H-V加筋土性状的颗粒流细观模拟

正交水平-竖向(H-V)加筋是一种新型的土工加筋技术,在H-V加筋土中除了有传统的水平筋条外,还在水平筋条上设置了竖向齿筋。结合已完成的加筋土三轴试验,采用基于离散元理论的颗粒流软件(PFC2D)对试验进行了仿真模拟,较好地拟合了H-V加筋砂土三轴试验的应力–应变曲线,并通过观测颗粒的受力情况分析了H-V加筋砂土的受力机理。通过引入颗粒流理论,对H-V加筋砂土试样的剪切带形成进行了细观数值模拟,揭示了H-V加筋土中剪切带产生、扩展的渐进破坏规律。     

双层立体加筋砂土的强度特性

在提出立体加筋方式的基础上,对水平–竖向复合加筋和竖向加筋两种加筋形式的立体加筋砂土进行大量的三轴试验。结果表明,相对于无筋土及传统的水平加筋砂土而言,立体加筋砂土强度有大幅度提高。对比分析竖向加筋率与立体加筋砂土强度之间的关系,比较不同围压下的强度变化。在试验基础上,分析立体加筋砂土的工作机制,并利用极限平衡理论建立双层立体加筋土的强度模型,最后将竖向加筋砂土的部分试验结果与理论值进行对比,结果表明二者基本吻合。     

经编和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土的三轴试验研究

对经编格栅和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土进行不固结不排水的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,在粘性土体上布置格栅筋材,都能提高土体强度,但不同的筋材,其加筋效果是不一样的,经编格栅加筋土的加筋效果要优于玻纤格栅加筋土。加筋层数越多,加筋效果越好;随着加筋土应力增加,加筋土抵抗变形的作用才能得到更充分发挥,土体加筋效果更明显。不同筋材的加筋土,其粘聚力与内摩擦角的变化规律不一致;玻纤格栅和经编格栅加筋粘性土的加筋效果与砂土不同,不仅表现在粘聚力的增加上,还表现在内摩擦角的增加上。加强筋条结点连接的牢固性,能够提高加筋效果。     

条形荷载下 H-V加筋砂土地基模型试验研究

提出了一种新的H-V立体加筋(horizontal-vertical)模式,这是一种在传统水平条带式筋条上布置竖向或空间筋材形成的组合立体形式,其显著特点是所加竖向筋材能有效地限制筋材间土体的侧向位移,在竖筋侧面产生侧阻力,而且在竖筋间将形成"土体加强区",从而有效改变加筋土的受力状况,提高土体的强度和稳定性.本文分别对水平加筋和H-V加筋两种加筋方式进行了多组的加筋地基模型试验,并将这两种加筋方式对承载力和沉降的影响进行了对比分析.试验结果表明,H-V加筋方式能明显提高地基承载力和减小地基沉降,而且其加筋效果随着竖筋高度和水平方向筋材长度的增加不断提高.在模型试验的基础上,初步分析了H-V加筋方式的作用机理.     

刚性条带式带齿加筋土的极限拉拔力模型

"立体加筋"体系的核心就是在传统水平筋条的基础上布置不同形状的竖向筋条或三维形式的空间加筋。作为一种典型的立体加筋方式,刚性筋材的条带式带齿加筋土经三轴压缩试验、拉拔试验以及挡墙和地基模型试验证明,可以显著地提高加筋土体的强度和地基极限承载力,增强土筋的综合摩擦特性,限制土体变形。采用染色砂法,对带齿筋材的平面应变拉拔试验过程进行了观察。通过分析齿筋前方染色砂土标记线的运动情况和水平标记线的变化情况,发现在拉拔过程中,齿筋前方土体会首先被挤密加强,成一个刚性的楔体,然后周围其他土体会产生绕刚性楔体与齿筋的流动。根据齿筋的宽高比,假定了刚性楔体的形状,从而确定了绕流阻力的分布情况。借鉴沈珠江院士对于抗滑桩阻力的分析方法,推导了刚性条带式带齿加筋土的拉拔阻力模型。在应变控制式拉拔试验机上,进行了法向应力分别为25,50和75kPa的条带式带齿加筋土的拉拔试验,将试验结果与模型计算值进行比较,二者比较接近。     

土工布加筋土的三轴蠕变试验研究

 基于自行研发的大尺寸三轴蠕变试验仪,开展不同围压、加筋层数的素土和加筋土的三轴蠕变试验,得到不同偏应力、不同加筋层数下土体的蠕变特性和加筋对土体加固的机制,提出一种可以描述加筋土“应力–应变–时间”关系的PH经验模型,得到所获取的模型参数与加筋层数和偏应力的关系;并基于Burgers元件模型,建议一种加固效果系数来评价加筋前后对土体刚度的影响程度,结果表明：随着加筋层数的增加,其加筋效果呈线性增加,与高填方工程中以增加压实度的方法来减小工后变形相比,在填料中增加筋材具有更佳效果。     

加筋风积砂地基承载力试验研究及计算分析

针对沙漠地区风积砂土特殊的物理力学性质，以土工格栅为加筋材料对风积砂土进行加固。通过室内模型试验，对未加筋的风积砂土和15种布筋方式下的加筋风积砂地基承载力进行了试验研究。测定了各种布筋方式下加筋风积砂土的极限破坏荷载，分析了加筋土的变形以及应力扩散情况。根据试验结果，总结了不同布筋方式及不同埋深条件下，加筋风积砂地基承载力的变化规律，并推荐片式双层格栅为施工中有效的布筋方式，此布筋方式下的加筋风积砂地基承载力较风积砂地基承载力增加1．2倍。提出了加筋风积砂土的强度机理和破坏模式，建立了无埋深条件下片式单层格栅加筋风积砂地基承载力的计算公式。经试验验证，所得结果具有实用价值。     

不同土工合成材料下新型加筋土界面特性

土工合成材料对加筋土结构的界面直剪特性具有重要的影响。通过一系列大型直剪试验对不同筋材下的Sandwich型加筋土筋土界面的直剪特性进行研究,研究不同竖向应力下不同种类加筋材料对Sandwich型加筋土界面直剪特性的影响。试验结果表明:土工格栅的加筋效果最佳,两种格栅的加筋界面抗剪强度明显高于土工织物;随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面抗剪强度提高。结合理论分析,对不同的土工格栅进行直剪试验,得出土工格栅横、纵肋对界面剪切强度的提高值分别为15.3%和4.1%。     

加筋砂土挡墙筋材层数影响的有限元分析

利用非线性弹塑性有限元对具有不同筋材层数砂土挡墙的模型试验结果进行了系列性的模拟与分析。有限元解析采用了基于修正塑性功砂土的硬软化弹塑性本构模型,它可以同时考虑砂土强度的各向异性、应力水平相关性、剪切应变局部化特性以及应力路径效应等。研究结果表明,利用这种较高精度的有限元解析方法对加筋砂土挡墙的变形破坏进行分析,不仅能较好地模拟加筋砂土挡墙基础底面的平均压力与沉降之间的关系,同时也能较好地再现筋材层数变化对加筋砂土挡墙承载力与变形的加筋加固影响。虽然本文所分析的各种工况中加筋材的抗拉总刚度 ( 或总重量 ) 不变,但随着所划分筋材层数的增多,加筋砂土挡墙的承载力明显增大。另外,利用以上建议的有限元方法也能合理地模拟不同层数加筋砂土挡墙的剪切带发生发展状况、加筋材的拉力、面板的水平土压力分布、以及加筋砂土挡墙的渐进性变形破坏特性,从而为定量化地把握和理解加筋砂土挡墙中筋材层数的变化影响和加固效果提供了一个有效的途径。     

土工格栅加筋黏性土动力性能的试验研究

对土工格栅加筋黏性土进行不固结不排水的动态三轴振动试验。试验结果表明,在黏性土中布置格栅筋材,在一定程度上能提高加筋土体的动抗剪强度;加筋层数越多,加筋土动强度越大;土工格栅加筋黏性土的加筋效果在高围压下能够更好地发挥。加筋土动强度指标提高体现在动黏聚力的增大上,而对动摩擦角几乎没有影响,循环荷载振动次数对动强度指标影...     

低超载下条带式带齿加筋界面特性

在提出立体加筋的基础上,对条带式带齿加筋砂土进行了低超载下大量的拉拔试验来研究筋土的界面特性,分析了带齿筋的条带式加筋对拉拔性能的影响,探讨了不同上层覆压下筋条的拉拔力与水平位移的关系以及似摩擦系数f*的变化规律。在试验成果分析的基础上,分析了条带式带齿加筋与砂土的相互作用机理,建立了条带式带齿加筋砂土的拉拔力模型。并将试验结果与理论值比较,二者基本吻合。     

Behavior of geogrid–reinforced sand and effect of reinforcement anchorage in large-scale plane strain compression

This paper presents experimental investigations on the behavior of geogrid–reinforced sand featuring reinforcement anchorage which simulates the reinforcement connected to the wall facings in numerous in-situ situations. A series of large plane strain compression tests (the specimen 56 cm high × 56 cm wide × 45 cm long) was conducted. Standard Ottawa sand and 4 types of PET geogrids exhibiting 5% stiffness in the range of 750–1700 kN/m were used in this study. The specimens were tested by varying the relative density of sand, confining pressures, geogrid types, and reinforcement-anchorage conditions. Experimental results indicate that relative to unreinforced specimens, both anchored and non-anchored geogrid reinforcements can enhance the peak shear strength and suppress the volumetric dilation of reinforced soil. The studies on anchorage revealed that anchoring the reinforcement can restrain the lateral expansion of reinforced specimens, resulting in a substantial increase in shear strength and a reduction in volumetric dilation. The strength ratios of non-anchored specimens appeared to be insensitive to the reinforcement stiffness, whereas the strength ratios of the anchored specimens increased markedly with increases in soil density, reinforcement stiffness, and system deformation (i.e., axial stain). Geogrid anchorage contributed a large percentage of the total shear-strength improvement, nearly 3-times more than the contribution of the soil–geogrid interaction in non-anchored specimens. Lastly, an analytical model was developed based on the concept that additional confinement is induced by reinforcement anchorage, and the predicted shear strength of the anchored soil was verified based on the experimental data.     

Soil-reinforcement interaction: Stress regime evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced soils

Understanding the stress regime that develops in the vicinity of reinforcements in reinforced soil masses may prove crucial to understanding, quantifying, and modeling the behavior of a reinforced soil structures. This paper presents analyses conducted to describe the evolution of stress and strain fields in a reinforced soil unit cell, which occur as shear stresses are induced at the soil-reinforcement interface. The analyses were carried out based on thorough measurements obtained when conducting soil-reinforcement interaction tests using a new large-scale device developed to specifically assess geosynthetic-reinforced soil behavior considering varying reinforcement vertical spacings. These experiments involved testing a geosynthetic-reinforced mass with three reinforcement layers: an actively tensioned layer and two passively tensioned neighboring layers. Shear stresses from the actively tensioned reinforcement were conveyed to the passively tensioned reinforcement layers through the intermediate soil medium. The experimental measurements considered in the analyses presented herein include tensile strains developed in the reinforcement layers and the displacement field of soil particles adjacent to the reinforcement layers. The analyses provided insights into the lateral confining effect of geosynthetic reinforcements on reinforced soils. It was concluded that the change in the lateral earth pressure increases with increasing reinforcement tensile strain and reinforcement vertical spacing, and it decreases with increasing vertical stress.     

A quasi-2D exploration of optimum design settings for geotextile-reinforced sand in assistance with PIV analysis of failure mechanism

Many earlier studies were focused on testing different types of geosynthetics to investigate effect of reinforcement on bearing capacity, but the effect of tensile strength on the failure mechanism has not been examined sufficiently. Within this scope, a test setup was prepared to apply strip loads on densely compacted reinforced sand under the plane strain condition. The tank containing the reinforced sand was a rectangular prism with perfect transparency, and its interior dimensions were 960 × 200 × 650 mm³. Firstly, optimum values of design variables (depth of first sheet, length and number of sheets, space between sheets, tensile strength of sheets) for the woven geotextile reinforced sand were determined experimentally. Then, the failure mechanisms of the soil, which were reinforced with geotextiles of different tensile strengths, were observed and analyzed with particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Consequently, the failure mechanism of the sand with a single geotextile reinforcement was similar to general shear failure of unreinforced soil. Contrarily, the failure surfaces were deeper and longer. Additionally, the deep-footing mechanism reached out large depth in the case of four reinforcement layers. The failure mechanism converted into a punching type due to a hypothetic increase in the bearing depth of reinforcement.     

A new generation of soil-geosynthetic interaction experimentation

A new device was developed to comprehensively assess the interaction between soil and reinforcement as well as the interaction between neighboring reinforcement layers in a reinforced soil mass, under both working and ultimate interface shear stress conditions. An understanding of these two interactions is required to assess the mechanical behavior of a geosynthetic-reinforced soil mass considering varying vertical reinforcement spacings. Specifically, the new device allows direct visualization of the kinematic response of soil particles adjacent to the geosynthetic reinforcement layers, which facilitates evaluation of the soil displacement field via digital image analysis. Evaluation of the soil displacement field allows quantification of the extent of the shear influence zone around a tensioned reinforcement layer. Ultimately, the device facilitates investigating the load transfer mechanisms that occur not only at the soil-reinforcement interface, but also at distances farther from the interface, thereby providing additional insight into the effect of vertical reinforcement spacing on a reinforced soil mass. Finally, the device allows monitoring of dilatancy within the reinforced soil mass upon shear stress generation at the interface between soil and reinforcement. Overall, the device was found to provide the measurements needed to adequately predict the strains developing both in reinforcement layers tensioned by direct application of external loads as well as in reinforcement layers tensioned by the shear transfer induced by adjacent geosynthetic reinforcements. Ultimately, the proposed experimentation technique allows generation of data required to evaluate the load transfer mechanisms amongst soil and reinforcement layers in reinforced soil structures. The strain magnitude in the neighboring reinforcements was found to exceed a magnitude of 10% of the strain magnitude obtained in the active reinforcement. The zone of shear stress transfer from the soil-reinforcement interface was found to exceed 0.2 m on each side of the active reinforcement.     

H-V立体加筋黏土单轴试验

为了研究H-V立体加筋黏土应力-应变曲线及强度特性,在恒定应变加载速率下,对H-V立体加筋黏土进行了单轴无侧限抗压强度试验,得到了不同加筋高度及不同含水率下的应力-应变曲线。在给定的含水率下,研究了加筋高度为5 mm、10 mm、15 mm、20 mm的H-V立体加筋黏性土与极限应力的关系,得出了在一定范围内极限应力随竖向加筋率的增大而增大,但是其中存在一个最佳竖向加筋率,大于或小于这个加筋率,试样都不能达到最佳效果。在给定的加筋高度下,研究极限应力与含水率之间的关系,得出了极限应力随含水率的增加,先增大后减小的规律。此外,本文还研究了极限应力与分维数D之间的关系,得出了极限应力随着分形维数D的增加,先增加后减小,存在一个最优值。     

土工格栅加筋土地基载荷试验的数值模拟

采用FALC^3D对土工格栅加筋土地基载荷试验进行了进一步的数值模拟分析。根据计算结果,针对原型试验中难以量测的试坑变形及筋土界面摩阻力分布特征进行了讨论。利用数值模拟技术的优势,求解加筋地基的应变场,研究了加筋地基的破坏模式。结果表明:在竖向荷载作用下,试坑会发生侧向位移,通过加筋能有效减小试坑的侧向位移;筋土界面摩阻力的分布与筋土之间的相对位移直接相关;加筋地基的破坏机构因筋材的存在而发生改变,“深基础”效应以及“扩散层”效应都是加筋地基的增强机理,但地基的破坏模式随筋材的布置形式改变而有所不同。     

粉砂土岸坡三维加筋生态护坡结构力学效应研究

加筋生态护坡是土工织物与植草相结合形成的一种护坡形式,在保证工程生态性的同时大大提高了生态护坡的强度,有广泛的应用前景。以黑龙江同抚堤防工程粉砂土岸坡防护工程为例,开展了三维加筋生态护坡结构的现场原位测试与加筋土体力学特性室内试验研究,揭示了该护坡技术固土护坡力学效应。试验结果表明:对比纯植被护坡和遮阳网表层覆盖护坡方式,三维加筋生态护坡结构对土体加筋作用最为有效。土工网可以帮助植被根系在岸坡表层形成良好的加筋层,而植被根系则帮助土工网与岸坡土体更紧密地结合。加筋生态结构效果主要表现为增加了土体黏聚力,但对内摩擦角影响不大;一个生长周期内草本型植被根系加筋区域集中在地面以下20cm左右的深度;土体含水率和含根量对根土复合体抗剪强度有明显影响,随着土体中含根量和含水率的增加,根土复合体抗剪强度呈先增加后减少的趋势,即对于高羊茅这类抗剪型根系,其加固土体时存在最佳含根量和含水率使其强度最高。