First Experience with Figure Condition Analysis Aided Bias Compensated Rational Function Model for Georeferencing of High Resolution Satellite Images

Georeferencing of high resolution satellite images using sensor-dependent Rational Function Model (RFM) is a common approach in the remote sensing community since the turn of the millennium. In the case of mono image evaluation, the georeferencing is performed using the ground control points (GCPs), and the image-wide georeferencing accuracy is estimated at the independent check points (ICPs). Nevertheless, such an accuracy assessment approach has some disadvantages and must be overcomed by a proper method as suggested by the figure condition analysis (FCA). Considering various bias compensation methods, the FCA is adopted to RFM and a case study is performed on three high resolution satellite images (HRSIs), IKONOS Geo, QuickBird OrthoReady Standard and OrbView-3 Basic, covering undulating and mountainous Zonguldak test site. The results demonstrate that a bias compensation is required for all images, and IKONOS has the highest accuracy both at GCPs and figure condition points (FCPs) where OrbView-3 has the lowest accuracy. The innovative characteristics of FCA and further research issues are also discussed.     

资源三号测绘卫星影像平面和立体区域网平差比较

针对弱交会条件下卫星遥感影像区域网平差无法正确求解的问题,本文提出了利用数字高程模型（DEM）作为高程约束的平面区域网平差方法提高其对地目标定位精度的策略。首先,选取带仿射变换项的有理函数模型（RFM）作为卫星影像平面区域网平差的数学模型。其次,在平差过程中更新连接点的地面坐标时仅求解地面点的平面坐标,高程值利用DEM进行内插获得。最后,在布设少量控制点的情况下通过平面区域网平差求解所有参与平差的卫星影像定向参数和连接点的地面平面坐标。利用两个地区的资源三号正视影像的平面区域网平差以及前正后三视影像的立体区域网平差的对比试验表明,对于资源三号卫星影像在1:50000DEM的支持下,平面平差可以达到和立体平差相当平面精度。对于近似垂直正视的资源三号影像,全球1km格网的DEM和90m格网的SRTM可以取代1:50000DEM作为高程控制,平面精度几乎没有损失。最终,试验结果证明了平面区域网平差方法的有效性和可行性。     

稀少控制的多平台星载SAR联合几何定标方法

几何定标采用地面控制点获取距离-多普勒模型中的精确几何参数,用于完成星载SAR影像高精度几何定位。但在广域范围内,特别是高山地区域,控制点极难获取。此外,传统定标方法仅面向单一平台SAR影像,尚不能实现多平台影像的联合几何定标。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于稀少控制的多平台星载SAR联合几何定标方法。该方法从包含实测控制点的主影像出发,使用点位追踪算法获取主影像与从影像之间的连接点,并以连接点为桥梁逐级完成从影像的几何定标。本文采用京津冀地区南北向分布共计235 km的3景TerraSAR-X、3景TanDEM-X、5景高分三号影像进行联合几何定标试验,仅使用5个控制点即完成了所有影像的几何定标,并利用SF-3050星站差分GNSS接收机采集实测GPS点进行精度评价。结果表明使用稀少控制点定标后的TSX/TDX影像的几何定位精度优于3 m,GF-3影像的几何定位精度优于7.5 m,验证了该方法的有效性和正确性。     

Approximate approaches to geometric corrections of high resolution satellite imagery

The exploitation of different non-rigorous mathematical models as opposed to the satellite rigorous models is discussed for geometric corrections and topographic/thematic maps production of high-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI). Furthermore, this paper focuses on the effects of the number of GCPs and the terrain elevation difference within the area covered by the images on the obtained ground points accuracy. From the research, it is obviously found that non-rigorous orientation and triangulation models can be used successfully in most cases for 2D rectification and 3D ground points determination without a camera model or the satellite ephemeris data. In addition, the accuracy up to the sub-pixel level in plane and about one pixel in elevation can be achieved with a modest number of GCPs.     

CBERS-02B卫星遥感影像的区域网平差

针对中巴资源一号卫星(CBERS-02B)卫星遥感影像姿态角误差较大的特点,提出了利用区域网平差方法提高其对地目标定位精度的策略和具体计算过程。首先对参与平差的每景影像选取4个地面控制点进行影像姿态角常差检校,然后采用与地形无关方案解求各自的RPC参数,最后选取带仿射变换项的有理函数模型(RFM)进行多重覆盖影像的区域网平差。对两个地区的0级CBERS-02B单条CCD立体影像对的区域网平差试验表明,对地目标定位的平面和高程精度均达到了±3个像元的水平,且高程精度明显优于平面精度。相对于常规的卫星遥感影像区域网平差方法,平面和高程精度均有明显提升,几乎达到国外同等高分辨率卫星遥感影像的几何定位精度。这说明中国卫星遥感影像亦具有较好的几何定位潜力,在区域网平差之前进行系统误差预改正是必要和可行的。     

基于IKONOS卫星立体像对的1∶10000地形图测绘应用

以IKONOS卫星立体像对为数据源,检测了IKONOS卫星影像在不同控制点布设方案的情况下的测图精度,找出了最经济、最有效进行1∶10000地形图测绘的方法;利用IKONOS卫星影像进行1∶10000测图,并分析了卫星像对影像更适合哪种地形测图;将卫星影像测图与航测测图进行效益和效率比较,分析了卫星影像测图的优势。     

Precision rectification of high resolution satellite imagery without ephemeris data

The huge capability of high resolution satellite imageries (HRSI), that includes spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric resolutions as well as stereoscopic vision introduces them as a powerful new source for the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS communities. High resolution data increases the need for higher accuracy of data modeling. The satellite orbit, position, attitude angles and interior orientation parameters have to be adjusted in the geometrical model to achieve optimal accuracy with the use of a minimum number of Ground Control Points (GCPs). But most high resolution satellite vendors do not intend to publish their sensor models and ephemeris data. There is consequently a need for a range of alternative, practical approaches for extracting accurate 2D and 3D terrain information from HRSI. The flexibility and good accuracy of the alternative models demonstrated with KFA-1000 and the well-known SPOT level 1A images. A block of eight KFA-1000 space photos in two strips with 60% longitudinal overlap and 15% lateral sidelap and SPOT image with rational function, DLT, 2D projective, polynomials, affine, conformal, multiquadric and finite element methods were used in the test. The test areas cover parts of South and West of Iran. Considering the quality of GCPs, the best result was found with the DLT method with a RMSE of 8.44 m for the KFA-1000 space photos.     

GCP collection for corona satellite photographs: Issues and methodology

Use of high-resolution and historic CORONA satellite photographs for mapping and other purposes requires Ground Control Points (GCPs), as ephemeris data and image parameters are not available. However, the alterations in landscape in last 34 years (i.e., since the acquisition of these photographs) prevent identification and collection of large number of GCPs in the field. This paper presents a methodology for collection of GCPs for CORONA photographs. The advantages and limitations of the methodology are discussed. For a study site, situated in Siwaliks and Lower Himalayas, the GCPs were identified in CORONA photographs and their WGS84 coordinates were estimated through a process of datum transformation and georeferencing. Estimated GCP coordinates from the topo sheets and 2D and 3D views of photographs, helped in identifying the GCP locations in field, which were observed using DGPS. Investigations were carried out to relate Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) accuracy with base line length and time of observation. Abase line of 350 km and half an hour observation were found appropriate to yield accuracy in GCP collection by DGPS method, which conforms to CORONA resolution of 3 m.     

Orthorectification of IKONOS and impact of different resolution DEM

IKONOS image has been wildly used in city planning, precision agriculture and emergence response. However, the accuracy of IKONOS Geo product is limited due to distortion caused by terrain relief. Orthorectification was performed to remove the distortion and the impact of different DEM on orthorectification were evaluated. 38 ground control points （GCPs） and 25 independent check points （ICPs） were collected. DEMs were generated from 1 ： 10 000 and 1 ： 50 000 topographic maps. Results show that RMS error at the check points is 1. 554 0 m using DEM generated from 1 ： 10 000 topographic map, which can meet the accuracy requirement of IKONOS Precision product （1.9 m RMSE）. While RMS error is 2. 572 4 m using DEM generated from 1 ： 50 000 topographic map.     

Exterior orientation of CBERS-2B imagery using multi-feature control and orbital data

The major contribution of this paper relates to the practical advantages of combining Ground Control Points (GCPs), Ground Control Lines (GCLs) and orbital data to estimate the exterior orientation parameters of images collected by CBERS-2B (China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) HRC (High-resolution Camera) and CCD (High-resolution CCD Camera) sensors. Although the CBERS-2B is no longer operational, its images are still being used in Brazil, and the next generations of the CBERS satellite will have sensors with similar technical features, which motivates the study presented in this paper. The mathematical models that relate the object and image spaces are based on collinearity (for points) and coplanarity (for lines) conditions. These models were created in an in-house developed software package called TMS (Triangulation with Multiple Sensors) with multi-feature control (GCPs and GCLs). Experiments on a block of four CBERS-2B HRC images and on one CBERS-2B CCD image were performed using both models. It was observed that the combination of GCPs and GCLs provided better bundle block adjustment results than conventional bundle adjustment using only GCPs. The results also demonstrate the advantages of using primarily orbital data when the number of control entities is reduced.     

天绘一号03星定位精度初步评估

天绘一号卫星是我国第一颗传输型立体测绘卫星,主要用于无地面控制点条件下高精度定位及1∶5万比例尺地形图测绘。01、02星分别于2010年8月24日及2012年5月6日成功发射,03星于2015年11月26日发射,目前3颗星在轨正常运行。01星定位精度经过系统检测后,定位精度为10.3 m/5.7 m(平面/高程),02星定位精度与01星精度相当。本文首先简要介绍了天绘一号卫星的总体概况及其地面处理系统中的关键技术,重点对03星的无控定位精度进行初步试验评估。通过国内外3条航线的试验发现,03星较02星精度有较大提高,在无地面控制点条件下可实现平面7.2 m、高程2.6 m的定位精度。     

海岛礁卫星影像无地面控制点定位方法

针对海岛礁卫星影像的定位问题，提出一种利用航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务（shuttle radar topography mission，SRTM）DEM辅助的无地面控制点定位方法。该方法分为概略定位和精定位两个阶段，各阶段均包括DEM提取和DEM匹配等主要步骤，可分别对影像中的相对误差和绝对误差进行补偿。SRTM DEM被充分应用到方法各环节中，以发挥其高精度的特性:提取DEM时既用于剔除海域点，也用于确定求解陆域点高程时的高程搜索范围，从而避免海域影像的不利影响，同时保证计算效率；DEM匹配时其作为基准数据。利用多景天绘一号卫星海岛礁地区的立体影像进行验证。实验结果表明，所提出的方法对具有不同陆域比例、不同生产方式的天绘一号海岛礁影像均能得到较稳定且较高的定位精度，平面和高程精度分别优于6.2 m、5.2 m，能较好地满足1:50 000比例尺地形图的精度要求。定位精度基本不受待匹配DEM分辨率的影响，计算效率取决于陆域比例和待匹配DEM的分辨率。     

基于光照模型的遥感图像与DEM配准方法研究

针对遥感图像与DEM数据之间难以找到精确同名地物点而造成的配准精度较低问题,提出了一种基于光照模型的图像配准方法.该方法首先计算DEM数据中每一个像元的方位和坡度,并结合遥感图像成像时的太阳高度角和方位角,计算图像与DEM的地形光照模型,最后通过光照模型来辅助控制点的选取,从而实现图像精确配准.实验结果表明,该方法稳定...     

Automatic urban road extraction using airborne laser scanning/altimetry and high resolution satellite data

Automatic road extraction from remotely sensed images has been an active research in urban area during last few decades. But such study becomes difficult in urban environment due to mix of natural and man-made features. This research explores methodology for semiautomatic extraction of urban roads. An integrated approach of airborne laser scanning (ALS) altimetry and high-resolution data has been used to extract road and differentiate them from flyovers. Object oriented fuzzy rule based approach classifies roads from high resolution satellite images. Complete road network is extracted with the combination of ALS and high-resolution data. The results show that an integration of LiDAR data and IKONOS data gives better accuracy for automatic road extraction. The method was applied on urban area of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.     

Orthorectification of VHR optical satellite data exploiting the geometric accuracy of TerraSAR-X data

Orthorectification of satellite data is one of the most important pre-processing steps for application oriented evaluations and for image data input into Geographic Information Systems. Although high- and very high-resolution optical data can be rectified without ground control points (GCPs) using an underlying digital elevation model (DEM) to positional root mean square errors (RMSEs) between 3 m and several hundred meters (depending on the satellite), there is still need for ground control with higher precision to reach lower RMSE values for the orthoimages. The very high geometric accuracy of geocoded data of the TerraSAR-X satellite has been shown in several investigations. This is due to the fact that the SAR antenna measures distances which are mainly dependent on the terrain height and the position of the satellite. The latter can be measured with high precision, whereas the satellite attitude need not be known exactly. If the used DEM is of high accuracy, the resulting geocoded SAR data are very precise in their geolocation. This precision can be exploited to improve the orientation knowledge and thereby the geometric accuracy of the rectified optical satellite data. The challenge is to match two kinds of image data, which exhibit very different geometric and radiometric properties. Simple correlation techniques do not work and the goal is to develop a robust method which works even for urban areas, including radar shadows, layover and foreshortening effects. First the optical data have to be rectified with the available interior and exterior orientation data or using rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs). From this approximation, the technique used is the measurement of small identical areas in the optical and radar images by automatic image matching, using a newly developed adapted mutual information procedure followed by an estimation of correction terms for the exterior orientation or the RPC coefficients. The matching areas are selected randomly from a regular grid covering the whole imagery. By adjustment calculations, parameters from falsely matched areas can be eliminated and optimal improvement parameters are found. The original optical data are orthorectified again using the delivered metadata together with these corrections and the available DEM. As proof of method the orthorectified data from IKONOS and ALOS-PRISM sensors are compared with conventional ground control information from high-precision orthoimage maps of the German Cartographic Survey. The results show that this method is robust, even for urban areas. Although the resulting RMSE values are in the order of 2-6 m, the advantage is that this result can be reached even for optical sensors which do not exhibit low RMSE values without using manual GCP measurements.     

基于分辨率退化模型的全色和多光谱遥感影像融合方法

从影像成像的频率特性出发，提出了一种影像分辨率退化模型，并在此基础上提出了一种新的全色和多光谱遥感影像融合方法。     

无人机影像中的无控制高程信息提取方法研究

本文提出了一种基于无人机影像获取高程信息的方法,该方法无需地面控制点数据,只利用无人机的飞控数据以及相机自身的参数.文中推导了不同飞行状况下的几何计算模型,并利用真实的无人机数据进行实验和误差分析,证明了该方法的可行性.最后还将地物点的高程扩展到其所在的平面中,改善了直观观测效果.实验表明,本文提出的方法能够大大提高获...     

ICESat激光高程点辅助的天绘一号卫星影像立体区域网平差

无地面控制点（简称无控）区域网平差是实现卫星影像无控测图的一项重要技术,对于境外和外业测控困难区域的测图具有重要意义。然而,无控区域网平差的定位精度一般难以满足对应比例尺测图规范要求。利用公开、可稳定获取的公众地理信息数据辅助区域网平差,是提高卫星影像无控定位精度的有效途径,其中ICESat激光高程点便是一种良好的高程控制数据。为了提高天绘一号卫星影像无控定位精度,本文提出ICESat激光高程点辅助的卫星影像模型法立体区域网平差方法。首先,以30 m分辨率SRTM估算的地形坡度作为限制条件,结合激光高程点自身质量评价信息,自动提取高质量ICESat激光高程点;其次,利用自动匹配的连接点进行模型法自由网平差,实现卫星影像几何定位精度的相对一致性（内部一致性）;最后,将激光高程点自动量测至卫星影像作为控制点,其平面坐标根据自由网平差结果前方交会计算而得,高程坐标取自激光点高程,再次进行区域网平差精化定向参数,提高卫星影像的绝对高程精度。最后本文利用山东全省的天绘一号卫星影像进行试验,验证了本文方法的有效性和可行性。     

直线特征约束的高分辨率卫星影像区域网平差方法

以"像方观测直线与像方预测直线必须重合"作为几何约束条件,以有理函数模型(RFM)作为高分辨率卫星影像的几何处理模型,提出了一种直线特征约束的高分辨率卫星影像区域网平差方法。本文方法仅需像方直线与物方直线相对应,无须像方直线上的像点与物方直线上的地面点一一对应。通过对圣迭戈试验区的两景IKONOS影像、斯波坎试验区的两景QuickBird影像和普罗旺斯试验区的两景SPOT-5影像进行试验,结果表明:本文方法可以充分利用直线特征作为控制条件,有效补偿RPC参数中的系统误差,获得的IKONOS、QuickBird和SPOT-5影像区域网平差的平面与高程精度均优于1个像素。     

一种单像外方位元素的稳健估计方法

获取影像外方位元素是摄影测量学一直要解决的问题,传统的单像空间后方交会利用测量控制点来计算外方位元素,但是很多情况下用于计算的数据是包含粗差的,粗差出现的概率约占1%~10%。本文设计了一种稳健的单像空间后方交会计算方法,把控制点坐标作为未知参数对待并线性化共线方程,最终达到了剔除粗差的目标,提高了计算结果的可靠性,可得到控制点及像点坐标的精度评价。