超声刀行小切口甲状腺手术中暴露喉返神经的作用

探讨应用超声刀行小切口甲状腺手术中暴露喉返神经的临床疗效。行小切口甲状腺手术患者130例按住院号单双号分为喉返神经暴露组(67例)和喉返神经未暴露组(63例),比较喉返神经损伤情况。喉返神经暴露组喉返神经损伤率明显低于喉返神经未暴露组(6.3%vs 0,χ2=4.389,P0.05)。暴露解剖喉返神经有助于减少利用超声刀行小切口甲状腺手术中喉返神经的损伤。     

甲状腺手术中使用超声刀对喉返神经的保护作用

目的比较超声刀行甲状腺手术与传统甲状腺手术对喉返神经的保护作用。方法263例患者采用超声刀行甲状腺手术,228例采用传统方法行甲状腺手术．对比两种手术方法对喉返神经的保护、术后喉返神经损伤并发症发生情况,评估超声刀在预防喉返神经损伤方面的优缺点。结果263例甲状腺手术使用超声刀,2例因热损伤出现暂时性声嘶,均在3个月内恢复：传统方法出现声嘶并发症7例,其中3例术中被缝扎,松解后均在术后1周内缓解,3例术后3个月至半年发音恢复正常,1例术后出现声嘶超过1年以上未好转。结论超声刀行甲状腺手术可减少术中出血,有利于喉返神经行程的辨认。     

良性甲状腺疾病腔镜手术中喉返神经损伤原因分析及预防

回顾分析近4年多来101例腔镜下甲状腺手术中喉返神经损伤3例的临床资料，3例均为术后24h出现声音嘶哑，间接喉镜检查证实单侧声带运动较弱。损伤原因：超声刀热灼伤2例，局部组织水肿压迫伤1例，均为喉返神经暂时性麻痹。所有病例未经特殊治疗，均于术后20d至3个月恢复。提示腔镜下喉返神经的损伤与超声刀使用不当等手术操作有关，提高术者手术技巧能减少此并发症发生，术中正确使用超声刀行甲状腺分离切除可有效避免喉返神经损伤。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经保护研究进展

喉返神经损伤是甲状腺手术中常见的并发症之一.随着超声刀、术中神经监测、腔镜甲状腺切除术、精细化解剖技术等设备仪器和治疗理念的广泛推广,在甲状腺手术方式发生巨大改变的同时,术中保护喉返神经也面临新的问题.熟悉喉返神经的解剖特点,掌握新技术、新器械、新仪器的使用技巧,是在新技术和新理念应用中保护喉返神经的关键.     

超声刀结合保留背膜解剖法在甲状腺切除术中的应用

目的:探讨超声刀结合保留背膜解剖法在甲状腺腺叶全切除手术中的操作技巧,及对喉返神经与甲状旁腺的保护效果。方法:对2009年2月至2012年3月144例甲状腺腺叶切除术均采用保留背膜解剖法,其中超声刀应用组72例与传统组72例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,通过手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后并发症等临床资料进行统计学分析。结果:应用超声刀结合保留背膜解剖法在甲状腺切除术中最大限度地原位保留了甲状旁腺,实现其功能的保留,喉返神经显露率达99%。同时超声刀的应用对术中出血量、手术时间均优于传统手术组,对术后并发症增加无统计学差异。结论:超声刀结合保留背膜解剖法在甲状腺腺叶全切除术中的应用能最大限度保留甲状旁腺功能,降低喉返神经、甲状旁腺损伤率;同时减少了出血量,缩短了手术时间。     

甲状腺手术中喉返神经的显露方法及疗效研究

目的 分析甲状腺手术中喉返神经的显露对预防喉返神经损伤的效果.方法 150例甲状腺疾病患者采用解剖显露喉返神经方法行甲状腺腺叶切除或次全切除,解剖显露喉返神经270条.结果 术中发现喉不返神经6例,其中喉返神经损伤2条,术后恢复良好,顺利出院.结论 在甲状腺良恶性疾病手术中,熟悉喉返神经正常解剖及变异,常规解剖和显露可大大降低并发症,减少喉返神经的损伤.     

术中神经监测技术在复杂甲状腺手术中的应用

目的 探讨应用术中神经监测技术（intra operative neuromonitoring,IONM）,以减少复杂甲状腺手术喉返神经损伤。方法 吉林大学中日联谊医院甲状腺外科2009年3~7月对132例复杂甲状腺手术病人,共186支高风险喉返神经行术中神经监测。在甲状腺切除前后分别探测迷走神经及喉返神经肌电信号。甲状腺手术前后常规检查声带活动度。结果 除术前声带麻痹4例,余182支喉返神经均可在甲状腺切除后测得明显肌电信号,未发生缝合切口前神经肌电信号消失,提示神经电传导功能良好。精确检出非返性喉返神经2例。结论 术中喉返神经监测使喉返神经显露更加便捷,更加确切,并可验证喉返神经功能完整性。在高风险、复杂甲状腺术中应用神经监测是降低喉返神经损伤率的一种重要辅助措施。     

喉返神经解剖在甲状腺手术中的应用研究

目的探讨解剖喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的应用。方法回顾分析因甲状腺疾病行手术治疗的236例患者的临床资料,共施行甲状腺手术335侧次;甲组101例行甲状腺手术158侧次,术中均未解剖喉返神经,其中57例行双侧甲状腺手术。乙组135例行甲状腺手术同时解剖喉返神经177侧次,其中42例因双侧甲状腺手术而行双侧喉返神经解剖。结果喉返神经损伤均发生在切除甲状腺范围包含背侧腺体时。甲组暂时性损伤2例,永久性损伤1例,损伤率为1.9%;乙组暂时性损伤1例,无永久性损伤病例,损伤率为0.56%;两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=0.382,P<0.01)。结论甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经能减少喉返神经的损伤,切除背侧腺体时应常规解剖喉返神经。     

甲状腺切除手术中喉返神经显露的意义

目的探讨甲状腺切除手术中显露喉返神经的利弊。方法对１８１例（２９４侧）甲状腺切除术进行了术野显露喉返神经１１４例（１８６侧）,与不显露神经６７例（１０８侧）的前瞻性临床研究。结果不显露喉返神经术式的喉返神经损伤率（４６２％）高于显露神经术式者（０）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论甲状腺切除手术中显露神经的操作过程并不增加喉返神经的损伤率;按照一定方法在术中显露喉返神经是预防喉返神经损伤的有力措施。     

纳米炭在甲状腺手术中对甲状旁腺的保护作用

在甲状腺手术中,喉返神经和甲状旁腺损伤是最常见的并发症.随着对喉返神经解剖认识的加深与手术技巧的提高,喉返神经的损伤发病率下降,甲状腺手术并发症的预防已从保护喉返神经向保护甲状旁腺转变.在甲状腺手术中使用具有淋巴示踪性的纳米炭,可以有效保护甲状旁腺,防止误切除及对甲状腺功能的损害.     

Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy: experience of 300 cases

Background

We report on patients selected for minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) over a 3-year period and evaluate the feasibility and effects of this procedure.

Methods

Between March 2005 and August 2008, 300 patients (36 male, 264 female; mean age = 54.6 years) underwent MIVAT using a single central incision with an average length of 2 cm (range = 1.5–3 cm), about 2 cm above the sternal notch. Small conventional retractors and dissectors, ultrasonic scalpel, 5-mm laparoscope, and a video screen were the instruments used.

Results

General anesthesia was used in 295 patients and regional block anesthesia in 5. MIVAT was performed successfully in 280 patients (93.3%). Conversion to open thyroidectomy with a 4-cm-long incision was required to achieve selective lymphadenectomy in 18 patients after frozen sections demonstrated differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Only two patients with benign thyroid nodules were converted because of large volume or massive hemorrhage from the upper pole vessels. Mean operative time was 35 min (range = 20–70 min) for unilateral lobectomy and 58 min (35–90 min) for bilateral thyroidectomy. No patients had wound infections, postoperative bleeding that required reoperation, permanent hypoparathyroidism, or bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. However, permanent unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy appeared in five cases (1.7%), transient unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in seven (2.3%), superior laryngeal nerve injury in five (1.7%), transient hypocalcemia in nine (3.0%), and mild skin burn from the ultrasonic scalpel in five (1.7%). Postoperative pain was minimal and better cosmetic results were obtained than conventional open thyroidectomy. Postoperative stay was shorter than with conventional open thyroidectomy.

Conclusions

MIVAT appears to be safe and feasible in patients with benign thyroid nodules, with minimal injury and excellent cosmetic results. Furthermore, after properly lengthening the skin incision, MIVAT can be used for patients with large benign thyroid nodules or even early–stage differentiated thyroid carcinoma.     

胸乳入路完全腔镜甲状腺右侧腺叶切除术

手术要点：采用胸乳入路,直视下用超声刀在颈阔肌深面建立空间,两侧达胸锁乳突肌外缘,上界达甲状软骨上缘;使用超声刀纵向切开颈白线,在真、假被膜之间疏松间隙内分离甲状腺前方、下极和外侧面,使用腔镜拉钩拉开颈前肌群来扩大手术操作的空间,充分暴露甲状腺分离气管前间隙,靠健侧离断峡部,沿甲状腺被膜精细化解剖游离患侧腺叶,避免损伤甲状旁腺;应用神经探测四步法寻找并监测喉返神经信号;保持超声刀工作刀头距神经>3 mm,将患侧腺叶完整游离;夹闭并切断甲状腺上动脉,防止迟发出血;标本袋取出标本送检。可吸收线缝合颈前带状肌,留置引流管。     

腔镜甲状腺切除术中喉返神经的显露

目的探讨腔镜甲状腺切除术中喉返神经的显露技巧,避免因显露而造成的喉返神经医源性损伤。方法2011年4月～2012年4月,行胸乳晕人路腔镜下甲状腺切除术17例。于乳腺前皮下置入troear,注入CO2（压力6mmHg）建立操作空间,用超声刀显露喉返神经。结果17例均顺利完成喉返神经显露,其中7例行腔镜双侧甲状腺腺叶手术（6例双侧叶结节和1例甲状腺癌）,5例行一侧甲状腺叶切除术（一侧腺叶多发结节）,5例行一侧腺叶次全切除术。喉返神经主干位于甲状腺下动脉之前、之后和动脉分叉之间的比例分别为17．6％（3／17）、47．1％（8／17）和35．3％（6／17）,术后未见声音嘶哑等发生。结论尽管甲状腺下动脉与喉返神经的关系不固定,应用甲状腺囊外解剖和上翻技术,在切除腺体的同时可以显露喉返神经,减少喉返神经损伤。     

TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY: THE TECHNIQUE OF CAPSULAR DISSECTION

Book reviews in this article: This paper describes the technique of total thyroidectomy using capsular dissection. Total thyroidectomy is a safe straightforward anatomical procedure in which meticulous dissection can provide protection to the parathyroid glands and to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This protection is achieved by using capsular dissection, hugging the gland and dividing the tertiary branches (i.e. the third order of division) of the vessels while dissecting the parathyroid glands with their vascular pedicles free from the thyroid surface, with minimal exposure of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and disturbance of its blood supply. Total thyroidectomy removes all visible thyroid tissue although it is permissible to leave a very small remnant of tissue (less than a fraction of a gram) in the region of the ligament of Berry in order to protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the blood supply to the parathyroid glands. This technique ensures that the incidence of complications, including permanent hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, is reduced to a minimum.     

Total thyroidectomy: the technique of capsular dissection.

This paper describes the technique of total thyroidectomy using capsular dissection. Total thyroidectomy is a safe straightforward anatomical procedure in which meticulous dissection can provide protection to the parathyroid glands and to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This protection is achieved by using capsular dissection, hugging the gland and dividing the tertiary branches (i.e. the third order of division) of the vessels while dissecting the parathyroid glands with their vascular pedicles free from the thyroid surface, with minimal exposure of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and disturbance of its blood supply. Total thyroidectomy removes all visible thyroid tissue although it is permissible to leave a very small remnant of tissue (less than a fraction of a gram) in the region of the ligament of Berry in order to protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the blood supply to the parathyroid glands. This technique ensures that the incidence of complications, including permanent hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, is reduced to a minimum.     

Experience with the ultrasonic aspirator in surgery of benign goiter

In 60 cases intracapsular resection of goiter was performed by using ultrasonic aspirator. The superior pole vessels and the inferior thyroid artery were not touched, the recurrent laryngeal nerve was not identified. Minimal hemorrhage in the intra- and postoperative period, operation time saving in comparison with conventional subtotal thyroidectomy, no temporary and no permanent damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and no wound infection were observed. Not suturing the remnants of thyroid optimal blood supply was obtained. There were no hypoparathyroidism and but one case of hypothyroidism.     

35例腔镜甲状腺手术喉返神经显露的技巧与体会

目的 探讨腔镜下甲状腺切除术中喉返神经显露的技巧及预防其损伤的方法.方法 2012年4～12月我院行胸乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术35例,术中充分利用气管食管沟、甲状腺下动脉及甲状软骨下角等解剖标志常规显露喉返神经.结果 35例腔镜甲状腺手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术,术中共显露喉返神经40条.行单侧腺叶大部切除10例,单侧腺叶切除20例,双侧腺叶大部切除5例.手术时间（45.4±10.1）min,出血量（25.1±5.1）ml;术后无声音嘶哑、呼吸困难等并发症发生.30例术后随访1～9个月,（4.5±0.9）月,1例出现甲状腺功能减退,无肿瘤复发.结论 术中要充分利用气管食管沟、甲状腺下动脉及甲状软骨下角等解剖标志寻找喉返神经.扎实的开放甲状腺手术解剖喉返神经的基础和娴熟的腔镜甲状腺手术技能是显露喉返神经的关键.     

Zuckerkandl's tuberculum: could it be useful in thyroid surgery?

A thorough knowledge of thyroid anatomy could reduce the incidence of lesions to the inferior laryngeal nerve. In view of its relationship with the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the parathyroid gland, Zuckerkandl's tuberculum should be considered an anatomical landmark for the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. The aim of the study was to verify whether the identification of Zuckerkandl's tuberculum could be useful to reduce the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions. Four hundred and thirty-two patients underwent thyroid surgery over the period from January 2001 to December 2003 for benign (377 patients) or malignant disease (55 patients). Three-hundred and forty-eight (81%) underwent total thyroidectomy. Zuckerkandl's tuberculum was found in 74.5% of patients, with a high prevalence in the right lobe: in 5% of patients it was grade I, in 50% grade II and in 45% grade III. Its presence was associated with the recurrent laryngeal nerve in almost all cases. Eight of the patients undergoing total thyroidectomy suffered recurrent nerve paralysis, only 4 of which proved definitive. Identification of Zuckerkandl's tuberculum allows safer isolation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior parathyroid gland dissection.