Denitrification with methane as external carbon source

Methane is a potentially inexpensive, widely available electron donor for biological denitrification of wastewater, landfill leachate or drinking water. Although no known methanotroph is able to denitrify, various consortia of microorganisms using methane as the sole carbon source carry out denitrification both aerobically and anaerobically. Aerobic methane-oxidation coupled to denitrification (AME-D) is accomplished by aerobic methanotrophs oxidizing methane and releasing soluble organics that are used by coexisting denitrifiers as electron donors for denitrification. This process has been observed in several laboratory studies. Anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (ANME-D) was recently discovered and was found to be mediated by an association of an archaeon and bacteria. Methane oxidizing consortia of microorganisms have also been studied for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) of wastewater. This review focuses on the AME-D process, but also encompasses methane oxidation coupled to SND as well as ANME-D.     

Denitrification of groundwater with elemental sulfur

Autotrophic denitrification was studied in laboratory columns packed with granular elemental sulfur only and operated in an upflow mode. Soluble inorganic carbon, sodium bicarbonate, was supplied as source of carbon for microbial growth. Denitrification rates of up to 0.20 kg N removed m(-3) d(-1) were obtained at a hydraulic retention time of I h, and a nitrate loading of 0.24 kg N m(-3) d(-1). The process is extremely simple, stable and easy to maintain.     

Isolation of bacteria capable of utilizing methane as a hydrogen donor in the process of denitrification

Bacteria were isolated which are able to denitrify when methane is supplied as the sole carbon source. These isolates were not found to be specific to methane, but could use other carbon compounds as hydrogen donors. They were capable of using nitrate both as a source of cell nitrogen and as an alternative terminal electron acceptor to oxygen. Results obtained from a laboratory scale denitrifying unit indicated that denitrification with methane as the energy source could become an attractive commerical proposition.     

Anaerobic biotransformation of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) by aquifer bacteria using hydrogen as the sole electron donor

RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) is a nitramine explosive that has contaminated soil and groundwater at military installations throughout the US. Although anaerobic RDX metabolism has been reported, the process is not well understood, as past studies have typically involved complex, undefined media with multiple potential electron donors and acceptors. In this study, bacteria enriched from RDX-contaminated aquifer sediments consumed RDX in a defined, bicarbonate-buffered, anaerobic medium containing hydrogen as the sole electron donor and RDX as a potential electron acceptor and sole nitrogen source. RDX was not consumed in live controls that did not contain hydrogen. Transient formation of mononitroso- and dinitroso-RDX metabolites (hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine and hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine, respectively) was documented by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. However, studies with 14C-labeled RDX suggested that mineralization to carbon dioxide was negligible (<2%), which is consistent with cometabolic transformation. Several lines of evidence suggest that the RDX-transforming bacteria under study were homoacetogens, including correlations between RDX consumption and acetate production. Methanogens were unlikely to be responsible for RDX metabolism, as the presence of 2-bromoethanesulfonate, an inhibitor of methanogenesis, did not appear to affect RDX metabolism. The presence of nitrate reversibly halted RDX metabolism, whereas ammonium had no discernible effect, which implies that: (i) nitrate, which commonly occurs in RDX-contaminated groundwater, may inhibit in situ RDX metabolism, and (ii) although RDX may act as both a nitrogen source and cometabolic electron sink, the latter role predominates, as RDX reduction will proceed regardless of whether or not a more favorable nitrogen source is present.     

Alcohol production through volatile fatty acids reduction with hydrogen as electron donor by mixed cultures

In this research we demonstrated a new method to produce alcohols. It was experimentally feasible to produce ethanol, propanol and butanol from solely volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with hydrogen as electron donor. In batch tests, VFAs such as acetic, propionic and butyric acids were reduced by mixed microbial cultures with a headspace of 1.5 bar of hydrogen. Observed alcohol concentrations were 3.69 ± 0.25 mM of ethanol, 8.08 ± 0.85 mM of propanol and 3.66 ± 0.05 mM of n-butanol. The conversion efficiency based on the electron balance was 55.1 ± 5.6% with acetate as substrate, 50.3 ± 4.7% with propionate and 46.7 ± 2.2% with n-butyrate. Methane was the most predominant by-product in each batch experiment, 33.6 ± 9.6% of VFA and hydrogen was converted to methane with acetate as substrate; which was 27.1 ± 7.1% with propionate and 36.6 ± 2.2% with n-butyrate. This VFAs reducing renewable fuel production process does not require carbohydrates like fermentable sugars, but uses biomass with high water content or low sugar content that is unsuitable as feedstock for current fermentation processes. This so-called low-grade biomass is abundantly present in many agricultural areas and is economically very attractive feedstock for the production of biofuels.     

Denitrification studies with glycerol as a carbon source

Based on the results of experimental work, the use of glycerol as a carbon source for denitrification is discussed. Investigations were carried out in modified UASB reactor using a mixed bacterial population in medium containing 600 mg NO₃---N and essential biogens. It was found that at the most favourable C:N RATIO = 1.0 the efficiency of denitrification depended on nitrate load as well as on cell residence time. At nitrate loads in the range 220–670 mg NO₃---Nl⁻¹ day⁻¹ (0.08–0.14 mg NO₃---N mg⁻¹ day⁻¹) nitrogen removal was 0.6–0.12 mg N mg⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively. Denitrification unit biocenosis was composed of bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The number of denitrifying bacteria per sludge weight unit within the studied range of nitrate loads was constant and averaged 23 × 10⁷ cells mg⁻¹.     

Is liquid hydrogen safer than liquid methane?

This paper compares the physical and combustion-related properties of the liquid state of hydrogen (LH₂) and methane (LCH₄). This type of comparison is important for studying the safe use of these chemicals as aircraft fuels, although it cannot yield definite conclusions because the actual effect on safety depends on the conditions of the accident. Institute of Gas Technology     

乙酸钠为碳源时的污水反硝化规律研究

利用序批式反应器,以CH3 COONa为唯一碳源,对反硝化污泥进行了50 d的长期驯化.之后,利用缓冲溶液将反硝化过程中pH值的上升幅度控制在0.5范围内,研究了不同碳氮比下的反硝化规律.结果表明,无论碳源是否充足,反硝化过程中硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的变化趋势基本相同,即反硝化过程中均会出现亚硝酸盐氮积累且随后逐渐消失的现象.硝酸盐氮还原完毕时,亚硝酸盐氮会出现最大积累量,同时反硝化速率出现拐点,速率开始明显加快.当碳氮比从1.0增加到3.7时,反硝化速率明显增加.反硝化菌可过量吸附CH3COONa,因此在以CH3COONa为外加碳源进行反硝化时,即使CH3COONa投加过量,出水COD值也能维持在较低水平.     

Passive dissolution of hydrogen gas into groundwater using hollow-fiber membranes

A new hollow-fiber membrane remediation system has recently been developed to passively supply groundwater with dissolved hydrogen (H2) to stimulate the biodegradation of chlorinated solvents. Understanding the mass transfer behavior of membranes under conditions of creeping flow is critical for the design of such systems. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the gas transfer behavior of hollow-fiber membranes under conditions typical of groundwater flow and to assess the effect of membrane configuration on gas transfer performance. Membrane gas transfer was evaluated using laboratory-scale glass columns operated at low flow velocities (8.6-12,973 cm/d). H2 was supplied to the inside of the membrane fibers while water flowed on the outside and normal to the fibers (i.e. cross-flow). Membrane configuration (single fiber and fabric) and membrane spacing for the fabric modules did not affect gas transfer performance. Therefore, the results from all of the experiments were combined to obtain the following dimensionless Sherwood number (Sh) correlation expressed as a function of Reynolds number (Re) and Schmidt number (Sc): Sh = 0.824Re(0.39)Sc(0.33) (0.0004相似文献   

Li Zhi-jun,Gao Shu-qin

rea,37.6% in water supply volume,in the mean time,the surface water resources in the area is polluted badly,so the development and using of the groundwater is more and more recognized by human being.This paper analyses and provides the main factors influenced the dynamic change of t     

Denitrification with a bacterial disc unit

An enclosed rotating disc unit was operated anaerobically as a denitrifying system, with methanol as the hydrogen donor. As the bacterial population became established, denitrification rate increased by 1·5 mg NO₃⁻—N reduced m⁻² h⁻², to a maximum rate of 260 mg NO₃⁻—N reduced m⁻²h⁻¹. The C:N ratio necessary for complete denitrification was found to be 2·6:1. Optimum pH for denitrification lay in the range between pH 7·0 and 8·5. Q₁₀ values were 1·38 between 10 and 30°C, −2·66 above 30°C and 13·06 below 10°C.     

Denitrification with methanol in tertiary filtration

The large wastewater treatment plants in Switzerland have to be extended by enhanced nitrogen removal to comply with the relevant EU directives. Denitrification in tertiary filtration is a cost-effective alternative to extended denitrification in an activated sludge system which needs additional reactor volume. Full-scale experiments in denitrification with methanol in tertiary filtration were performed at the wastewater treatment plant in Zurich-Werdhölzli during a summer and a winter campaign, each lasting 4 months. One of the original 22-filter cells was equipped with a methanol dosage unit for this purpose. Denitrification rates of about 1.0 kg-N m⁻³ d⁻¹ are attained at temperatures of 12–15°C. The denitrification is reduced significantly after main back-washing. Frequent back-washings (several times per day) lead to methanol breakthroughs due to biofilm loss. The yield coefficient Y_COD was 0.4 kg-COD_xkg-COD⁻¹_me. In spite of the methanol dosage, the quality of the filter effluent is very good during normal operation in the winter campaign. Accumulation of the nitrite intermediate product was observed in summer at temperatures of 20–22°C.     

Glycerol as a sole carbon source for enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Wastewaters with low organic matter content are one of the major causes of EBPR failures in full-scale WWTP. This carbon source deficit can be solved by external carbon addition and glycerol is a perfect candidate since it is nowadays obtained in excess from biodiesel production. This work shows for the first time that glycerol-driven EBPR with a single-sludge SBR configuration is feasible (i.e. anaerobic glycerol degradation linked to P release and aerobic P uptake). Two different strategies were studied: direct replacement of the usual carbon source for glycerol and a two-step consortium development with glycerol anaerobic degraders and PAO. The first strategy provided the best results. The implementation of glycerol as external carbon source in full-scale WWTP would require a suitable anaerobic hydraulic retention time. An example using dairy wastewater with a low COD/P ratio confirms the feasibility of using glycerol as an external carbon source to increase P removal activity. The approach used in this work opens a new range of possibilities and, similarly, other fermentable substrates can be used as electron donors for EBPR.     

好氧反硝化在短程硝化反硝化工艺中的作用研究

采用SBR反应器处理垃圾渗滤液,研究了短程硝化反硝化过程中好氧反硝化的作用。结果表明,SBR反应器的亚硝化效果良好,氨氮几乎完全被氧化为NO2^- -N;该系统的活性污泥中同时存在能还原NO3^- -N和NO2^- -N的好氧反硝化菌,还原NO3^- -N的好氧反硝化菌和氨氧化菌的数量及其总活性高于NO2^- -N氧化菌,这是SBR反应器能够长期维持亚硝化状态的重要原因;有机物浓度越高则好氧反硝化速率越快,此时氨氮均被氧化为NO2^- -N,当有机物浓度达到某临界值时,好氧反硝化速率几乎保持不变;溶解氧浓度越低则好氧反硝化速率越快,释放出的OH^-会导致pH值升高。好氧反硝化对于维持和促进SBR反应器的短程硝化反硝化具有重要的作用。     

河南平原第四系地下水氢氧同位素特征与补给分析

河南平原第四系地下水氢氧同位素分布特征,总体上由北向南呈渐高趋势,浅、深层地下水系统水的δ18O值变化规律基本一致。平原北部系统水的δ18O值最低,并随着距离黄河越来越近而变得愈来愈小,呈现出∨型变化的特征。平原南部系统水的δ18O值最高,并随着距离淮河越来越近而变得愈来愈大,呈现出∧的变化特征。平原中部系统水的δ18O值介于该二者之间,且变化较平缓。浅层系统水主要为大气降水补给。深层系统水受开采作用,使得浅层水的越流补给已成为主要的补给来源。此外,平原北部浅层系统水,黄河侧渗补给亦是沿岸地下水的重要补给来源;而平原南部浅层系统水在接受降水补给的同时,还受到淮河的排泄。     

Aquatic macrophytes as bioindicators of carbon dioxide in groundwater fed rivers

Aquatic plants have been used as hydrological tracers in groundwater fed river systems. In nature, patterns in plant distribution have been attributed to ammonium (NH₄) toxicity and phosphate (PO₄) limitation, while some laboratory studies have focused on the role of the partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂). The aims of this study were (i) to test whether plant distribution was more related to pCO₂ than NH₄ and PO₄ in nature, (ii) to develop and test the predictive power of new plant indices for pCO₂, NH₄ and PO₄, and (iii) to test the potential causality of the relationships using species eco-physiological traits. These tests were carried out with field data from the Rhine, Rhône and Danube river basins. Species composition was best related to the effect of pCO₂. The pCO₂ plant index was well calibrated (r² = 0.73) and had the best predictive power (r² = 0.47) of the three indices tested on independent datasets. The plant-pCO₂ relationship was supported by a biological mechanism: the ability of strictly submerged species of aquatic vascular plants to use HCO₃ under low pCO₂. This was not the whole story: the effects of pCO₂, NH₄ and PO₄ on plant distribution were partially confounded and interacted all together with temperature. However, neither NH₄ toxicity nor P limitation could be asserted using species eco-physiological traits. Moreover, the predictive power of the NH₄ and PO₄ plant indices was not as strong as pCO₂, at r² = 0.24 and r² = 0.27, respectively. Other potentially confounding variables such as spatial structure, biotic and physical factors were unlikely to confound the findings of this study.     

Denitrification with natural gas and various new growth media

Biological denitrification was investigated in an attached growth reactor system using several growth media, denitrifying cultures and natural gas (95% methane) as a carbon source. In order to establish a baseline of operation, initial experiments were conducted with a bed of 2–3 mm sand and methanol as a carbon source using a methylotrophic denitrifying culture and then the system was compared with natural gas using various methane utilising cultures. Compared to methanol, performance with methane was considerably lower. In order to improve denitrification with methane a plastic medium (Etapak, surface area 200 m²/m³) was placed above the sand bed (which increased the surface area for bacteria growth in the upper part of the bed), and a new methanotrophic mixed culture (NCIMB-code 11085) was introduced to the system. This combination resulted in a 27% higher denitrification efficiency. Experiments were continued by systematically varying the operating conditions to obtain highest denitrification using methane gas and replacing the Etapak media with different plastic media of higher surface area, but keeping the NCIMB culture unchanged. Other media tested were Pall-rings (surface area 319 m²/m³), IP-spacers (surface area 500 m²/m³) and granular activated carbon (GAC-code: Norit PK 1–3). Best results were obtained with IP-spacers which, surprisingly, are designed for use in the concrete industry rather than as a bacterial support medium. These produced nitrate removal efficiencies of up to 93% at 0.6 m/h or 55% at 1.6 m/h water filtration rates. Run times of 10 days or more to a limiting headloss of about 1.0 m,were usually achieved before “bumping” or back-washing to reduce headloss. Effluent turbidities were generally below 1.0 NTU. Tests for bacteria present with GAC media and COD removal with IP spacers were also carried out. Results are discussed with operational conditions and denitrification efficiencies achieved.     

关于建筑之魂的探讨

指出阿尔瓦·阿尔托以其独特的人情化建筑与现代主义建筑运动四大师并驾齐驱,从功能形式、科学技术、地域传统、标准化理性化四个方面,对他的人情化建筑创作进行了探讨,以提高我国的建筑设计水平.     

传统与短程反硝化的影响因素及特性研究

分别研究了传统反硝化中硝酸盐氮负荷、COD N、pH值对反硝化速率及效率的影响 ,得出传统反硝化时最大硝酸盐氮负荷为 0 .0 8kg (kgMLSS·d) ,合适的COD N为 6～ 7,适宜的pH值为 7.5～ 8。对分别以NO-3 和NO-2 为初始基质的反硝化速率进行的对比试验结果表明 ,在温度为 2 5℃、pH值为 7、基质浓度 <30 0mg L时以NO-2 为初始基质的反硝化速率较快 ,但当基质浓度 >30 0mg L后反而是以NO-3 为初始基质的反硝化速率较快