肝尾状叶肿瘤切除的技术难点与对策

由于肝尾状叶独特的形态和解剖学结构特点,肝尾状叶肿瘤切除术仍是肝脏外科的难点.安徽医科大学第一附属医院于2011年5月对1例38岁男性肝尾状叶巨大复发性肝癌患者,在阻断第一肝门和肝下下腔静脉情况下施行肝尾状叶肿瘤切除术,但由于术中出血量达1000 ml,被迫中断手术,采取输血、保温等治疗后,施行腔静脉钳阻断下腔静脉右侧壁,完成肝尾状叶肿瘤的完整切除.患者术后恢复良好,随访14个月肿瘤无复发.该例患者的疗效证明:术者需做好充分而准确的术前评估和判断,明确手术适应证,娴熟掌握肝脏外科各项手术技巧,才能安全实施手术.     

肝尾状叶良性肿瘤的手术疗效

目的 探讨肝尾状叶良性肿瘤的手术疗效.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2014年4月第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院收治的1 12例肝尾状叶良性肿瘤患者的临床资料.根据肿瘤部位、大小等选择采用左侧入路、右侧入路、双侧入路、中央前入路或逆行肝尾状叶切除术.采用门诊或电话方式进行随访,随访时间截至2014年10月.结果 112例患者均具有手术治疗的适应证,均完整切除肿瘤,其中行单纯肝尾状叶肿瘤切除术33例(22例双侧入路、11例左侧入路),左半肝+尾状叶切除术28例(左侧入路),肝中叶+尾状叶切除术21例(中央前入路),部分肝右叶+尾状叶切除术19例(右侧入路),右半肝+尾状叶切除术11例(9例右侧入路、2例逆行切除).术中单纯入肝血流阻断72例,入肝血流联合肝静脉阻断29例,全肝血流阻断6例,未行肝血流阻断5例.手术时间为(192±69) min,平均入肝血流阻断时间为28 min(0 ～94 min),平均术中出血量为590 mL(100～ 12 000 mL),术中输血例数为68例,平均输血量为600 mL(200 ～ 10 000 mL),术后住院时间为(8.2±2.7)d.31例患者术后发生并发症,其中胆汁漏21例,中等量以上胸腔积液7例,术后出血2例,均经对症处理后痊愈;肝衰竭1例,经保肝治疗后好转.无围术期死亡患者.112例患者均获得术后随访,中位随访时间为12个月(6～24个月).随访期间,112例患者均健康生存,无一例患者肿瘤复发或因手术相关并发症死亡.结论 手术切除是治疗肝尾状叶良性肿瘤的有效手段,患者术后恢复良好,手术疗效确切.严格把握手术适应证,合理优化手术路径,术中采用选择性肝血流阻断,精细操作是手术成功的关键.     

逆行性肝尾状叶切除7例报告

目的探讨逆行性肝尾状叶切除术的临床应用和意义。方法自2003年12月至2005年1月施行逆行性肝尾状叶切除术7例。先将肝尾状叶从第一、第二肝门游离并与正常肝实质离断,最后处理肝短静脉而完成尾叶切除。结果手术均顺利完成,7例中单独尾叶全切除4例,单独尾叶部分切除1例,联合右半肝的全尾叶切除2例。平均手术时间(273±44)M IN,断肝和尾叶分离时间歇阻断肝门,平均失血量(1114±241)M L,无手术死亡;术后并发胸腔积液1例,并发腹水1例,均经保守治疗后痊愈。术后平均住院时间16 D,随访5~16个月,6例继续存活,1例术后6个月死于肺内转移。结论当尾状叶肿瘤与IVC紧贴,难以游离肝短静脉时,或当肿瘤侵犯IVC或肿瘤巨大无法左右推动时,适于应用逆行性尾状叶切除术。该技术提高了肝尾状叶肿瘤手术切除率,增加了高难度尾叶切除的安全性,也适度扩大了手术适应证。     

侧入路逆行性肝尾状叶大肝癌切除

目的 探讨单独肝尾状叶切除的方法和技术要点,总结逆行性肝尾状叶切除术治疗肝癌临床经验.方法 2009年9月和2010年8月分别对2例肝尾叶肿瘤患者进行了手术,并对结果进行分析和随访.结果 2例患者均成功进行了单独尾状叶切除.例1手术时间130 min,间歇阻断肝上肝下下腔静脉2次,分别为8 min和7 min,失血量1 500 mL,术后住院18d,无瘤存活已28个月;例2手术时间95min,第一肝门及肝上肝下下腔静脉未阻断,术中失血量约50 mL,术后住院14d,无瘤存活已37个月.结论 把握好指征和操作技巧,单独肝尾状叶切除治疗肝癌技术可行,效果满意.     

精准右半肝联合尾状叶肿瘤切除术治疗肝尾状叶巨大肿瘤

巨块型肝癌体积较大,其周围组织和重要管道常受到压迫甚至被侵犯,手术切除一直以来是肝脏外科的难题之一.而尾状叶巨大肿瘤因其特殊的位置和复杂的解剖结构,让众多肝脏外科医师望而却步.近年来随着手术技术不断改进,尤其是精准肝脏外科理念的提出,肝脏外科医师开始使用不同手术方式挑战尾状叶巨大肿瘤的切除.2014年4月安徽省立医院对1例58岁男性肝尾状叶巨大肿瘤患者,运用精准肝切除治疗肝癌关键技术,在未阻断入肝血流的情况下,成功施行了精准右半肝联合尾状叶肿瘤切除术,取得了良好疗效.     

手术切除治疗肝脏尾状叶巨大肿瘤

目的 探讨肝脏尾状叶巨大肿瘤的手术切除方法和疗效.方法 回顾分析2000年1月至2007年1月第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院收治施行肝切除的直径≥10 cm的肝尾状叶巨大肿瘤的临床资料.结果 手术切除尾状叶肿瘤215例,其中巨大肿瘤33例,肿瘤直径10.2～15.3 cm,平均为12.3 cm;肝切除术式包括单纯尾状叶全切除7例,部分尾状叶切除8例,全尾状叶合并其它肝段切除18例.手术时间120～360 min,中位时间为218 min,手术失血量400～7000 ml,中位失血鼍为958 ml;全组无手术病死,术后并发症发生率27%;21例原发性肝癌病人术后1、3、5年生存率为分别为76%、52%、24%,其他良性肿瘤病人术后无复发及病死.结论 肝脏尾状叶巨大肿瘤多可同时累及3个肝门,尽管手术切除难度较大,但疗效满意.     

经正中裂入路单独完整肝尾状叶切除术的策略探讨(附19例报告)

目的探讨经肝正中裂路径行单独完整尾状叶全切除治疗肝尾状叶肿瘤的策略。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2006年6月,接受经正中入路单独完整尾状叶切除术的19例直径4～12cm的肝尾状叶肿瘤患者的临床资料。术中常规使用两套彭氏多功能手术解剖器使用技术、低中心静脉压技术、选择性应用肝脏血流控制技术、绕肝提拉技术、逆行肝尾状叶切除技术等。19例中肝细胞性肝癌13例、胆管细胞性肝癌4例、肝血管瘤2例。结果所有手术均顺利完成。手术平均时间（296±55）min,术中失血量500—3000ml,平均1200ml。全组无围手术期（术后30d内）死亡病例,术后发生腹水2例,经输注白蛋白、利尿后治愈;右胸腔积液5例,经多次穿刺抽液后治愈;胆漏2例,分别引流10d和13d后自愈。结论经肝正中裂路径可提高肝尾状叶肿瘤的手术切除率;而常规应用两套彭氏多功能手术解剖器使用技术、低中心静脉压技术、选择性应用肝脏血流控制技术、绕肝提拉技术、逆行肝尾状叶切除技术等技术是安全实施经正中入路单独完整尾状叶切除术的主要策略。     

右侧入路联合反向染色法处理肝尾状叶肝癌破裂出血1例并文献复习

目的:探讨单纯经右侧入路联合反向染色法完整切除肝尾状叶肝癌破裂出血的安全性及可行性。方法:回顾性分析1例肝尾状叶肝癌伴破裂出血患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果:术前对患者的肝功能及肿瘤情况进行严密评估,排除手术禁忌证后,患者成功行右侧入路联合反向染色法(对肝右后叶染色区分尾状叶的右侧边界)完整切除肝尾状叶,术中未阻断入肝血流、出肝血流、下腔静脉,术后患者肝功能恢复良好。术后6个月复查,未见肿瘤复发。结论:单纯行右侧入路联合反向染色法完整切除肝尾状叶肿瘤破裂出血是安全可行的。     

肝尾状叶肿瘤手术76例临床总结

目的分析切除肝尾状叶肿瘤的手术技术及效果。方法自1994年4月至2004年8月，第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院采用分离结扎切断肝短静脉，使肝后下腔静脉与肝脏完全分离，针对不同部位肿瘤采用不同入路，局部或联合肝叶切除尾状叶肿瘤76例。结果76例尾状叶肿瘤均顺利切除，57例采用解剖第三肝门法切除肿瘤，平均结扎肝短静脉5．2支，第一肝门阻断时间平均24．7min，术中平均出血655mL．未发生大出血及肝功能衰竭等严重并发症。仅5例行全肝血流阻断切肝。结论采用第三肝门解剖法切除肝尾状叶肿瘤能明显减少术中大出血的机会，合理选择切除肿瘤途径能提高肝尾状叶肿瘤的切除率，降低术后并发症发生率。     

精准肝切除治疗肝尾状叶巨大肿瘤

肝尾状叶肿瘤由于其解剖位置特殊,一直是外科手术难点之一。随着手术技术的发展更新,外科医师开展了大量的肝尾状叶切除手术,并且取得了较好的疗效。近年来在追求肝尾状叶肿瘤根治性切除同时,不少学者也提出减小手术创伤和保证患者术后恢复为目的的精准肝切除理念。上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院施行了1例肝尾状叶巨大肿瘤切除手术。该手术遵循精准肝切除的理念和技术,既达到了最小创伤根治性切除目的,又使患者术后恢复迅速,取得了良好效果。     

Acute Budd–Chiari syndrome due to a simple liver cyst

Simple liver cysts are common, rarely causing significant morbidity or mortality. Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is caused by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow and is the leading cause of postsinusoidal liver failure. We present a rare case of BCS caused by a simple hepatic cyst.A 16cm × 16cm liver cyst was found on computed tomography of a 66-year-old woman presenting with abdominal pain. The cyst had become infected, thus enlarged, exerting mass effect with almost complete compression of the inferior vena cava. Shortly after admission, the patient developed acute liver failure, with deranged clotting and hepatic encephalopathy requiring full organ support on the intensive care unit. Cardiac output studies showed a low cardiac index of 1.4l/min/m².An emergency laparotomy with fenestration of the cyst and drainage of 2l of purulent material led to a full recovery. Intraoperative cystic fluid aspirates later confirmed no evidence of Echinococcus. Histology confirmed a simple cyst. Liver biopsies showed severe, confluent, bridging necrosis, without background parenchymal liver disease.Acute BCS due to rapid compression of all major hepatic veins leading to fulminant hepatic failure is rare. Our case highlights a clinically significant complication of a simple liver cyst of which clinicians should be aware when managing these ‘innocent’ lesions.     

动脉造影初步分析肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤肝动脉血供

目的 研究肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供方式.方法 回顾性分析8例肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤病例的CT和DSA资料,由CT做出定位诊断,在DSA上观察肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供情况.观察肝动脉的各级分支,统计这些分支向病灶供血的例数,分析肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供来源.根据病灶染色情况,以积分法确定这些肝动脉分支向病灶供血的多少.结果 肝脏IX段肿瘤的肝动脉血供来源十分广泛,MHA、RPHA、RAHA、LMHA和CallA向病灶供血的例数分别是7、6、5、5和2例(X2=2.800,P=0.592,Chi-square test),积分分别是15、13、11、6和2分(X2=9.657,P=0.047,Kendall's W).RHA和LHA的积分分别是38和9分(Z=-2.243,P=0.025,Wilcoxon).未见CyA和LLHA向病灶供血的病例.结论 RHA和LHA系统都有可能向肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤供血,RHA供血比LHA多.MHA、RPHA、RAHA、LMHA是主要的供血支.     

经肝动脉灌注平阳霉素碘油乳剂对兔正常肝脏组织的影响

目的：探讨平阳霉素碘油乳剂（PLE）经肝动脉灌注对兔正常肝脏组织的影响。方法：14只4～5个月龄日本大耳白兔，体重（2.5±0.2）kg，按注入生理盐水或PLE的量分为假手术组、实验A组（低剂量组）和实验B组（高剂量组）。各组兔均开腹穿刺肝动脉，按分组剂量注入PLE。术后1，2，4，6周取病理切片，HE染色，光镜下观察肝脏组织学改变;免疫组织化学（免疫组化）染色标记血小板衍化生长因子B链（PDGF-B），并行图象分析。结果：A组HE染色肝细胞呈一过性水样变，变性在2周时最重，至6周已明显减轻。B组HE染色2周时肝细胞明显水样变，4周时可见汇管区纤维组织增生，6周时部分肝组织出现明显假小叶结构。免疫组化染色显示，PDGF-B在肝细胞胞膜及纤维间隔中有明显表达。结论：经肝动脉灌注PLE可导致正常肝脏组织产生不同程度的肝纤维化;PDGF-B参与了肝纤维化的病理过程。     

Morbidity of adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy in the management of colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. Hepatic arterial infusion pump (HAIP) chemotherapy in combination with surgical resection has been demonstrated in a recent study to improve disease-free and overall survival for patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. Other reports, however, have indicated significant toxicity related to HAIP chemotherapy in the form of biliary sclerosis. Thus, the value of adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy following hepatic resection or ablation remains controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the survival and toxicity in a single institutional experience with adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy. METHODS: Review of a prospective hepatobiliary database was performed. HAIP were placed in the standard technique following resection and/or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of all liver metastases. Patients received floxuridine (FUDR) via the HAIP at standard doses. Complications were graded according to a standard 5-point grading scale. Statistical analysis was performed by chi(2) test. RESULTS: Thirty-four of 86 patients underwent placement of HAIP at the time of hepatic resection or ablation between January 1999 and November 2002. The HAIP group demonstrated a significantly greater (P <0.05) number (median 5 vs. 2) and size (median 5 cm vs. 3 cm) of hepatic lesions compared to the group without HAIP. The HAIP group experienced a greater frequency of complications (53% vs. 33%), with 6 (18%) patients in the HAIP group demonstrating biliary sclerosis. There were no deaths within 30 days of surgery. Median survival was similar in both groups (HAIP 20 months, no HAIP 24 months). CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the HAIP group had significantly worse overall predictors of outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer, yet the median overall survival in both groups was similar. However, adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy was associated with significantly greater morbidity. Given the availability of newer active systemic agents and regimens, the value of adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy remains controversial.     

Fulminant hepatic failure post liver transplantation: clinical syndromes,correlations and outcomes

This paper reports the clinical syndrome of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) following liver transplantation. FHF was defined as the sudden onset of liver failure [encephalopathy and prolonged International Normalised Ratio (INR)] without arterial thrombosis in the setting of a liver allograft. FHf post-transplant was seen in 8/154 (5.2%) adult patients undergoing transplantation. These eight patients developed a clinical syndrome characterised by: (a) a rapid rise in ALT levels to above 1000 U/l (mean maximum 1600 U/l), (b) a sudden increase in the INR to above 5 (mean maximum 5.6), (c) the development of high fever, (d) the persistence of thrombocytopenia (mean nadir 40×10⁹/dl), (e) a progressive rise in the bilirubin (mean maximum 400 mol/l) and (f) the development of hepatic encephalopathy. In seven cases this syndrome occurred following good initial graft function at day 6 post (mean)-transplant. In one case the above syndrome developed immediately after liver transplantation. Four of the eight patients developed multiorgan failure associated with systemic acidosis (mean pH 6.84). All of these patients died (mean day 11). Four patients developed systemic alkalosis. Two of these four patients underwent successful retransplantation (on days 12 and 13) and remain alive at a mean of 11 months post-transplant. Six of the eight patients received OKT3 therapy without any apparent affect on clinical outcome. Compared to a control group of patients (n=28), 2/8 versus 2/28 had a positive crossmatch with donor lymphocytes (P=NS), 1/8 versus 7/28 were ABO-non-identical (P=NS), 3/8 versus 10/21 had total MHC mismatches (P=NS) and 5/7 versus 6/16 had UW ischemic times above 10 h (P=NS). No patients had main hepatic artery thrombosis on angiography although four patients had evidence of intrahepatic microthrombi or arterial necrosis at autopsy. In all cases the histology showed massive haemorrhagic necrosis. Three cases had evidence of veno-occlusive lesions whilst foam cell arteriopathy was seen in two cases. Immunofluorescence was performed in three cases. In two cases there was evidence of immunoglobulin, complement and fibrin deposition in blood vessels. In conclusion, we describe an uncommon clinical syndrome occurring post liver transplant. This syndrome represents humorally mediated allograft rejection but there seems to be no relationship with tissue matching (antibody, ABO, MHC) or donor ischaemic times. If recognised earlier in the absence of multiorgan failure, urgent retransplantation seems to be the only effective therapy.     

“减体积式病灶肝切除”治疗晚期肝巨大泡型包虫病的临床应用

目的:探讨"减体积式病灶肝切除"治疗晚期巨大肝泡型包虫病的有效性及临床应用价值。方法:分析2010年8月—2011年2月4例难以常规根治性切除的巨大肝泡型包虫病行"减体积式病灶肝切除"患者的临床资料。手术前对病人全面评估,严格掌握手术适应证和手术时机,术中精细操作,术后均给予口服阿苯达唑(ABZ)抗包虫治疗。结果:4例患者手术顺利进行,手术历时中位时间267.5 min(210~320 min),术中出血量中位数737.5 mL(600~950 mL),术中输注红细胞悬液中位数4.0 U(2~6 U)。术后随访中位时间10.0个月(8~14个月),仅1例患者出现残腔胆瘘,1例患者出现残腔积液。患者梗阻性黄疸、下肢水肿均消失,未发生患者病灶肝内转移或死亡。结论:"减体积式病灶肝切除"为难以根治性治疗的晚期巨大肝泡型包虫病患者提供了可行性技术路径。术前严格掌握手术适应证和手术时机,术后规律服用抗包虫药物是防治HAE复发和转移的有效方法。     

A technique for hepatic artery anastomosis during orthotopic liver transplantation

Hepatic artery thrombosis remains the most common technical complication that causes graft failure following orthotopic liver transplantation. The Hepatic artery anastomosis should be performed using meticulous technique and adequate magnification. We report a very low incidence of Hepatic artery thrombosis (1.3%) utilising a modified microvascular 120° triangulating technique in 150 adult liver transplants.     

肝泡型包虫病根治性切除163例回顾性分析

目的:探讨肝泡型包虫病根治性切除的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月—至2015年6月163例行根治性切除肝泡型包虫病患者的临床资料。结果:根治性手术平均时间(3.1±1.2)h,术中出血量(763±498)m L。术后携带腹腔引流管中位时间6 d,11例携带T管,术后1个月拔除。术后平均肛门排气时间(2.1±0.8)d、经口进食时间(2.7±1.1)d、住院时间(7.9±3.4)d。8例出现术后并发症,其中5例术后胆瘘,1例术区感染,2例术后腹水。术后电话或门诊随访1~6个月无死亡及包虫复发情况。结论:根治性切除是当前肝泡型包虫病患者的首选治疗方案。术前充分评估手术可行性,术中充分掌握肝脏血流控制、肝脏外科解剖、门静脉重建、胆管重建等技术,通过根治性手术切除可明显改善泡型包虫病患者的生存质量,延长患者的生存时间。     

腹腔镜下微波消融治疗肝血管瘤的临床研究

目的：研究腹腔镜下微波消融治疗有临床症状的、直径<10 cm肝血管瘤的临床疗效。 方法：收集2011年1月—2014年1月在华中科技大学附属同济医院住院治疗的145例肝血管瘤患者资料，其中腹腔镜下微波消融58例（腔镜消融组），手术切除87例（手术切除组）。分析两组手术及随访结果，评估治疗效果。 结果：两组术前一般资料具有可比性。腔镜消融组在手术时间、术中出血量、输血例数、术后并发症、术后住院时间等方面有明显优势（均P<0.05），症状消失情况与手术切除组相当。随访所有患者，病灶均无复发。 结论：对有症状、直径<10 cm的肝血管瘤采用腹腔镜下微波消融可以获得肯定效果，且具有安全、微创、并发症少等优点。     

门静脉高压症肝静脉压力梯度监测的现状问题与对策

肝静脉压力梯度（HVPG）是评估门静脉高压症的标准方法。而且令人信服地显示,它能很好地预测静脉曲张出血与生存率,也能预测与门静脉高压症相关的其他临床并发症,也是评估药物治疗门静脉高压症反应的唯一适合的工具。它精确、安全、重复性好。但是由于其是侵入性的检查方法,因之未被广泛应用。而微波对比增强超声造影肝静脉抵达时间和肝动静脉渡越时间与HVPG密切相关,可能是潜在替代HVPG的新方法。