美国雇主医疗保险共付费用变化的影响及启示

以美国雇主医疗计划中他汀类药物的共付费用变化为例,探讨共付费用政策变化对参保者药物依从性以及医疗费用的影响,进而对我国制定此类药物共付费用政策提出合理的建议.     

城镇职工医保参保者满意度的因子分析

目的调查了解城镇职工基本医疗保险参保者满意度情况,为提高参保者的满意度提出建议。方法采用问卷收集参保职工的满意度资料,运用因子分析法进行分析。结果参保者对职工医保基本满意;定点医疗机构的服务和医疗保险的支付政策是影响满意度的主要因素;参保者对个人缴费政策最不满意。结论医疗保险部门应科学制定医保支付政策,并及时调整,严格要求定点医疗机构进一步规范服务行为和控制医疗费用的快速上涨。     

社区卫生服务与城镇职工基本医疗保险制度改革的互动作用

通过对我国部分城市的专题调查研究,对社区卫生服务与城镇职工基本医疗保险制度改革的互动作用进行分析,认为：社会卫生问题决定了医疗保险体制改革必须与卫生体制改革相配套;医疗保险制度改革控制医疗费用的最有效方法是合理引导参保职工利用卫生服务;社区卫生服务在功能合理定位的基础上,争取城镇职工基本医疗保险的政策倾斜与支持是其发展的关键。     

江苏省不同医疗保险流动人口住院卫生服务利用差异分析

目的通过对江苏省不同医疗保险流动人口住院卫生服务差异分析,了解流动人口住院卫生服务利用现状,提出政策建议,以改善流动人口卫生服务利用状况。方法使用"2014年全国流动人口卫生计生动态监测调查"中江苏省的数据,采用描述性统计分析、卡方检验方法,对不同医疗保险流动人口住院卫生服务利用的差异进行分析。结果不同基本医疗保险的流动人口在住院医疗机构选择上存在显著性差异(χ~2=24.958,P=0.000);不同基本医疗保险流动人口的住院医疗费用报销比例存在显著性差异(χ~2=225.206,P=0.000);基本医疗保险类型分别对流动病人是否住院情况(P=0.003)和是否有应住院而未住院情况(P=0.014)的影响有统计学意义。结论医疗保险类型影响流动人口的住院卫生服务利用情况,包括住院地点选择、住院医疗机构选择、住院医疗费用、住院医疗费用报销比例和应住院而未住院情况。     

医疗保险政策对住院服务利用的影响

为探讨医疗保险基金管理模式与支付方式对住院服务利用的影响,利用SPSS11.0和Excel统计分析方法对南通市1998～2000年基本医疗保险职工住院利用与费用进行了分析和研究.结果:1998年、1999年和2000年参保职工住院利用率分别为8.09%、6.33%和5.6%,每100名参保者年平均住院次数为12.85次、9.07次、7.76次,次均费用为2425元、3225元、3606元,床日费用为137元、150元、177元.不同政策时间段住院利用比较分析,认为"通道式"管理与定额支付方式对住院服务的利用有很大的激励作用,"板块式"管理可以抑制约40%以上由"通道式"管理与定额支付政策引起的过度利用,抑制约16%的费用.本研究说明,"板块式"管理与费用共付机制及"总量控制、均值管理"支付方式等政策对住院服务利用有较好的引导作用和费用控制效果,也满足了职工基本住院医疗需求.     

整合医疗卫生服务体系筹资激励机制现状、问题和优化策略

目的梳理我国整合医疗卫生服务实践中所采取的主要激励举措,识别取得的成效和存在的问题,并提出优化策略。方法采用文献复习、政策梳理以及关键知情人访谈等研究方法,对不同类型的整合医疗卫生服务模式开展研究。结果目前财政对整合医疗卫生服务的投入以项目为主,缺乏常态机制。医疗保险仍以单体机构、后付制为主,医疗联合体支付突破难。部分人员激励机制缺乏政府政策支持。结论政府层面可通过建立整合医疗卫生服务财政专项的形式来落实保障经费;医疗保险支付从机构总额控制向区域总额控制转变;完善绩效工资内部分配,纳入整合医疗卫生服务指标。     

三种医疗保障制度下居民卫生服务可及性分析

目前我国已建立起覆盖不同区域、不同人群的全方位的医疗保障制度,为参保居民看病就医提供了基本保障,提高了卫生服务的可及性.文章通过对陕西省眉县参保者进行现场调查,了解基本医疗保障制度对卫生服务可及性的影响,分析不同参保者卫生服务可及性差异以及差异产生的原因,为完善3种基本医疗保障制度提供科学的政策依据.     

上海市城镇职工基本医疗保险政策对社区卫生服务的影响分析

通过对上海市1997－1999年卫生服务利用情况的分析,认识到城镇职工医疗保险政策的制定,对新的卫生服务体系架构－社区卫生服务产生较大影响。上海市1998年注意拉开退休职工（约170万人）在不同等级医疗机构门含有诊医疗时采用不同的自付比例,较为成功地引导了病人：小病在社区”,社区卫生服务中的家庭病床被纳入社会统筹基本支付,在全国医疗保险政策的制定中是一个突破。同时,上海市社区卫生服务功能合理定位,并得到城镇职工基本医疗保险政策倾斜与支持,对全国卫生体制改革无疑是一种或借鉴的思路。     

中国居民医疗服务满意度研究——基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2015数据的实证分析

医疗服务满意度是我国医疗服务改革成效的直观表现。本文基于吉登斯的社会化结构理论,构建了评估医疗服务满意度的三维分析框架,包括个体维度、政策环境维度和医疗资源维度。利用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2015年的调研数据,采用多项有序的Logit模型,分析三个维度对医疗服务满意度的影响。研究发现,农村居民对医疗服务的满意度高于城市居民;受教育程度越高,医疗服务满意度越低;社会地位越高,医疗服务满意度越高;居民认为医保政策越公平,对医疗服务满意度越高;基本医疗保险参保者比未参保者的满意度高;医疗资源越充足、分布越均衡和获取越便利,对医疗服务满意度就越高。年龄、性别、个人健康状况及是否参加商业医疗保险均未对医疗服务满意度产生统计学意义上的显著影响。因此,为了提高居民的医疗服务满意度,需要对完善多层次的医疗保障制度与加快医疗服务供给侧改革同时发力。     

社会医疗保险共付制度对居民健康影响

目的 探讨社会医疗保险共付制度对医疗费用的影响和对患者健康状况的影响,为城镇居民基本医疗保险提供政策性建议.方法 利用我国6个省份、13个城市的城镇居民家庭调查数据,采用SPSS 13.0软件进行T检验和Logistic回归分析.结果 自付医疗与公费医疗相比,健康人群医疗费下降了60.6%,非健康人群下降了61.4%.不同共付制度下人均医疗费用差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),不同的共付比例对健康状况影响差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).此外,年龄、性别、教育程度、收入对健康状况影响差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 共付制度能够有效节约医疗费用,但对居民的健康状况也有明显的负向影响.     

日本健康保险制度演变历程及启示

对日本医疗保险制度实现全民覆盖的历程以及现状进行分析,发现日本的健康保险制度演变有以下特点：以法律为依据,逐步实现全民覆盖;建立了健康保险基金的合理分担机制;不同保健制度覆盖人群的服务包逐渐趋同、补偿水平逐渐统一;不同保险方案之间建立了风险分担和资金转移机制;加强对供方的约束力,控制医药费用快速上涨。最后针对日本健康保险制度的演变特点给出我国医疗保险制度改革的政策建议：健全医疗保险的法律法规;调整筹资机制,逐步提高个人筹资责任;推进不同医保制度覆盖人群保障待遇的统筹和统一;建立不同健康保险制度之间的风险分担机制;积极探索支付方式改革,控制医药费用快速上涨。     

医疗保险制度对降低我国居民灾难性卫生支出的效果分析

目的：2008年中国的医保制度已经覆盖87.9%的居民,接近全民医保覆盖的目标。然而,仍存在部分居民现金卫生支出比例过高的现象,导致家庭由于支付医疗卫生费用而陷入经济困境。本文通过计算中国灾难性卫生支出发生率和致贫率,来探究中国医疗保险制度的保障力度与水平。方法：本文利用第四次卫生服务调查的数据,通过世界卫生组织推荐的方法计算灾难性卫生支出和致贫率。结果：灾难性卫生支出发生率为13.0%,且发生率随着家庭经济水平的提高而降低;总体致贫率为7.5%;家庭中含有住院病人、慢性病人、肺结核病人及60岁以上老人,其发生灾难性卫生支出的风险高。结论与建议：通过分析脆弱人群发生灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素,为今后完善医疗保险制度设计提供具有可操作性的政策建议,增强其对居民抵御疾病经济风险的保障能力。     

Moral hazard in insurance, value-based cost sharing, and the benefits of blissful ignorance

The conventional theory of optimal coinsurance rates for health insurance with moral hazard indicates that coinsurance should vary with the price responsiveness or price-elasticity of demand for different medical services. An alternative theory called "value-based cost sharing" indicates that coinsurance should be lower for services with higher (marginal) benefits relative to costs. This paper reconciles the two views. It shows that, if patient demands are based on correct information, optimal coinsurance is the same under either theory. If patient demands differ from informed demands, optimal coinsurance depends both on information imperfection and price responsiveness. Value-based cost sharing can be superior to providing information (even if the cost of information is minimal) when patient demands fall short of informed demands. An extended numerical example illustrates these points.     

不同管理体制下城乡居民基本医疗保险运行效果比较——来自苏州市的实证分析

目的：实证分析不同管理体制下城乡居民基本医疗保险的运行效果。方法：以苏州市下辖的常熟市及其他三个县级市作为研究对象,运用描述性统计和比较分析的方法分析城乡居民基本医疗保险运行情况。结果：与其他三个县级市相比较,常熟市参保人员利用市外住院服务比例较低,城乡居民医保住院统筹基金流向市外医疗机构的比例较低,住院补偿受益率相对较高,参保患者的自付住院费用较低,但住院实际补偿比较低。结论：医保的管理体制未对医保覆盖面和基金运行产生明显影响;卫生部门主管有助于更好地坚持“保基本、强基层、建机制”的原则,可以更好地控制医疗费用的上涨速度,减轻患者的医疗负担。建议：进一步扩大医保管理体制改革的试点,为完善我国医保管理体制提供更多的实证依据;同时注重控制医药费用的上涨速度,以降低参保人员的医疗负担;建立健全城乡居民基本医疗保险的评价指标。     

Factors affecting catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses in China: policy implications of universal health insurance

Objective

To assess the degree to which the Chinese people are protected from catastrophic household expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses and to explore the health system and structural factors influencing the first of these outcomes.

Methods

Data were derived from the Fourth National Health Service Survey. An analysis of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses was undertaken with a sample of 55 556 households of different characteristics and located in rural and urban settings in different parts of the country. Logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure.

Findings

The rate of catastrophic health expenditure was 13.0%; that of impoverishment was 7.5%. Rates of catastrophic health expenditure were higher among households having members who were hospitalized, elderly, or chronically ill, as well as in households in rural or poorer regions. A combination of adverse factors increased the risk of catastrophic health expenditure. Families enrolled in the urban employee or resident insurance schemes had lower rates of catastrophic health expenditure than those enrolled in the new rural corporative scheme. The need for and use of health care, demographics, type of benefit package and type of provider payment method were the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure.

Conclusion

Although China has greatly expanded health insurance coverage, financial protection remains insufficient. Policy-makers should focus on designing improved insurance plans by expanding the benefit package, redesigning cost sharing arrangements and provider payment methods and developing more effective expenditure control strategies.     

PCIC框架下深圳市建立整合型医疗卫生服务体系的研究与实践

深圳市践行"以人为本的一体化服务"模式，探索建立"区域医疗中心+基层医疗集团"为主体的整合型医疗卫生服务体系，推动全市按照网格管理组建20家基层医疗集团，通过做强社区健康服务机构、做实家庭医生服务和优化基本公共卫生服务，建立医保、价格、财政和人事薪酬等综合激励机制，成为支撑居民健康守门人制度的强大后盾；并与23家区域医疗中心联网组团运营，形成医教研协作共同体。2018年，深圳市区属医疗机构和社会办基层医疗机构诊疗量占比为74.42%，主要健康指标达到国际发达国家水平，居民个人卫生支出占卫生总费用的比例为14.42%，医疗费用处于全国较低水平。在构建整合型医疗卫生服务体系过程中，关键要以综合改革推动医疗卫生资源下沉，以"院办院管"体制强化医联体建设，以激励机制促进医疗卫生服务高质量发展，以基层服务体系托起全民健康的基石，以加强全科医生队伍建设作为改革重点。     

Future prospects of voluntary health insurance in Thailand

Voluntary health insurance schemes in Thailand are still under development and have yet to seriously address the questions of equity and efficiency, while private health insurance is limited to people who can afford the premium. One form of insurance, commonly known as the health insurance card scheme, was first introduced as the Health Card Program in 1983. This program is based on risk sharing of health expenditures, with no cost sharing, in a voluntary health insurance prepayment scheme. With the uncertain performance of the Thai economy, program sustainability and the efficient use of resources are major concerns. The Health Card Program needs enough enrollees to ensure a sufficient pool of risks. This study looks at health card purchase and utilization patterns, using data from Khon Kaen Province, and finds that employment, education levels and the presence of illness are significant factors influencing card purchase. The last factor is related to the problem of adverse selection of the program; families with symptoms of sickness are more likely to buy cards, resulting in greater use of health services. The results also show an improvement in accessibility to health care and a high level of satisfaction among card holders, both key objectives of the program. It is suggested that changes in the health card system could enable it to evolve into a community-based compulsory health insurance scheme for rural areas.     

Evidence-Based Decision-Making in Asia-Pacific with Rapidly Changing Health-Care Systems: Thailand, South Korea, and Taiwan

Objective:  To review the use of evidence in the market approval process, reimbursement, and price control mechanisms for medicines and medical devices in Thailand, South Korea, and Taiwan.
Methods:  Documentary reviews supplemented by interviews with senior policymakers of relevant public health authorities.
Results:  Drug regulatory authorities play a vital role in the market authorization process by considering evidence on safety, efficacy and quality for new medicines, and bio-equivalence for new generic products of previously patented medicines. For the formulation of the reimbursement list, all three cases applied evidence on cost-effectiveness, to various degrees, with clear institutional structure, capacity, and functions. Only Thailand has specified an explicit benchmark on cost-effectiveness for inclusion in the reimbursement list. For price control, all have established mechanisms and processes for price negotiation. These mechanisms apply evidence on cost structure and relative prices in other countries to ensure affordable prices, especially with the patented drug industry. Thailand's universal insurance schemes use a capitation payment model which proves effective in implicit price control. To increase access to essential medicines that have patents on and high price, Thailand applied Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property flexibilities; "government use of patent," for public noncommercial purposes to seven essential drugs in 2006 to 2008.
Conclusion:  Rapidly increasing health expenditure and universal health insurance systems have created greater requirement for proof of "value for money" in the approval and funding of new medical technologies. All settings have established clear mechanisms to apply appropriate evidence in the processes of market approval, reimbursement, and pricing control.     

Physician Financial Incentives in Managed Care

Patients with health insurance do not make the most cost conscious healthcare decisions since they bear only a fraction of the total cost of medical care. Managed care advocates point to financial incentives as a way to reduce wasteful resource use. However, physicians with managed care contracts feel financial pressures designed to reduce waste may also limit medically necessary services and adversely impact the quality of patient care. In light of a growing public and professional distrust of the motives behind offering financial incentives, the economic theory of agency is used to illustrate how financial contracts designed to reduce wasteful resource use influence physician behavior.A review of the literature was conducted to determine the effects of financial incentives on resource use, cost and the quality of medical care. The method used to undertake this literature review followed the approach set forth in the Cochrane Collaboration handbook. This review revealed that much of the empirical evidence on the effect of managed care on physician behavior compared the experiences of traditional indemnity plan enrollees with health maintenance organization enrollees.Published studies are outdated and are influenced by statistical problems including both patient and physician selection bias. With respect to the newer types of managed care organizations, there is a paucity of information on the effects of financial incentives on physician behavior. Despite the lack of empirical evidence, the perception remains that managed care financial incentives are perverse in that they induce physicians to take actions that compromise quality of care. To evaluate the legitimacy of these concerns, research on how physician contractual arrangements influence the cost and quality of care in the newer types of plans is needed. In the absence of such research, political rhetoric bent by anecdotal evidence will continue to influence public policy and undermine managed care.