聚乙二醇胁迫对甘蔗伸长期间叶中脯氨酸积累及其代谢关键酶活性的影响

甘蔗品种‘桂糖119’(‘GT119’)、‘新台糖16号’(‘ROC16’)、‘新台糖22号’(‘ROC22’)为材料,在甘蔗伸长期用25%聚乙二醇(PEG)6000淋灌于根部。第4天,‘GT119’与‘ROC16’叶中游离脯氨酸含量明显上升,但‘ROC22’在处理后6d内其含量增加仍不明显。吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶活性变化因品种而异,‘ROC22’在处理后第6天才明显上升,其他2个品种则在胁迫处理1d后即明显提高。鸟氨酸转氨酶活性变化不明显。‘ROC22’在处理1d后其脯氨酸脱氢酶活性稍有提高,而其他2个品种则下降。     

甘蔗不同部位的固氮酶活性检测

比较巴西2个固氮甘蔗品种‘B1’、‘B8’的叶片、主脉、叶鞘、茎、根和根际周围固氮酶活性的结果表明:茎、根、根际周围的固氮酶活性较高。     

甘蔗器官固氮酶活性及其对接种固氮菌的响应

以巴西固氮甘蔗品种B1、B8和广西主栽甘蔗品种ROC22和ROC16为材料,通过桶栽砂培方法,研究不同品种甘蔗及接种固氮菌R16SH后不同生育期和不同器官(根、茎、叶片、叶鞘)的固氮酶活性.结果显示,4个品种甘蔗及接菌后各器官的固氮酶活性均在伸长初期或伸长盛期达到高峰,且以根和茎较高,叶、叶鞘次之;B1、B8根的接菌效果最佳,其固氮酶活性分别比对照增加13.22%和12.42%,而B1和ROC16茎的固氮酶活性分别比对照提高12.19%和12.02%,叶片提高了8%~9%,叶鞘的固氮酶活性变化最小;4个品种甘蔗固氮酶活性表现为B8>B1>ROC22>ROC16,且品种B8与ROC22和ROC16存在显著或极显著差异;相对于品种ROC22和ROC16,固氮菌R16SH对B1与B8的株高以及B1的茎径有更好的生长诱导效应,且在伸长期表现最明显.研究表明,甘蔗的固氮酶活性在品种、器官及生育期间均存在明显差异,接种固氮菌能不同程度提高各品种器官的固氮酶活性,且各品种根、茎以及B1和B8的叶片固氮酶活性显著或极显著差异增加;巴西固氮甘蔗品种表现出比广西主栽甘蔗品种更强的固氮酶活性,且对接种固氮菌反应更敏感.     

不同品种甘蔗茎尖细胞分裂节律研究

对 6个不同甘蔗品种 (粤糖 91 /976、粤糖 86/3 68、桂糖 1 1号、新台糖 1 6、CP80、农林 8号 )茎尖生长点细胞分裂进行切片观察研究 ,结果表明 :甘蔗一天内 (白天 )不同时间都存在细胞分裂 ,而且细胞分裂指数呈规律性变化 ,大部分呈先升后降再上升的变化趋势。除了桂糖 1 1号在 8∶0 0出现细胞分裂高峰之外 ,其它五个品种均在 1 0∶0 0出现细胞分裂高峰期 ,1 2∶0 0～ 1 4∶0 0是细胞分裂的低谷。种在不同生长时期细胞分裂指数变化规律不一样 ,细胞分裂高峰期出现的时期也不一样 ,早熟品种出现的时期早一些 ,晚熟品种则晚一些。甘蔗茎径和各生长时期细胞分裂指数是呈正相关的 ,茎径大 ,细胞分裂指数高 ,相反 ,茎径小 ,细胞分裂指数低。     

转Bt 基因甘蔗抗虫性及重要经济、农艺性状的评价

为评价转Bt基因甘蔗的抗虫性,对6份转Bt甘蔗品系(Y2、Y3、Y4、T1、T2和T3)进行室内抗虫性鉴定实验和田间自然感虫的抗虫性评价。结果表明,室内人工抗虫性鉴定结果与田间自然感染结果大体吻合,各参试材料在两个试验点的抗虫性表现基本一致,Bt基因表达稳定,所有参试品系抗虫性均明显比相应的供体品种强,其中Y4和T2的抗性最强,T3相对较弱;在经济性状方面,Y3、Y4和T3的蔗茎产量、含糖量与其供体品种‘新台糖16号’相当,但甘蔗蔗糖含量较低;T2的甘蔗蔗糖含量则超过其供体品种‘新台糖16号’,但农艺性状较差,茎产量和含糖量低。     

九个甘蔗新品种在桂林地区的适应性观察和评价

为探讨甘蔗新品种在桂林地区的适应性表现,该研究以ROC22为对照,采用大区互比法,对国家甘蔗产业技术体系的9个甘蔗品种进行1年新植2年宿根的区域试验,观察记录出苗率、分蘖率、株高、产量和糖分等14个性状表现,并利用DTOPSIS法进行综合评价。结果表明:桂糖29号、桂糖31号、云蔗03-194、粤糖60号、福农38号和粤糖55号的综合性状表现优于对照ROC22,其中桂糖29号宿根性好、蔗茎产量和产糖量较高,但病虫害有不同程度的发生,田间栽培需加强病虫害防控;桂糖31号有效茎多、蔗糖分高,建议加强肥水管理,提高产量;云蔗03-194出苗率较高,出苗整齐,有效茎数较多,宿根性好,但枯心苗和黑穗病发病程度较其他品种严重,建议加强苗期病虫管理,保障成茎率;粤糖60号蔗糖产量较高、抗倒伏能力强,但新植出苗率较低,建议加大下种量;福农38号蔗糖分较高、抗病性较好,是优异的抗病材料;粤糖55号宿根性较好。上述筛选出的6个甘蔗品种宿根性好、抗逆性强、高产高糖,适宜在桂林地区进行扩大种植,用于指导当地的甘蔗示范推广。     

间作大豆对甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮菌多样性的影响

为探讨间作大豆(Glycine max)对甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌多样性的影响, 收集和开发固氮菌资源, 筛选高效甘蔗联合固氮体系, 选用3个甘蔗栽培品种‘ROC22’、‘GT21’、‘B8’与大豆品种‘Guizao 2’进行间种栽培, 采用巢式PCR特异扩增细菌16S rRNA基因片段和固氮细菌nifH基因片段, 并结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术, 对间作大豆的甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌进行系统演化和多样性分析。聚类分析结果显示, 间作大豆改变了甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌原来的群落组成结构, 尤其对固氮菌群落组成的改变更大, 但对群落物种的优势度影响较小。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数分析结果表明, 甘蔗-大豆间作显著影响甘蔗根际土壤中细菌和固氮菌的多样性, 其中对固氮细菌多样性的影响较大。不同甘蔗品种的根际土壤细菌和固氮菌在间作大豆条件下表现出不同的多样性, ‘ROC22’和‘GT21’间作处理甘蔗根际土壤固氮细菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于单作处理, 而‘ROC22’与大豆间作处理的甘蔗根际土壤固氮菌多样性最为丰富。在大豆生长盛期, 间作处理的甘蔗根际土壤细菌多样性最为丰富, 不同处理间的差异也最大, 随后下降。总体来看, 甘蔗-大豆间作显著地影响根际土壤细菌和固氮菌的群落结构和群落多样性, 有助于对甘蔗合理间作栽培模式的认识和筛选高效甘蔗联合固氮体系。     

甘蔗三种砍种方式的抗旱性比较研究

以桂糖 1 1号和新台糖 1 6号作试验材料 ,分剥叶砍种、剥叶不砍种、不剥叶不砍种 3种砍种处理。试验结果表明 :在干旱条件下 ,桂糖 1 1号剥叶不砍种处理的出苗率高 ,死苗率低 ,不剥叶不砍种处理株高和绿叶数数值最大。在生理生化方面 ,干旱区桂糖 1 1号各处理萌芽期间 ,种茎中氨基酸含量 1 4 .2 5～ 1 8.0 0 mg/g Fw,还原糖含量 1 .0 6～ 2 .5 8mg/ g Fw,新台糖 1 6号在干旱区各处理则相反 ,种茎中氨基酸含量 1 .5 0～ 2 .6 3mg/ g Fw,还原糖含量达 1 8.75～ 2 9.5 3mg/ g Fw,种茎近于中度肋迫 ;而桂糖 1 1号在干旱区剥叶不砍种、不剥叶不砍种处理的自然饱和亏缺值与非干旱区各处理基本相同 ,而新台糖 1 6号的则比对照大大提高。因此 ,丘陵坡地应选用桂糖 1 1号剥叶不砍种技术     

甘蔗宿根萌发期內源激素变化与其宿根性的关系

采用酶联免疫法和茎基部取样的方式,以强宿根甘蔗品种‘新台糖22号’为对照,通过田间试验研究了同一组合(‘粤糖97-20’×ROC25)杂交后代分离产生的强宿根甘蔗品(种)系(‘云蔗06-407’、‘云蔗06-415’)和弱宿根甘蔗品(种)系(‘云蔗06-408’、‘云蔗06-416’)宿根萌发期内源激素含量的变化与甘蔗宿根性的关系。结果显示:(1)宿根萌发过程中,强宿根与弱宿根甘蔗茎基部IAA含量、ZR含量和ZR/IAA比值的变化波动大,但差异不显著。(2)强宿根与弱宿根甘蔗茎基部GA3和ABA含量、IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值的变化差异较大,其中ABA含量、IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值的差异显著,是与甘蔗宿根性关系密切的3个重要参数。(3)强宿根甘蔗ABA含量高于弱宿根甘蔗,而其IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值小于弱宿根甘蔗,且IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值随甘蔗宿根性的减弱而增大。研究认为,在宿根萌发期,甘蔗宿根性越强,ABA含量越高,IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值越小;而这3个重要参数均与ABA有关,进行甘蔗宿根性评价应着重参考ABA含量,同时结合IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值再进行深入分析鉴定。     

干旱胁迫对不同苦荞品种苗期生长和根系生理特征的影响

采用盆栽人工控水试验,研究了不同水分处理(正常供水、中度干旱和重度干旱)对耐旱型(‘迪庆苦荞’、‘西农9909’)和不耐旱型(‘西荞1号’和‘黑丰1号’)苦荞品种苗期生理、形态指标的影响,并通过隶属函数法与主成分分析对品种抗旱性进行综合评价,以揭示苦荞苗期的抗旱生理机制。结果表明:(1)与正常供水相比,除‘迪庆苦荞’和‘西农9909’在重度干旱胁迫下主根长呈升高趋势外,其余苦荞品种在2个干旱条件下的株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、地下部干重、根系体积、根系表面积均呈下降趋势,且耐旱品种降幅小于不耐旱品种;重度干旱胁迫使得‘迪庆苦荞’的根冠比升高,而其余品种根冠比在干旱胁迫下均无显著变化。(2)干旱胁迫使苦荞叶片的叶绿素含量、相对含水量、最大荧光产量(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,而根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖及游离脯氨酸含量呈升高趋势;不同抗旱性品种间的升降幅度存在差异。(3)各苦荞品种耐旱能力综合评价值(D)表现为‘迪庆苦荞’‘西农9909’‘黑丰1号’‘西荞1号’;幼苗株高、地下部干重及根系SOD活性和蛋白质含量与D值呈显著正相关关系,而根系脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量与D值呈极显著正相关关系。研究发现,在中度与重度干旱逆境下,苦荞品种‘迪庆苦荞’和‘西农9909’综合表现较好,具有更强的耐旱能力,而品种‘西荞1号’和‘黑丰1号’综合表现较差,其抗旱性较弱;苗期株高、地下部干重以及根系SOD活性、蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量可作为苦荞抗旱性快速鉴定的指标。     

Effect of Rice Plants on Nitrogenase Activity of Flooded Soils

In samples of flooded soil containing blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), the presence of rice plants did not influence the nitrogenase activity of the algae. Nitrogenase activity of heterotrophic bacteria was enhanced by the presence of rice plants, but this activity was not affected by changes in plant density. The rate of nitrogen fixation in the rhizosphere, however, varied significantly among the 16 rice varieties tested. A simple method was devised to test the nitrogen-fixing activity in the root zone of rice varieties, and data were obtained showing marked differences in the activities of the 16 varieties. In tests of two varieties with dissimilar rates of nitrogen fixation in their rhizospheres, the variety which had the greater root weight and lesser shoot weight and which supported greater methane formation had the greater nitrogenase activity.     

不同花生品种根瘤固氮特点及其与产量的关系

花生根系着生根瘤,能够直接利用大气中的氮气作为氮源,在花生氮素供应中占有举足轻重的地位.而有关根瘤高效固氮的机理研究甚少.本研究在盆栽条件下,利用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了19个花生品种根瘤固氮特点及其与产量的关系.结果表明: 不同品种根瘤数量、鲜质量、内含物质和固氮量等指标品种间存在显著差异.根瘤数量和鲜质量变异幅度分别为每盆170.59～696.15个和0.83～3.74 g,变异系数分别为36.1%和41.1%;豆血红蛋白含量和固氮酶活性变异幅度分别为每盆15.51～23.23 mg和2.75～20.46 μmol C₂H₄·h^-1,变异系数分别为13.1%和57.2%,后者明显高于前者,表明固氮酶活性除受豆血红蛋白含量影响外,同时受到其他因素的影响.根瘤固氮和全氮积累量变异幅度分别为每盆0.71～1.82和2.16～3.72 g,变异系数分别为21.6%和12.9%,前者明显高于后者,表明花生根瘤固氮不足时,其他氮源在一定程度上能自动补偿根瘤留下的匮缺.花生以根瘤固氮为主,供氮比例平均占总氮量的2/5以上,最高可达50%,培育高供氮比例的品种,可作为花生减氮栽培的途径之一.上述指标中,除根瘤数量外,其余指标间以及这些指标与产量均呈极显著正相关,表明根瘤固氮生理指标与根瘤供氮能力及最终产量密切相关,提高这些指标有助于同时实现高产和化肥减施.     

Yield of micropropagated sugarcane varieties in different soil types following inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria

It is well described that the beneficial interactions between plants and bacteria are genotype and site specific. Brazilian sugarcane varieties can obtain up to 70% of their nitrogen requirement from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and this contribution is related to the Brazilian breeding and selection processes, by example of the variety SP70-1143. In this study the effect of two inoculation mixtures containing diazotrophic bacteria in our earlier pot experiment was evaluated with two sugarcane varieties, a known responder, SP70-1143, and a newly selected variety, SP81-3250, to investigate the sugarcane genotype effect and the role of the mixtures. The sugarcane varieties SP70-1143 and SP81-3250 were grown under commercial field conditions at three sites with contrasting soil types: an Alfisol, an Oxisol and an Ultisol that means a low, medium and high natural fertility respectively. The stem yield and BNF contribution in response to bacterial inoculation were influenced by the strain combinations in the inoculum, the plant genotype, and the soil type and nitrogen fertilization, confirming the genetic and environmental influence in PGP-bacteria interactions. Inoculation effects on the BNF contribution and stem yield increased in the variety SP70-1143 grown in the Alfisol without nitrogen fertilization for three consecutive crops, and it was equivalent to the annual nitrogen fertilization. The plants grown in the Oxisol showed small increases in the productivity of the variety SP70-1143, and in the Ultisol the sugarcane plants presented even decreases in the stem productivity due to inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria mixtures. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the inoculation technology using diazotrophic bacteria in micropropagated sugarcane varieties grown in soils with low to medium levels of fertility. In addition, the results also indicated that specific plant – bacteria – environment combinations are needed to harness the full benefits of BNF. Section Editor: C. P. Vance     

Physiological and agrochemical properties of different symbiotic genotypes of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Physiological characters of symbiotic mutants of pea were studied: nodulation, activities of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, chlorophyll content in leaves and their water-holding capacity, biomass accumulation, and nitrogen forms. The parameters reflecting the genotype state of the macrosymbiont under soil conditions considerably varied. Supernodulation mutants stood out against symbiotic pea genotypes by high contents of chlorophyll and nonprotein nitrogen compounds, high nitrogenase activity, and low nitrate reductase activity. The efficiency of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis was largely mediated by the macrosymbiont genotype. The highest atmospheric nitrogen fixation (50–80%) was observed in the parental pea varieties. Despite the highest nitrogenase activity in the nodules, the supernodulation mutants were inferior to the parental varieties by the nitrogen fixation capacity (40–60%), which was due to their low productivity.     

Effect of Rhizobium sp. BARIRGm901 inoculation on nodulation,nitrogen fixation and yield of soybean (Glycine max) genotypes in gray terrace soil

Soybean plants require high amounts of nitrogen, which are mainly obtained from biological nitrogen fixation. A field experiment was conducted by soybean (Glycine max) genotypes, growing two varieties (Shohag and BARI Soybean6) and two advanced lines (MTD10 and BGM02026) of soybean with or without Rhizobium sp. BARIRGm901 inoculation. Soybean plants of all genotypes inoculated with Rhizobium sp. BARIRGm901 produced greater nodule numbers, nodule weight, shoot and root biomass, and plant height than non-inoculated plants. Similarly, inoculated plants showed enhanced activity of nitrogenase (NA) enzyme, contributing to higher nitrogen fixation and assimilation, compared to non-inoculated soybean plants in both years. Plants inoculated with Rhizobium sp. BARIRGm901 also showed higher pod, stover, and seed yield than non-inoculated plants. Therefore, Rhizobium sp. BARIRGm901 established an effective symbiotic relationship with a range of soybean genotypes and thus increased the nodulation, growth, and yield of soybean grown in gray terrace soils in Bangladesh.     

Effect of methabenzthiazuron on growth and nitrogenase activity in Vicia faba

The effects of the herbicide methabenzthiazuron (175 and 220 g ha^-1) on vegetative and reproductive growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity of Vicia faba were studied in the field under Mediterranean conditions. Nitrogenase activity of excised nodules was estimated using the acetylene reduction assay four times during the developmental period. Leaf area index, dry weight and nitrogen content of the different parts of the plants were measured. Methabenzthiazuron-treated plants showed an increase in nodulation, nitrogenase activity and vegetative growth at early pod fill. Methabenzthiazuron also caused an increase in leaf N content and fruits. These were transient effects found during early and mid pot fill. Nevertheless, plants treated with these sublethal doses of herbicide improved seed production and nitrogen content of seeds at harvest time. The stimulatory effect of methabenzthiazuron on N₂ fixation and vegetative growth seems not be related with the transient stimulatory effect on photosynthetic capacity, also caused by the herbicide, since the stimulatory effect on N₂ fixation was apparent during pod fill, when photosynthetic capacity declined and was not modified by methabenzthiazuron.     

A rhizobia strain isolated from root nodule of gymnosperm Podocarpus macrophyllus

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of rhizobia and leguminous plants is considered as the most important biologic nitrogen fixation system on earth. Symbiotic nodulation of gymnosperm Podocarpus macro-phyllus and rhizobia has never been reported. In this study, 11 endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from root nodules of P. macrophyllus and its variation P. macrophyllus var. maki. The plant infection tests on these strains indicated that the isolated strains could be nodulated on P. macrophyllus plants, and weak nitrogenase activity of nodules was found in acetylene reduction method. According to the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the 11 strains, GXLO 02 was selected as the representative strain. 16S rDNA full-length sequence analysis of GXLO 02 confirmed that the representative strain GXLO 02 belongs to Rhizobium sp.     

A rhizobia strain isolated from root nodule of gymnosperm Podocarpus macrophyllus

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of rhizobia and leguminous plants is considered as the most important biologic nitrogen fixation system on earth. Symbiotic nodulafion of gymnosperm Podocarpus macrophyllus and rhizobia has never been reported. In this study, 11 endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from root nodules of P. macrophyllus and its variation P. macrophyllus var. maki. The plant infection tests on these strains indicated that the isolated strains could be nodulated on P. macrophyllus plants, and weak nitrogenase activity of nodules was found in acetylene reduction method. According to the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the 11 strains, GXLO 02 was selected as the representative strain. 16S rDNA full-length sequence analysis of GXLO 02 confirmed that the representative strain GXLO 02 belongs to Rhizobium sp.     

Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane

A recent¹⁵N dilution/N balance study confirmed that certain sugar cane varieties are capable of obtaining large contributions of nitrogen from plant-associated N₂ fixation. It was estimated that up to 60 to 80% of plant N could be derived from this source, and under good conditions of water and mineral nutrient supply, it may be possible to dispense with N fertilization of these varieties altogether. The recently discovered bacterium,Acetobacter diazotrophicus, apparently responsible for this N₂ fixation associated with the plants, has unique physiological properties for a diazotroph, such as tolerance to low pH, and high sugar and salt concentrations, lack of nitrate reductase, and nitrogenase activity which tolerates short-term exposure to ammonium. Furthermore, it also behaves as an endophyte, in that it is unable to infect sugar cane plants unless through damaged tissue or by means of VA mycorrhizae and is propagated via the planting material (stem pieces).