离子液体分散液-液微萃取技术测定环境水中的杀菌剂

分散液-液微萃取(DLLME)是一种微型化液相萃取技术,是在一定体积的样品溶液中,快速注入含有萃取剂的分散剂,轻轻振荡,形成乳浊液体系而实现萃取,经离心后吸取聚积在试管底部的萃取剂,直接进样分析.使得目标分析物的富集倍数更高,非常适合进行痕量分析.传统的DLLME使用的提取溶剂大部分是一些含氯溶剂,毒性较高,容易挥发.离子液体以其独特的理化性质作为一种绿色溶剂替代传统DLLME中的提取溶剂.杀菌剂是使用量较多的农药,其残留通过喷雾、废水排放、土壤渗透等途径造成地下和地表水污染,给人们的身体健康造成危害.欧盟的饮用水法则(EC/98/     

[Bmim]PF_6离子液体支撑液膜迁移氰根的实验研究

为提高支撑液膜在萃取过程中的迁移效率,本研究以聚偏氟乙烯微孔滤膜(PVDF)作为支撑体,以疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim]PF_6)为膜溶剂修饰膜材料,制备"填充型"离子液体支撑液膜(SILM).利用该离子液体支撑液膜对黄金冶炼废水中氰化物进行萃取,通过考察氰根的迁移率及离子液体在支撑液膜内的损失率,对实验因素进行了优化,在较优条件下:膜浸渍时间3 h、解析液(Na OH)质量分数3%、萃取温度25℃、萃取时间1 h,氰的萃取率可达93.25%,离子液体支撑液膜的膜损失率为17.68%,并与传统的支撑液膜做了对比试验,表明SILM相对于传统支撑液膜具有较高的固容量和稳定性.文中也探讨了氰根在离子液体支撑液膜中的迁移机制,通过扫描电镜分析从微观上研究了离子液体支撑液膜的表面和断面形貌特征.实验证明,离子液体[Bmim]PF_6是一种高效的膜溶剂,可明显提高支撑液膜迁移氰根过程中的稳定性,并有较好的萃取效果.     

离子液体1-甲基-3-己基咪唑六氟磷酸用于水中多环芳烃萃取的研究

用疏水性离子液体1-甲基-3-己基咪唑六氟磷酸作为溶剂,液液萃取水中典型污染物多环芳烃,用1ml离子液体萃取50ml含萘、1-甲基萘、2-氯萘、菲、芘、(?)各40μg·1-1的水样,其回收率为:82.2%-101.2%,相对标准偏差(n=4)为2.4%-3.5%,方法的检出限在0.05-0.43μg·1-1范围之间,水样中有机溶剂、盐的含量及pH值对萃取回收率有一定的影响.用该方法测定了卫津河水样上述污染物的含量,并与传统的二氯甲烷萃取相对比,表明离子液体在水样中多环芳烃的富集方面可以取代传统的有机溶剂.     

中空纤维膜辅助离子液体液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水体中的水杨酸

分别以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])和三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)作为萃取剂与辅助萃取剂,建立了中空纤维膜辅助的两相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定环境水体中水杨酸(Salicylicacid,SA)的新方法.通过对中空纤维膜种类、萃取剂、供体相体积、供体相pH、离子强度和萃取时间相关参数进行优化,获得了较高的富集倍数(1653倍).方法的检出限为0.1μg.L-1,线性范围为0.5—1000μg.L-1.方法对实际样品的加标回收率为89.6%—102.4%,可应用于环境水体中痕量SA的测定.     

温度驱动的离子液体分散液-液微萃取法同时检测环境水体中磺胺类药物

以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])为萃取剂,利用温度驱动离子液体分散液-液微萃取技术,结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)同时测定环境水体中2种磺胺类化合物:磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶(sulfadimethoxine,SDM)和磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ).对影响萃取效果的一系列因素(萃取剂、分散剂、萃取剂和分散剂的体积、pH、温度、萃取时间、盐度和离心时间等)进行了优化,在最优条件下,该方法具有较宽的线性范围(2—200μg.L-1)、较低的检出限(SDM,1.22μg.L-1;SMZ,0.50μg.L-1)、良好的重现性(RSD:SDM,1.94%;SMZ,1.9%;n=7)和较高的准确性(回收率,SDM,88.7%;SMZ,101.3%;n=7).以该方法对几处环境水样进行测定,获得了良好的回收率(63.0%—124.0%;RSD:2.1%—4.9%;n=6).     

多环芳烃的样品前处理技术研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类致癌、致畸、致突变的持久性有机物污染物,广泛存在于大气、水、土壤和生物等介质中.由于PAHs基体复杂并且含量很低,所以样品的净化和富集尤为重要.本文综述了近5年来国内外有关PAHs的样品前处理技术和方法的基本原理和代表性应用,包括液相微萃取、分散液液微萃取、固相微萃取、搅拌子吸附萃取、微耗损固相微萃取、分散固相微萃取法,比较了各方法的优缺点,并对PAHs的样品前处理技术的发展进行了展望.     

离子液体双水相萃取-HPLC-MS/MS法测定环境水样中痕量3种酞酸脂类污染物

研究了离子液体双水相萃取分离环境水样中3种酞酸酯类污染物分析方法的可行性,考察了影响离子液体双水相萃取率的主要因素,在最优实验条件下:p H=4,Na H2PO4浓度为0.5 mol·L-1,离子液体加入量为2 m L,萃取时间为6 min,萃取分离了自来水、湖水和工业废水中3种酞酸酯类污染物,液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,回收率为94%—104.2%,相对标准偏差为1.7%—5.3%.方法检出限达0.7—0.99 ng.     

中空纤维膜萃取-液相色谱法测定印染废水中芳香胺

建立了一种中空纤维膜液相微萃取的样品前处理技术,结合液相色谱法测定印染废水中芳香胺,并且优化了萃取溶剂、供体相、接收相、搅拌速度、萃取时间等前处理条件.实验结果表明,以正辛醇为萃取溶剂,0.1 mol·L-1Na OH为供体相,0.1 mol·L-1HCl为接收相时,400 r·min-1作为搅拌速度,30 min萃取后的芳香胺富集倍数可达到101—193倍,萃取效率达20.2%—38.6%.结合液相色谱检测芳香胺的线性范围为0.01—0.25 mg·L-1,检出限为1.0—2.0μg·L-1,回收率为95.2%—105.2%.表明该方法可用于检测印染废水中的芳香胺类物质.     

离子液体对有机染料的萃取行为

以疏水性离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([bmim]PF6)为萃取剂,液-液体系中对6种常见有机染料结晶紫、孔雀绿、罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝、铬天青S以及偶氮氯膦Ⅲ的萃取行为进行了研究,考察了溶液pH、萃取时间、离子液体浓度以及盐的含量对萃取率的影响.结果表明,离子液体对水中不同结构染料的萃取能力有很大差异:在pH 3—9的条件下,离子液体对结晶紫和亚甲基蓝的萃取能力很强,萃取率均在90%以上;在pH值3—5的条件下,对孔雀绿的萃取率在86%以上;在pH值为3的条件下,对罗丹明B的萃取率为94%,且酸度减小时萃取率下降;在pH 7—11时对铬天青S和偶氮氯膦Ⅲ的萃取率分别小于36%和29%,且酸度增大时萃取率下降.对各种染料均可在5—10 min内完成萃取,萃取后分相迅速,相界面清晰,无浑浊或第三相形成,有着传统有机溶剂无法比拟的优点.本研究对采用离子液体萃取净化染料废水和回收废弃燃料具有一定的参考价值.     

环境介质中三唑磷农药残留分析方法

正环境介质中三唑磷(TAP)残留量低以及提取物组分过于复杂,样品需要经过富集和净化等前处理过程才能进行液相或气相检测.液-液萃取-气相色谱分析小麦地中土壤和秸秆中TAP含量分别达到0.973和1.865 mg·kg-1,气相色谱分析柑桔土水中TAP浓度在1—10μg·L-1[1],液-液微萃取和高效液相色谱分析水和果汁中的TAP残留浓度也取得较高的灵敏度[2].与液-液萃取相比,固相萃取(SPE)技术具有操作简便快速、有机溶剂用量少,且能去除一些杂质等优点.本     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.