原因之一.     

Bam earthquake: Surface deformation measurement using radar interferometry

1 Basic principle of SAR and SAR-interferometry Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is one kind of microwave side-looking imaging radar (Cur- lander and McDonough, 1991). In order to obtain an image for a large area, the carriers are many for the aerospace vehicle, like airplane, aerospace craft and satellite. As a result of its operational character, all-weather and high resolution, in the recent 20 years, SAR has obtained quicker de- velopment compared with an optical pickoff. Its applicati…     

Analysis of Ground Deformation Detected Using the SBAS-DInSAR Technique in Umbria, Central Italy

Ground deformation affecting the Umbria region (central Italy) in the 9-year period from 1992 to 2000 was investigated through multi-temporal Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR). For the purpose, the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) technique was adopted, which allows studying the temporal evolution of the detected deformation at two spatial scales: a low-resolution (regional) scale, and a full-resolution (local) scale. For the analysis, SAR data acquired by the European Remote Sensing (ERS-1/2) satellites along ascending and descending orbits were used. The detected deformation was analysed to investigate its relevance to geophysical, geomorphologic, and human-induced processes that may result in hazardous conditions to the population of Umbria. Low-resolution deformation data were used to: (i) determine the amount of displacement caused by the Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence from September 1997 to April 1998 in the Foligno area, (ii) determine the number and percentage of the known landslides that can be monitored by the DInSAR technology in the investigated area, and (iii) identify and measure subsidence induced by exploitation of a confined aquifer in the Valle Umbra. Results indicate that earthquakes moved through the Foligno area westwards up to 3.9 cm and with an uplift reaching 1.7 cm. Intersection in a GIS of the low-resolution deformation maps with a detailed landslide inventory map allowed the determination that the portion of landslides that can be monitored by the SBAS-DInSAR technique in Umbria ranges from 2.7% to 3.4%, and the percentage of the total landslide area ranges from 10.4% to 12.8%. In the Valle Umbra, a dependency was found between the time and the amount of detected ground deformation, and the record of water withdrawal. The full-resolution deformation data were used to investigate the movement of the Ivancich landslide, in the Assisi Municipality. Joint analysis of the spatial and the temporal characteristics of the ground displacement allowed the formulation of a hypothesis on the landslide geometry and deformation pattern.     

Analysis of Abnormal Characteristics of Regional Crustal Deformation before the Menyuan MS6.4 Earthquake by GPS Continuous Data

In order to study the characteristics of crustal deformation around the epicenter before the 2016 M_S6.4 Menyuan earthquake, the GPS continuous stations of the period from 2010 to 2016 were selected according to the observation data of the tectonic environment monitoring network in Chinese Mainland. The deformation characteristics of the crust before the earthquake were discussed through inter-station baseline time series analysis and the strain time series analysis in the epicentral region. The results show that a trend turn of the baseline movement state around the epicenter region occurred after 2014, and the movement after 2014 reflects an obvious decreasing trend of compressional deformation. During this period, the stress field energy was in a certain accumulation state. Since the beginning of 2014, the EW-component linear strain and surface strain rate weakened gradually before the earthquake. It shows that there was an obvious deformation deficit at the epicentral area in the past two years, which indicates that the region accumulated a high degree of strain energy before the earthquake. Therefore, there was a significant background change in the area before the earthquake. The results of the study can provide basic research data for understanding the seismogenic process and mechanism of this earthquake.     

The North-South Seismic Belt:Vertical Deformation Velocity Gradient Research

The vertical deformation gradient can reflect the rate of vertical change in unit distance, and the vertical deformation velocity gradient can reflect the strength of the earth''s crust tectonic activities. In this paper, using long period leveling data combined with GPS data, the vertical deformation gradient values are calculated. Leveling data and GPS data are two different means of monitoring deformation, but the result is approximately the same vertical deformation gradient. The results show that the spatial distribution of the vertical deformation velocity gradient and tectonic distribution has an obvious correlation. The most significant gradient anomalies along the North-South Seismic Belt are Xianshuihe fault, Longmenshan fault and Xiaojiang-Zemuhe fault, while the second gradient anomalies in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau are Zhuanglanghe fault and Lenglongling fault. The Menyuan M_S6.4 earthquake in 2016 occurred in this abnormal area. However, according to the vertical deformation high gradient area distribution, there is also the possibility of an earthquake occurrence in the Tianzhu and Jingtai area. The area of convergence of three major fault zones is the strongest tectonically active region of the North-South Seismic Belt.     

星载D-INSAR技术及初步应用——以西藏玛尼地震为例

近 10a来 ,干涉合成孔径雷达 (INSAR ,InterferometricSyntheticApertureRadar;简称 :干涉雷达 )测量技术取得了令世人瞩目的成绩 ,已成为极具有潜力的空间对地观测新技术。较详细地介绍了干涉合成孔径雷达、差分干涉合成孔径雷达 (D -INSAR ,DifferentialINSAR ;简称 :差分干涉雷达 )技术的基本原理 ,并以 1997年 11月 8日西藏玛尼地震为例 ,通过三通差分干涉处理 ,获取了玛尼地震前后的地表变形场。通过分析可知 ,变形梯度带与发震断层平行 ,均沿NEE -SWW(2 5 0°)分布 ,断层水平错距近 5m ,最大隆起斜距向位移量为 98cm ,最大沉降斜距向位移量为 95cm     

Ground deformation modeling of flank dynamics prior to the 2002 eruption of Mt. Etna

On 22 September 2002, 1 month before the beginning of the flank eruption on the NE Rift, an M-3.7 earthquake struck the northeastern part of Mt. Etna, on the westernmost part of the Pernicana fault. In order to investigate the ground deformation pattern associated with this event, a multi-disciplinary approach is presented here. Just after the earthquake, specific GPS surveys were carried out on two small sub-networks, aimed at monitoring the eastern part of the Pernicana fault, and some baselines belonging to the northeastern EDM monitoring network of Mt. Etna were measured. The leveling route on the northeastern flank of the volcano was also surveyed. Furthermore, an investigation using SAR interferometry was performed and also the continuous tilt data recorded at a high precision sensor close to the epicenter were analyzed to constrain the coseismic deformation. The results of the geodetic surveys show a ground deformation pattern that affects the entire northeastern flank of the volcano, clearly shaped by the Pernicana fault, but too strong and wide to be related only to an M-3.7 earthquake. Leveling and DInSAR data highlight a local strong subsidence, up to 7 cm, close to the Pernicana fault. Significant displacements, up to 2 cm, were also detected on the upper part of the NE Rift and in the summit craters area, while the displacements decrease at lower altitude, suggesting that the dislocation did not continue further eastward. Three-dimensional GPS data inversions have been attempted in order to model the ground deformation source and its relationship with the volcano plumbing system. The model has also been constrained by vertical displacements measured by the leveling survey and by the deformation map obtained by SAR interferometry.     

巴姆地震地表形变的差分雷达干涉测量

利用星载合成孔径差分雷达干涉技术和ENVISAT卫星雷达数据, 获得了2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆的里氏6.5级地震引起的同震地表形变场,并详细地介绍了信号处理的过程. 利用地震前后的相干图的差异及形变场的突变棱线, 精确确定了地面上断层裂缝的位置、形状和长度. 这对震源理论模型的参数估计提供了依据. 由雷达干涉技术测量得到的形变场与理论模型模拟的结果一致.