3.0 T MRI 3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合多平面重建在三叉神经微血管减压术术前评估中的应用价值

目的探讨3.0 T MRI 3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列结合多平面重建在三叉神经微血管减压术术前评估中的应用价值。材料与方法回顾性分析187例湘雅医院原发性三叉神经痛行三叉神经微血管减压术(MVD)的病例资料,将术前3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列检查情况与术中探查结果进行对比研究。结果 187例患者术前3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列显示:症状侧三叉神经血管压迫(neurovascular compression,NVC)阳性173例,阳性率达92.3%,MVD术发现血管神经压迫179例,阳性率达95.6%。其中小脑上动脉73例(40.8%)、小脑前下动脉28例(15.4%)、基底动脉17例(9.8%)、小脑后下动脉5例(3.2%)、复合压迫35例(20.2%)、静脉11例(6.2%)。3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列显示无血管压迫14例,阴性率7.7%,而术中发现无责任血管10例,阴性符合率58.8%。症状对侧血管压迫阳性20例,假阳性率10.7%,两侧阳性率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 3D-TOF序列联合3D-FIESTA序列,结合3D后处理重建能相对清晰显示三叉神经与周围血管的空间关系,是三叉神经微血管减压术术前评估的有效方法之一。     

Embolization of a Tentorial Dural Arterio-Venous Fistula Presenting as Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia

SYNOPSIS
A patient with a tentorial dural AV fistula causing atypical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) successfully treated by embolization is reported. The patient developed persisting throbbing facial pain in the distribution of the secondand third division of the right trigeminal nerve (V2,V3) after a history of typical neuralgia for one year, preceded by a two month spell of TN 6 years previously and accompanied by right-sided pulsatile tinnitus for 10 years. The patient's mother, brother and sister were also said to be affected by typical trigeminal neuralgia.
A right-sided dilated vein of Rosenthal due to a dural AV fistula fed by branches of the meningeal, occipital and meningo-hypophyseal trunk of the internal carotid artery was thought to cause trigeminal nerve compression. Complete resolution of symptoms after partial intra-arterial embolization of the main feeding arteries with N-butyroacrylate is described.     

三叉神经痛微血管减压术的手术体会

目的探讨三叉神经痛微血管减压（MVD）术的疗效与责任血管的解剖特点。方法回顾性分析25例接受三叉神经痛MVD术患者的临床资料及手术体会。结果术中见21例三叉神经根部有接触或压迫的血管,占84％,最常见的责任血管是小脑上动脉,共13例（52％）,其次为小脑前下动脉,共6例（24％）。动脉性责任血管占76％,岩上静脉作为责任血管2例（8％）;附近无任何血管压迫但术中发现三叉神经覆盖的蛛网膜明显增厚者4例占16％。手术治愈率为96％。结论MVD是治疗三叉神经痛安全、微创、有效的方法。提高显微外科操作技巧,不遗漏责任血管,是提高手术疗效和减少并发症的关键。     

三叉神经痛神经血管压迫的影像学评价

精确地评价三叉神经入口处神经血管压迫,对三叉神经痛患者施行微血管减压术的规划是有用的。应用界限成像融合三维磁共振脑池造影术/血管造影术能立体的显示三叉神经入口处神经血管压迫的解剖学关系,评价责任血管的存在,压迫的部位及程度。界限融合三维磁共振脑池造影术/血管造影术对三叉神经痛患者的诊断及成功地实施微血管减压术是有用的。     

感觉根入髓区血管压迫是三叉神经痛的主要病因

目的:研究显微血管减压手术(microvascular decompression, MVD)治疗三叉神经痛(trigeminal neuralgia, TN)的适应症、术中所见、术后疗效和安全性.探讨TN的主要病因及发病机制.方法:2000年12月到2003年10月间,169例TN患者接受了显微外科手术,手术前后进行了直观模拟量表(Visual Analogue Scales, VAS)评分.结果:术后1周疼痛消失131例,疼痛减轻35例,疼痛无变化3例.手术前后VAS评分分别为8.86±1.08和0.48±0.12,统计结果表明手术前后疼痛改变有显著性差异.术后无死亡病例,手术并发症多为暂时性并发症.随访期间有4例复发.结论:MVD手术的有效性证明了三叉神经感觉根入髓区血管压迫是TN的主要病因.     

Studies on the operative outcomes and mechanisms of microvascular decompression in treating typical and atypical trigeminal neuralgia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the operative outcomes and mechanisms of microvascular decompression in treating typical and atypical trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: A group of 45 patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia and 17 patients with atypical trigeminal neuralgia treated by micro-vascular decompression from 2000 to 2002 were reviewed, including their clinical presentations, operative findings, and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 45 patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia, the mean duration was 3.1 years, and the mean age of pain onset was 60.3 years. Single trigeminal division was involved in 20 patients (44.4%), and 2 or 3 divisions were involved in the other 25 patients (55.6%). During the operation, artery compression was found in 39 patients (86.7%), and the combined artery and venous compression was found in 6 patients (13.3%). Postoperatively, complete pain relief was achieved in 44 patients (97.8%), and significant pain relief was achieved in 1 patient (2.2%). As for 17 patients with atypical trigeminal neuralgia, the mean duration and the mean age of pain onset was 8.7 years and 55.5 years, respectively. Two or 3 trigeminal divisions were involved in all of these patients. During operation, artery compression occurred in 10 patients (58.8%), and the combined artery and venous compression was found in 7 patients (41.2%). Postoperatively, complete pain relief was achieved in 5 patients (29.4%), and partial pain relief was achieved in 10 patients (58.8%), and 2 patients showed no response to microvascular decompression. CONCLUSIONS: The operative outcome of microvascular decompression in patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia was better than that of patients with atypical trigeminal neuralgia, which perhaps related to short duration, late onset of pain, limited distribution, artery compression, and complete operative decompression.     

3.0T磁共振成像在血管压迫性三叉神经痛中的应用

目的 探讨3.0T MRI在血管压迫性三叉神经痛中的应用。方法 对32例三叉神经痛患者行轴位3D-TOF MRA及3D-FIESTA-C,并分别进行MPR、CMPR及仿真内镜重建（MRVE）,分析患侧血管与神经的关系。结果 32例中,5例（5/32,15.63%）患侧血管与神经无接触,4例（4/32,12.50%）可疑接触,5例（5/32,15.63%）明确接触;18例（18/32,56.25%）存在压迫,其中14例（14/18,77.78%）责任血管为小脑上动脉,2例（2/18,11.11%）为岩静脉,另外分别为小脑前下动脉、基底动脉各1例（1/18,5.56%）。对其中15例行微血管减压术（MVD）,MRI所示责任血管与术中所见相吻合;术后11例疼痛消失,4例疼痛较前明显减轻。结论 3.0T MRI可有效区分导致血管压迫性三叉神经痛的责任动脉及静脉与神经的关系;3D-FIESTA-C的CMPR及MRVE可提高判断接触与压迫的敏感度与准确率,对显示责任静脉具有优势,MRVE三维空间立体定位可作为MVD术前评估的有力补充。     

MRI迷路水神经成像对三叉神经痛神经血管压迫的诊断价值

  目的  探究MRI迷路水神经成像诊断三叉神经痛和神经血管压迫的效果。  方法  回顾性分析我院168例三叉神经痛患者的临床资料,均行手术治疗证实,且进行MRI迷路水神经成像检查,分析患者神经血管压迫的影像学检查结果,与手术结果对比,并比较患者三叉神经池段形态学参数（三叉神经脑池段最大长度及面积、三叉神经-桥脑夹角、桥小脑角池截面）。  结果  168例三叉神经痛患者中MRI成像检测处左侧受压80例,与临床左侧三叉神经痛分布区的相符率为90.91%,右侧受压74例,与临床右侧三叉神经痛分布区的相符率为92.50%,未见压迫14例;患侧和健侧压迫位置的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;主要压迫动脉为中小脑上动脉,占70.83%（119/168）;患侧压迫程度较高（P < 0.05）;两侧三叉神经最大长度的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,患侧三叉神经横截面积、三叉神经桥脑夹角、桥小脑角池截面积较低（P < 0.05）。  结论  MRI迷路水神经成像能够有效诊断三叉神经痛,显示神经周围具体情况,判断三叉神经脑池段形态学改变,为临床三叉神经痛神经血管压迫的诊断提供依据。      

Trigeminal neuralgia with lacrimation or SUNCT syndrome?

An intimate relationship between trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome, based on similar clinical signs and symptoms and on cases demonstrating possible "transformation" from one entity to the other, has been widely accepted. We evaluated the presence of lacrimation in 22 consecutive cases that had been diagnosed as TN. Ipsilateral lacrimation was reported by 6 such cases (5M, 1F). These cases responded to antineuralgic therapy with concomitant resolution of lacrimation and were clinically very similar to TN. The differential diagnosis and the possibility of lacrimation in TN are discussed.     

Atypical Facial Pain: a Comprehensive,Evidence-Based Review

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this article is to focus on an excruciating disorder of the face, named atypical facial pain or persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP). It is considered an underdiagnosed condition with limited treatment options. Facial pain can be a debilitating disorder that affects patients’ quality of life. Up to 26% of the general population has suffered from facial pain at some point in their lives. It is important to highlight the different types of facial pain to be able to properly manage this condition accordingly.

Recent Findings

Newer interventional modalities such as pulsed radiofrequency ablation (PFR) of the sphenopalatine ganglion, peripheral nerve field stimulators (PNFS), and botulinum toxin injections have promising results. In summary, more prospective studies such as randomized controlled trials are necessary to explore the possibility of their more widespread use as viable procedures for the treatment of PIFP.

Summary

In this review article, we describe the workup and diagnosis of PIFP and highlight recent literature regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of PIFP. PIFP is an excruciating disorder of the face often misdiagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia (TN) However, unlike TN symptoms, the pain is persistent rather than intermittent, usually unilateral, and without autonomic signs or symptoms. When a clinician encounters a patient with neuropathic facial pain whose symptoms are incongruent with the more common etiologies, the diagnosis of atypical facial pain must be entertained. Treatment of PIFP is multidisciplinary. Unfortunately, few randomized controlled trials for the treatment of PIFP exist. However, there are a select number of pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and interventional treatment options that have proven to be moderately effective.

     

原发性三叉神经痛患者神经血管压迫特征及其周围结构变化

目的 观察原发性三叉神经痛（TN）患者神经血管压迫（NVC）特征,定量分析三叉神经周围结构改变。方法 回顾性分析30例临床诊断TN （TN组）及30例存在眩晕或听力减退等症状但无三叉神经痛相关症状患者或健康体检者（对照组）的头部梯度回波-平衡式稳态自由进动序列图像和三维-时间飞跃-MR血管成像,观察TN组双侧三叉神经NVC表现,定量分析组间双侧三叉神经根入脑干区（REZ）之间距离及双侧REZ与小脑上动脉（SCA）起点高度差的差异。结果 TN组26例存在NVC,包括25例患侧（15例患侧、10例双侧）及1例对侧NVC;其中21例可见动脉NVC （12例患侧、8例双侧及1例对侧）,13例可见静脉NVC （10例患侧、2例双侧及1例对侧）,8例同时存在动、静脉NVC （6例患侧、1例双侧及1例患侧动脉NVC+对侧静脉NVC）;21例共29条三叉神经存在动脉NVC,包括24条SCA、6条小脑前下动脉（AICA）、2条椎动脉（VA）及1条小脑后下动脉（PICA） NVC;13例15条三叉神经存在静脉NVC,压迫血管均为岩上静脉系统（SPVS）。TN组与对照组双侧REZ间距分别为（3.48±0.17） cm及（3.38±0.16） cm,双侧REZ与SCA起点高度差分别为（1.22±0.30） cm及（1.40±0.26） cm,组间差异均有统计学意义（t=－2.242、2.482,P=0.029、0.016）。结论 TN患者NVC表现为双侧REZ距离增大、双侧REZ与SCA起点高度差缩小。     

MRA观察40例永存三叉动脉

目的 探讨永存三叉动脉(PTA)的3D TOF MRA表现、分型及其临床意义.方法 回顾40例经MRA诊断为PTA的患者资料,分析PTA的MRA表现、Saltzman分型以及年龄、性别、左右侧发病率情况及其临床意义.结果 40例患者中,女性发病率高于男性(P＜0.05);平均年龄为(55.7±13.9)岁;Saltzman Ⅰ型24例(24/40,60.00％),Ⅱ型13例(13/40,32.50％),Ⅲ型3例(3/40,7.50％);对SaltzmanⅡ型进一步细化为a、b、c三个亚型.24例PTA伴基底动脉发育不良.结论 MRA可作为PTA的最常用检查手段,PTA的分型和表现具有一定临床意义.     

A case with prepontine (clival) arachnoid cyst manifested as trigeminal neuralgia

Most cases of "idiopathic" trigeminal neuralgia are thought to originate from vascular compression of the trigeminal root entry zone. In this case, we describe a young man presenting with the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia associated with a prepontine (clival) arachnoid cyst.     

椎动脉复合体压迫类型三叉神经痛微血管减压术后近期疗效分析

目的:探讨椎动脉复合体压迫导致的三叉神经痛患者微血管减压术后的近期疗效。方法:椎动脉复合体压迫类型的三叉神经痛患者(复合体组,n=13例)采用微血管减压治疗。非椎动脉复合体压迫导致的三叉神经痛(非复合体组,n=25例)采用直接旷置小脑上动脉进行治疗。两组术后2月进行疗效比较。结果:复合体组术后2月治愈10例,好转2例,无效1例;而非复合体组治愈22例,好转3例,无效0例。椎动脉复合体压迫类型的三叉神经痛的近期疗效低于非椎动脉复合体压迫类型的三叉神经痛,两组对比有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:椎动脉复合体压迫类型的三叉神经痛近期疗效低,其特殊的压迫类型或许是疗效低的原因。     

Trigeminal neuralgia due to pontine infarction

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is most commonly caused by vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root entry zone. Secondary trigeminal neuralgia due to ischemic lesion of the pons is very rare. Here we report a patient with a pontine infarct transecting the central trigeminal pathways resulting with trigeminal neuralgia.     

磁共振三维稳态进动快速成像诊断原发性三叉神经痛52例分析

目的：探讨磁共振三维稳态进动快速成像（three-dimensional fast imaging employing steady state acquisition ,3D-FI-ESTA）对原发性三叉神经痛的诊断价值。方法采用磁共振3D-FIESTA序列扫描52例原发性三叉神经痛患者的三叉神经出脑干段,并做多平面重建。分析患侧组及健侧组三叉神经出脑干段与邻近血管的关系。结果患侧组与健侧组神经血管接触阳性比例分别为52/53与35/51,神经受压推移比例分别为10/53与1/51,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论磁共振3D-FIESTA,可以清晰显示三叉神经与邻近血管的关系,为原发性三叉神经痛的诊断及治疗提供可靠的影像学依据。     

核磁共振成像诊断三叉神经痛的价值分析与研究

目的：研究探讨MRI检查在三叉神经痛诊断中的价值。方法：100例拟行微血管减压术的原发性三叉神经痛患者,于术前行MRI检查,分别采集三维快速稳态自由梯度（three dimensional- fast imaging employing steady state acquisition,3D-FIESTA）、三维时间飞跃（three dimensional-time of flight,3D-TOF）序列图像,判断神经血管接触压迫情况。以手术诊断结果为参照,计算和比较3D-FIESTA、3D-TOF术前诊断三叉神经痛患者神经血管接触压迫的灵敏度、特异度、准确率,分析2种序列成像诊断结果与手术诊断结果之间的一致性,并计算和比较3D-FIESTA、3D-TOF对不同责任血管的显示率。结果：100例三叉神经痛患者中,有75例经手术诊断证实存在神经血管接触压迫患侧三叉神经脑池段及邻近脑干组织的情况。以手术诊断结果为参照,3D-FIESTA、3D-TOF诊断三叉神经痛患者神经血管接触压迫的灵敏度（97.33%比94.67%）、特异度（92.00%比96.00%）、准确率（96.00%比95.00%）比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。一致性分析显示,3D-FIESTA、3D-TOF对三叉神经痛患者神经血管接触压迫的诊断结果与手术诊断结果之间的一致性均保持在良好水平（Kappa值均>0.7）。3D-FIESTA、3D-TOF对1级、2级、3级、4级、5级神经血管压迫程度的诊断符合率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3D-FIESTA、3D-TOF对小脑上动脉、小脑前下动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉等责任血管的显示率均为100.00%,二者对2支以上动脉、动脉+静脉的显示率未达到100.00%,3D-FIESTA分别为94.74%、75.00%,3D-TOF分别为89.47%、50.00% ,但二者比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：术前行MRI检查可对原发性三叉神经痛患者的神经血管接触压迫情况予以清晰显示,尤其是采用3D-FIESTA、3D-TOF这2种序列成像 ,不仅可作为三叉神经痛的主要诊断手段,还可作为三叉神经痛手术定位的辅助手段。     

血管压迫性三叉神经痛的3D-TOF-MRA序列磁共振成像与手术结果对照

目的探讨3D-TOF-MRA序列对血管压迫性三叉神经痛的诊断价值,并分析其MRI表现。方法回顾性分析26例三叉神经痛患者MRI表现及手术结果。结果3D-TOF-MRA序列显示三叉神经脑池段清晰14例,发现责任小动脉18条,与三叉神经接触16条,压迫2条;三叉神经显示欠清晰12例,发现责任小动脉18条。术中证实责任血管共48条,小动脉38条,静脉10条。3D-TOF-MRA序列显示责任血管的阳性率为75%,其中小动脉为95%,静脉为0。结论3D-TOF-MRA序列能清晰显示小动脉压迫性三叉神经痛的责任血管,并具有较高的阳性率,对提供患者术前评估和指导治疗具有极其重要的意义。     

三叉神经痛患者的抑郁焦虑情绪调查评估

摘要 目的：观察原发性三叉神经痛患者的抑郁焦虑情况,评估这类患者伴发抑郁焦虑异常症状的危险因素。 方法：原发性三叉神经痛患者176例,年龄15—80岁（男性66例,女性110例）。对患者的一般特点、疼痛评分和抑郁焦虑情绪状态进行采集。根据不同性别、年龄、病程、职业、教育程度、收入和疼痛评分特点分组进行单因素分析,并进行患者间的抑郁焦虑情绪异常的比较和多元回归分析。应用视觉模拟量表（VAS）,贝克抑郁量表和焦虑量表（BDI、BAI）进行评测。 结果：26.7%原发三叉神经痛患者的抑郁阳性（47例）,12例焦虑阳性（6.8%）;女性、短病程、年龄小、职业不稳定、收入低和疼痛评分作为单因素影响患者的抑郁情绪发生,除职业因素外,其余均为三叉神经痛患者伴发抑郁异常的危险因素;焦虑情绪异常发生的单因素结果提示：长病程患者的焦虑异常高发。 结论：三叉神经痛患者伴随高发的抑郁和焦虑异常,应对其相关危险因素给予更多关注。     

Anatomie et neuro-imagerie de la névralgie trigéminale

The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the 12 cranial nerves. It supplies sensations to the face, mucous membranes, and other structures of the head. It is the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication and contains proprioceptive fibers. It exits the brain by a large sensory root and a smaller motor root coming out of the pons at its junction with the middle cerebral peduncle. It passes laterally to join the Gasserian (semilunar) ganglion in the Meckel cave. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a debilitating facial pain disorder, frequently caused by vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve. The most frequent cause of TN is a mechanical irritation of the nerve caused by neurovascular contact, the neurovascular compression syndrome (NVCS). It is widely believed that compression in the socalled root entry or exit zone of the nerve causes NVCS. Most investigators define the root entry or exit zone as the region extending from the nerve’s point of entry into or exit from the brainstem to the point of transition from the central myelin (oligodendroglia) to the peripheral myelin (Schwann cells). The superior cerebellar artery is responsible for most cases of NVCS. Imaging combined with clinical information is critical to correctly identify patients who are candidates for microvascular decompression. We review trigeminal nerve anatomy and propose to recognize important magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with trigeminal neuralgia.