静脉留置针的常见并发症及预防

近年来，静脉留置针的临床应用范围不断扩大，尤其在抢救危重病人、输注化疗药物和静脉营养等方面发挥了重要作用。然而，在应用过程中也带来了一些不良影响，特别是长期置管病人常导致某些并发症的发生。因此，在静脉留置针置管期间做好并发症的预防及观察护理十分重要。     

静脉留置针常见并发症预防及护理

近年来，静脉留置针的临床应用范围不断扩大，尤其在抢救危重病人、输注化疗药物和静脉营养等方面发挥了重要作用。然而，在应用过程中也带来了一些不良影响，特别是长期置管病人常导致某些并发症的发生。因此，在静脉留置针置管期间做好并发症的预防及观察护理十分重要。     

静脉留置针常见并发症的预防及护理

目前，静脉留置针在临床上的应用越来越广泛，尤其是在抢救危重病人、输注化疗药物和静脉营养等方面发挥了重要作用。但在应用过程中也带来了一些不良影响，特别是长期置管病人常可导致某些并发症的发生。因此，在静脉留置针置管期间做好并发症的预防及观察护理十分重要。     

静脉留置针常见并发症预防及护理

静脉留置针又称套管针，作为头皮针的换代产品，具有减少血管穿刺次数，对血管的刺激性小，有利于临床用药和抢救，减轻护士工作量等优点。近年来，在临床应用范围不断扩大，尤其在抢救危重病人，输注化疗药物和静脉营养等方面发挥了重要作用。但在临床应用过程中也带来了一些不良影响，特别是长期置管病人常导致一些并发症的发生。因此，在静脉留置针置管期间做好并发症的预防及观察十分重要。     

小儿静脉留置针的并发症预防及护理

小儿静脉留置针又称套管针，是头皮针的换代产品，其操作简单，套管柔软、套管在静脉内留置时间长且不易穿破血管等特点被广泛应用于临床。其优越性在于：减轻患者反复穿刺的疼痛感，保持患者良好的心态；维持血管通路，利用紧急抢救；减少护士穿刺操作次数，提高工作效率。近年来静脉留置针的临床应用范围不断扩大，尤其在抢救危重病人和静脉营养方面都发挥了重要作用。但在应用过程中也带来了一些不良影响，特别是长期置管的病人常导致一些并发症。本文仅就小儿静脉留置针常见并发症的预防及护理综述如下，供同道们商榷。     

使用静脉留置针所致9例静脉炎的分析及护理

静脉留置针的广泛应用,减少了反复静脉穿刺给病人所带来的痛苦。对于内科需要长期输液而静脉穿刺比较困难的病人,使用静脉留置针既能保护病人的血管免受破坏,又能减轻因静脉穿刺困难而使病人产生的焦虑与恐惧。但是,如果操作不当,则会引起并发症,给病人带来更大的痛苦。在临床上,使用静脉留置针最常见的并发症是静脉炎。     

静脉留置针使用常见并发症及护理

静脉留置针又称套管针,其材质柔软,对血管壁的刺激性小,减少了病人反复穿刺的痛苦,但静脉留置针留置过程中可发生套管堵塞、液体外渗、静脉炎、套管脱出等并发症,从而影响留置时间,因此,做好并发症的观察及护理是非常重要的,现将我科在留置针使用中的护理体会报告如下.     

静脉留置针常见并发症的预防及护理

目前,静脉留置针在临床上的应用越来越广泛,尤其是在抢救危重病人、输注化疗药物和静脉营养等方面发挥了重要作用.但在应用过程中也带来了一些不良影响,特别是长期置管病人常可导致某些并发症的发生.因此,在静脉留置针置管期间做好并发症的预防及观察护理十分重要.     

颈内静脉留置针术后的护理

静脉留置针已广泛应用于临床，是一种新型输液器材，与普通头皮针比较，其外套管采用硅胶材料制成，柔韧，无刺激性，降低了刺破静脉的危险。它的使用减少了病人的穿刺次数，减轻了疼痛感，减轻了输入浓度大液体时的血管刺激，为病人输液提供了方便，且有利于病人的抢救及静脉营养。然而在应用过程中也带来了一些不良影响，特别是长期置管的患者常导致某些并发症的发生。因此在静脉针置管期间做好并发症的预防及观察护理十分重要。我科2004年使用留置针以来，得到了广大患者和护理人员的肯定。现将留置针术后的护理心得介绍如下。     

静脉留置临床应用常见并发症预防及护理

静脉留置针又称套针，作为头皮针的换代产品，以其操简单、套管柔软、套管在静内留置时间欧且不易穿破血管，减轻了患者斟反复穿刺造成的痛苦，保护了备用静脉，又可减轻护士的工作量，提高了工作效率，维持血管通路便于紧急抢救等特点被广泛应用于临床。最适用于老年患者，危重患者及无知足意识的患者，尤其在抢救危重患者和静脉营养方面发挥了重要作用。然而，在应用过程中也带来了一些不良反应，特别是长期置管病人常导致某些并发症的发生。因此，在静脉留置针置管期间做好并发症的预防及观察护理十分重要。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

Development on Adjustable Calibration Marker for Shock Wave Focus

Shock wave lithotripsy （SWL） is a treatment of choice for upper urinary stones. However, this procedure is inappropriate for obese patients because the focus is often unable to reach the target owing to the limited focal distance in shock wave source. Although treating such patients in a blast path may increase the application length of shock wave source, it＇s difficult to find this path on the lithotripter monitor. For this reason, we invented an adjustable calibration marker in order to set an effective focus in the shock wave hath.     

Study on the TCM Pathogenesis of Angiopathic Complications of Type II Diabetes

Excess production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of mitochondrion mediated by hyperglycemia is the common pathogenesis of angiopathic complications of diabetes.TCM holds that the damp from the dysfunction of spleen.kidney and liver is the causative factor of complications of diabetes.This is similar to the mechanism of Ros resulting in angiopathic complications of diabetes.When the angiopathic complications of type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)are difierentiated as caused by turbid damp in TCM can be explained as ROS.Since the obstruction of pathogenic damp in channels and collaterals is said to be the main pathogenesis,the treating principle should be dissolving the damp to remove the obstruction.     

Leptin, Ghrelin and TNF-α before and after Hypo-caloric Traditional Chinese Diet and Auricular Acupuncture

INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex emergent problem, which can be possibly solved not only by the diet but also by the life style and promotion of a constant physical exercise. 1, 2 No doubt careful attentions must be given to the nutritional condition of obese people, the dietary habits, the somatic build (i.e. distribution of fat mass) and the organic functions linked to formation of the fat mass. All the parameters should be constantly monitored before, during and after a diet treatment. 3, 4, 5     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Relationship between Dysglycemia and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Tibetan Population

People with dysglycemia are at high risk for atherosclerotic diseases. This study aims at investigating the atherosclerotic vascular damage in dysglycemia and its metabolic origin in Tibetan population.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM CYTOKINES IL-1β,sIL-2R,IL-6,TNF-α,AND IFN-v IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Objectives To explore serum cytokines levels (including IL-1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-v) and their significance in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the subsequent follow-ups, with attempt to estimate the role of various serum inflammatory markers in the diagnosis and assessment of ACS.Methods The study population include 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 40 patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 40 controls. Among the 80 patients, 60 patients attended a follow up 4 months later. Serum inflammatory markers including IL-1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-v were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results Serum IL- 1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α were significantly higher in AMI group or UAP group compared to the control group and became significantly lower 4 months later in the follow-up patients. Serum levels of IFN-v shows no significant difference between AMI group or UAP group and controls, also showing no significant change when measured in follow up patients. There was no correlation between serum creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels and serum inflammatory markers either in UAP or AMI group. Furthermore, when divided into two subgroups using Wagner's QRS scoring system in the AMI group, there is no difference of each serum inflammatory marker between ≤ 6 scores group and ＞ 6 scores group.Conclusion Serum levels of certain inflammatory markers may have some diagnostic value for ACS, and can be a useful marker reflecting disease stability.     

Possible Spread of adenovirus type 3 from poultry to humans ：indirect evidence from an outbreak in China

Objective:To explore the epidemiology and etiology for an outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection that occurred in one county of Jiangsu Province, China 2004. Methods: Only cases meeting the case definition were included in the study. We reviewed the medical records of the cases who were admitted to the local hospitals, interviewed cases by a standard questionnaire, and then described the epidemiotogic features and analyzed risk factors by means of a case-control study. We collected pharyngeal swab specimens and sent them to different laboratories for isolation and culture. The laboratory used different detection methods such as DIP, PCR, electron microscope examination and microneutralization assay, to identify and then type the positive specimens. Results:A total of 871 cases were reported during the period from April 18 to July 4,2004. The distribution of onset times presented two peaks, one in late May and another in middle June. The epidemic occurred mainly in the elementary and junior high schools in ten townships of one county, and the mean age of the cases was 12 years (range 7 months to 18 years). The course of the disease was acute, and was characterized by fever accompanied with sore throat and tonsillitis. The WBC count of cases was normal or elevated. The mean duration of illness was 5 days (range 2 to 12 days). No fatalities from illness were reported. A case-control study indicated that the possible risk factors were close contact with a case and/or poultry before onset and sharing of towels among members of the family. The typical CPE was observed through inoculating pharyngeal swab specimens into the HEP-2 cell cultures in different laboratories. An infection of adenovirus type 3 was verified by detecting positive specimens in different methods. Conclusion:This investigation demonstrated that the acute respiratory infection in cases was caused by adenovirus type 3. Cases occurred in over 70 schools in ten townships in 2004, and the route of transmission was possibly close contact with cases or droplet transmission.