IL-1β对谷氨酸致痫大鼠大脑皮质、海马内NMDAR_1免疫反应变化的影响

为了进一步探讨 IL -1β在促进癫痫发作中的机制 ,用免疫组织化学方法比较了单纯用致痫量谷氨酸钠致痫的大鼠和预先向侧脑室注射 IL-1β再用阈下剂量的谷氨酸钠共同致痫的大鼠脑内 NMDAR1 免疫反应的变化。结果表明 ,IL-1β和谷氨酸钠共同致痫的大鼠大脑皮质及海马 CA3区 NMDAR1 免疫反应较对照组明显增强 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与单纯用谷氨酸钠致痫的大鼠没有明显区别。如果预先给予 IL-1ra或 D-AP5则 IL-1β和谷氨酸钠的共同致痫效果不出现 ,脑内 NMDAR1 免疫反应与对照组比较未见明显增强 (P>0 .0 5 )。本实验结果表明 ,IL -1β具有促进癫痫发作的效应 ,这种促癫痫效应的发挥与谷氨酸受体具有协同作用 ,并与通道型 NMDA受体 R1 亚单位表达的增加有关     

糖皮质激素对致痫大鼠的行为、脑电图和代谢型谷氨酸受体1α的影响

目的探讨糖皮质激素的抗痫效应。方法应用脑电图仪和免疫细胞化学方法,分别研究地塞米松对马桑内酯或戊四氮致痫大鼠的脑电图（ＥＥＧ）和代谢型谷氨酸受体１α（ｍＧｌｕＲ１α）免疫反应性的影响,并观察大鼠行为的改变。结果大鼠注射马桑内酯或戊四氮前３０ｍｉｎ经静脉注入地塞米松,能防止严重的癫痫发作症状和脑电图中高电位的痫波发放,并能减少ｍＧｌｕＲ１α在海马区的表达。结论地塞米松具有抑制马桑内酯或戊四氮诱发癫痫的作用,海马内的ｍＧｌｕＲ１α可能在癫痫活动中起一定作用,地塞米松的抗痫效应可能与降低ｍＧｌｕＲ１α的表达有关。     

氯喹对癫痫大鼠海马区神经元自噬的影响

目的:研究戊四氮诱导大鼠癫痫发病过程中出现的神经元自噬现象,探讨氯喹对神经元自噬现象的影响,探讨氯喹缓解癫痫的作用机制。方法:Wistar大鼠24只随机分为对照组、戊四氮致痫组及氯喹干预组。观察各组大鼠行为表现和脑电图变化,用HE、Nissl染色检测各组大鼠海马区神经元的损伤程度,应用免疫组化检测各组海马自噬标记物微管相关蛋白l轻链3(LC3)的表达。结果:对照组无痫样发作,脑电图波形正常,神经元处于正常状态,自噬处于低水平;戊四氮致痫组有重型的痫样发作,脑电图记录呈高频高幅的癫痫波形,并且出现神经元的大量死亡(P0.05),LC3较对照组表达增高(P0.05);氯喹干预组有轻型痫样发作,与戊四氮致痫组对比,脑电图记录癫痫波形减少,神经元的损伤明显减轻(P0.05),LC3的表达显著升高(P0.05),自噬过程被抑制。结论:氯喹可以有效的抑制癫痫发作过程中出现的神经元自噬现象,减少神经元的死亡,从而达到缓解癫痫发作的作用。     

糖皮质激素对致痫大鼠的行为,脑电图和代谢型谷氨酸受体1α …

探讨糖皮质激素的抗菌效应。方法应用脑电图仪和免疫细胞化学方法,分别研究地塞米松对马桑内酯或戊四氮致痫大鼠的脑电图和代谢型谷氨酸体１α免疫反应性的影响,并观察大鼠行为的改变。结果大鼠注射马桑内酯或戊四氮前３０ｍｉｎ经静脉注入地塞米松,能防止严重的癫痫发作症状和脑电图中高电位的痫波发放,并能减少ｍＧｌｕＲ１α在海马区的表达。     

大鼠脑内白细胞介素-1Ⅰ型受体在致痫活动中的表达变化

为了探讨白细胞介素 -1I型受体 ( IL-1RI)在癫痫发病中的作用 ,本实验采用免疫组织化学方法观察了致痫大鼠行为改变与脑内 IL-1RI表达变化。结果发现 ,侧脑室注射白细胞介素 -1β( IL-1β)后再注射阈下剂量谷氨酸钠 ,可导致动物痫样发作 ,其大脑皮质及海马锥体细胞层 IL -1RI免疫反应阳性细胞数量较对照组明显增多 ,免疫反应增强 ;如先注射白细胞介素 1受体拮抗剂 ( IL-1ra)、再注射 IL-1β和阈下剂量谷氨酸钠 ,则动物无痫样发作 ,且大脑皮质及海马锥体细胞层 IL-1RI免疫反应阳性细胞数量较注射 IL -1β和阈下剂量谷氨酸钠组减少 ,免疫反应着色减弱。结果提示 ,IL -1β有明显促进谷氨酸钠致痫的作用 ,IL-1RI可能参与致痫过程 ,IL-1ra具有抗痫效应。     

马桑内酯和糖皮质激素对培养脑神经元Glu和GABA免疫反应阳性的影响

为了探讨糖皮质激素与抗癌作用的关系，本研究利用培养的大鼠大脑皮质神经元，在经致痫剂马桑内酯和糖皮质激素处理后，进行Glu和GABA免疫细胞化学染色，观察它们对免疫反应阳性细胞的影响，并对实验结果进行了图象分析。结果发现：马桑内酯处理可使Glu免疫反应阳性神经元增多，使GABA免疫反应阳性神经元减少；而先加马桑内酶再加糖皮质激素，则可使Glu阳性神经元大为减少,GABA阳性神经元比只加马桑内酯组增多。上述改变均有统计学意义。此结果提示：马桑内酯诱发的癫痫可能与Glu和GABA的含量变化有关，糖皮质激素在致痫状态下，可能有降低Glu升高GABA含量的作用，从而具有抗痫效应．     

白细胞介素-1β或白细胞介素-6致痫大鼠脑内γ-氨基丁酸和谷氨酸免疫反应性的变化

目的研究白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）致痫过程中谷氨酸（Glu）和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）在大脑皮质及海马内表达的变化,探讨IL-1β及IL-6在癫痫发病中的作用机制。方法大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照组、IL-1β组、IL-6组,侧脑室注射相应试剂120min后观察大鼠行为变化,并采用免疫组织化学方法检测大脑皮质及海马内Glu及GABA的表达变化。结果动物行为学观察,生理盐水对照组无明显癫痫发作,IL-1β组、IL-6组发作程度达中度。免疫组织化学染色显示,在注射IL-1β或IL-6 120min后,IL-1β、IL-6组Glu表达在大脑皮质及海马较对照组明显升高,GABA表达较对照组明显降低,差异显著。结论IL-1β或IL-6可能通过升高Glu含量并降低γ-氨基丁酸的含量参与促痫和致痫过程,从而使神经元兴奋性升高促进癫痫发作。     

大鼠脑内白细胞介素-1 I型受体在致痫活动中的表达变化

为了探讨白细胞介素1I型受体(IL—1RI)在癫痫发病中的作用，本实验采用免疫组织化学方法观察了致痫大鼠行为改变与脑内IL—1RI表达变化。结果发现，侧脑室注射白细胞介素—1β(IL—1β)后再注射阈下剂量谷氨酸钠，可导致动物痫样发作，其大脑皮质及海马锥体细胞层IL—1RI免疫反应阳性细胞数量较对照组明显增多，免疫反应增强；如先注射白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂(IL—1ra)、再注射IL—1β和阈下剂量谷氨酸钠，则动物无痫样发作，且大脑皮质及海马锥体细胞层IL—1RI免疫反应阳性细胞数量较注射IL—1β和阈下剂量谷氨酸钠组减少，免疫反应着色减弱。结果提示，IL—1β有明显促进谷氨酸钠致痫的作用，IL—1RI可能参与致病过程，IL—1ra具有抗痫效应。     

黄体酮对戊四唑致痫大鼠海马内GABA能神经元影响的形态学研究

本实验采用免疫组织化学方法,研究了黄体酮对戊四唑(PTZ)致痫大鼠的发作情况和海马内γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能神经元的影响,旨在从形态学角度探讨黄体酮对抗癫痫作用的可能机制。实验中采用成年去卵巢(OVX)雌性SD大鼠,随机分成空白对照、实验对照和实验给药3组。空白对照组和实验对照组经腹腔注射生理盐水(NS),实验给药组经腹腔注射黄体酮,每天一次。3 d后,空白对照组经腹腔注射NS,实验对照和实验给药组经腹腔注射PTZ致痈。注射PTZ 1 h后,灌流固定,取脑,做振动切片。取含背侧海马的脑片,ABC法免疫组化染色。图象分析计数海马齿状回门区内GABA免疫阳性细胞数。结果:(1)实验给药组大鼠均未出现癫痫发作;(2)三组间齿状回门区内GABA免疫阳性细胞数存在显著差异(P<0.01);实验给药组的GABA免疫阳性细胞数明显增加(P<0.05)。结果显示,黄体酮可对抗PTZ致痫的行为发作和门区GABA能中间神经元的损伤,并提示黄体酮可能具有增强GABA能系统的作用。     

红藻氨酸所致癫痫大鼠海马神经元脱抑制特征的研究

实验利用大鼠侧脑室注射红藻氨酸致痫模型,向背海马微电泳GABA及荷苞牡丹硷(Bic)以探索癫痫大鼠海马内神经元脱抑制的特征。所记录的全部22个正常单位放电均对泳入GABA有非常显著的抑制反应,Bic可拮抗GABA的作用。单独电泳Bic可兴奋全部22个单位。而记录的40个痫性单位放电对电泳GABA及Bic的反应与正常单位放电明显不同:(1)16个单位(40％)对GABA和     

雌、孕激素对马桑内酯致痫大鼠行为及皮层、海马脑电图的影响

为了解卵巢激素在癫痫发作中所起的作用，本实验采用记录脑电图（ＥＥＧ）同时观察行为的方法，观察了雌二醇（Ｅ２）、孕酮（Ｐ）对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致痫大鼠行为及皮层、海马ＥＥＧ的影响。结果显示：Ｅ２能缩短ＣＬ致痫大鼠痫性发作及痫波发放的潜伏期，增加痫波发放频率。与之相反，Ｐ具有明显的镇静催眠作用，并延长痫性发作及痫波发放潜伏期，减轻痫性发作程度，减少痫波发放次数。此为雌激素的致痫及孕激素的抗痫作用提供了行为及电生理学证据。本文还对雌、孕激素的基因和非基因作用机制进行了探讨。     

戊四氮致癫癎状态对大鼠长期行为和脑电的影响

目的：建立一种戊四氮（ＰＴＺ） 致癫癎状态（ＳＥ） 模型,并探讨ＰＴＺ 致惊厥与癫癎形成之间的关系。方法：观察ＰＴＺ 致抽搐发作（ 抽搐组） 和ＰＴＺ致抽搐延长发作即癫癎状态（ＳＥ 组） 对大鼠长期行为和脑电（ＥＥＧ） 的影响,同时观察二者是否产生海马、皮质神经元损伤。结果：ＰＴＺ 致抽搐延长发作能够产生具有某些癫癎特征的长期效应,如自发癎样放电、惊厥阈下剂量ＰＴＺ 可诱导癫癎发作以及皮质和海马神经元损伤,而单次抽搐发作不具有这些长期效应。结论：ＰＴＺ 致抽搐延长发作模型更符合ＳＥ 模型特点,惊厥持续时间与癫癎形成密切相关。     

Role of synaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in epileptiform discharges in hippocampal slices

Application of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists elicits seizure discharges in vivo and prolonged ictal-like activity in in vitro brain slices. In this study we examined 1) if group I mGluRs are activated by synaptically released glutamate during epileptiform discharges induced by convulsants in hippocampal slices and, if so, 2) whether the synaptically activated mGluRs contribute to the pattern of the epileptiform discharges. The GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (50 microM) was applied to induce short synchronized bursts of approximately 250 ms in mouse hippocampal slices. Addition of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 100 microM) prolonged these bursts to 0.7-2 s. The mGluR1 antagonist (S)-(+)-alpha-amino-4-carboxy-2-methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY 367385; 25-100 microM) and the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP; 10-50 microM), applied separately, significantly reduced the duration of the synchronized discharges. The effects of these antagonists were additive when applied together, suggesting that mGluR1 and mGluR5 exert independent actions on the epileptiform bursts. In phospholipase C beta1 (PLCbeta1) knockout mice, bicuculline and 4-AP elicited prolonged synchronized discharges of comparable duration as those observed in slices from wild-type littermates. Furthermore, mGluR1 and mGluR5 antagonists reduced the duration of the epileptiform discharges to the same extent as they did in the wild-type preparations. The results suggest that mGluR1 and mGluR5 are activated synaptically during prolonged epileptiform discharges induced by bicuculline and 4-AP. Synaptic activation of these receptors extended the duration of synchronized discharges. In addition, the data indicate that the synaptic effects of the group I mGluRs on the duration of epileptiform discharges were mediated by a PLCbeta1-independent mechanism.     

发作期及发作间期痫性放电对癫痫的诊断价值

目的探讨发作期及发作间期脑电图对癫痫诊断的意义。方法对５６例癫痫患者常规脑电图（ＲＥＥＧ）与２４ｈ脑电图（ＡＥＥＧ）进行比较研究。结果①ＲＥＥＧ的阳性率为３０％，而ＡＥＥＧ的阳性率为８６％；②不同类型癫痫在发作期和发作间期大脑活动的规律和特点，ＲＥＥＧ无１例记录到癫痫发作，而ＡＥＥＧ有２７例（４８％）记录到癫痫发作全过程的大脑电活动变化。结论发作期的ＥＥＧ对确定癫痫类型有重要意义，全身性癫痫在发作的同时发作波在两侧半球同时出现，而部分性发作患者在临床发作的同时ＥＥＧ常局限在某一脑叶有单个棘波发放，此棘波处是癫痫的病灶的部位，这种局限棘波可扩散至全脑而临床出现全身阵挛发作，此类患者为部分性癫痫并非全身性癫痫。     

Changed vesicular GABA transporter immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus following spontaneous seizure and vigabatrin administration

To identify the roles of vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) in epileptogenesis and the recovery mechanisms in spontaneous seizure, we conducted a chronological and comparative analysis of VGAT expression. VGAT immunoreactivity was stronger in the seizure resistant group than that in the pre-seizure group of seizure sensitive (SS) gerbils. In 3 h postictal group, the density of VGAT immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the hippocampus, as compared to pre-seizure group. In 24 h postictal group, VGAT immunodensity had recovered to its pre-seizure level. In addition, VGAT immunoreactivity in the hippocampus was also increased by vigabatrin (GVG) administration. These results suggest that decreased VGAT expression in the SS gerbil hippocampus may affect epileptogenesis in this animal, and that the subsequent alteration in its expression induced by seizure and the administration of GVG may reflect a modulation of GABA release to alleviate seizure activity.     

Identification of Focal Epileptogenic Networks in Generalized Epilepsy Using Brain Functional Connectivity Analysis of Bilateral Intracranial EEG Signals

Simultaneous bilateral onset and bi-synchrony epileptiform discharges in electroencephalogram (EEG) remain hallmarks for generalized seizures. However, the possibility of an epileptogenic focus triggering rapidly generalized epileptiform discharges has been documented in several studies. Previously, a new multi-stage surgical procedure using bilateral intracranial EEG (iEEG) prior to and post complete corpus callosotomy (CC) was developed to uncover seizure focus in non-lateralizing focal epilepsy. Five patients with drug-resistant generalized epilepsy who underwent this procedure were included in the study. Their bilateral iEEG findings prior to complete CC showed generalized epileptiform discharges with no clear lateralization. Nonetheless, the bilateral ictal iEEG findings post complete CC indicated lateralized or localized seizure onset. This study hypothesized that brain functional connectivity analysis, applied to the pre CC bilateral iEEG recordings, could help identify focal epileptogenic networks in generalized epilepsy. The results indicated that despite diffuse epileptiform discharges, focal features can still be observed in apparent generalized seizures through brain connectivity analysis. The seizure onset localization/lateralization from connectivity analysis demonstrated a good agreement with the bilateral iEEG findings post complete CC and final surgical outcomes. Our study supports the role of focal epileptic networks in generalized seizures.     

儿童与成人癫(癎)停止发作后不同控制期的脑电图对比

目的:对比儿童与成人癫停止发作后不同控制期的脑电图改变。方法:对30例控制期达1年以上、43例控制期达2年以上、53例控制期达3年以上的儿童癫患者的脑电图异常率及样放电率进行统计,同时对11例控制期达1年以上、14例控制期达2年以上、35例控制期达3年以上的成人癫患者的脑电图异常率及样放电率进行统计,并将两组结果对比。结果:在控制期1年以上、2年以上、3年以上,两组脑电图异常率及样放电率的差异无统计学意义。结论:在癫停止发作后不同控制期,儿童与成人脑电图的异常率及样放电率无显著差异。     

Evidence for augmented brainstem activated forebrain seizures in Wistar Audiogenic Rats subjected to transauricular electroshock

Previous work from our laboratory has shown that na?ve Wistar Audiogenic Rats (WARs), a genetic model of reflex epilepsy in which seizures are induced by high-intensity sound stimulation (120 dB SPL), are seizure-prone to a variety of pro-convulsive stimuli (e.g., transauricular electroshock, pentylenetetrazole and pilocarpine). On the other hand, repetitive acoustic stimulation of WARs causes a slow recruitment of limbic structures, known as audiogenic kindling, changing seizure expression to include behavior characteristic of temporal-lobe epilepsy. Thus, our hypothesis is that WARs have facilitated acoustic-limbic projections when compared to Wistar controls. Wistar controls (n = 9) and WARs (n = 9) underwent EEG electrode implants in the cortex-Cx, amygdaloid complex-AMY and inferior colliculus-IC and received one low current transauricular electrical stimulus (ES) daily, for three consecutive days, with intensities of 10, 20 and 30 mA, respectively. The video-electroencephalographic activity was recorded 1 min before and 4 min after ES. Our results confirm previously described data indicating a greater susceptibility of WARs to seizure. However, low current ES (e.g., 20 mA) triggered epileptiform activity in the AMY only after epileptiform EEG was visible in the Cx and IC electrode leads. The AMY after-discharge continued even though no evident epileptiform activity was present in the Cx. In conclusion, our results add electrophysiological data to previously published behavioral evidence of WAR enhanced susceptibility to ES seizures and, also, support the hypothesis that the acoustic-limbic circuitry is facilitated even in unkindled WARs.     

谷氨酸钠致痫大鼠海马mGluR_5的表达变化

本研究目的为探讨谷氨酸钠 (Glu Na)诱导大鼠癫痫发作时海马 m Glu R5的表达变化。将动物随机分为正常对照组、Glu-Na致痫组及 D-AP-5 (非竞争性 NMDA受体拮抗剂 ) + Glu Na组。通过免疫组织化学方法观察了多克隆抗体抗 m Glu R5在海马各区及齿状回的免疫反应阳性细胞的变化 ,同时观察并记录各组大鼠的行为变化。结果证明 :Glu Na注射后的大鼠均出现严重的癫痫发作。正常组大鼠海马中有丰富的 m Glu R5表达 ,以齿状回颗粒细胞层和 CA1 锥体细胞层的表达为最高 ,而 Glu Na致痫组海马各区 m Glu R5表达明显下调。D-AP-5 + Glu Na组海马各区 m Glu R5表达较之 Glu Na致痫组又上调。同时观察到三个组的m Glu R5的表达主要集中在细胞膜上。结果提示 m Glu R5在癫痫发作后表达下降可能在癫痫诱导过程中具有重要作用 ,其作用机制可能为 NMDA受体依赖性的