钴

西德政府的原料与经济研究所出版了一本有关世界钴矿的书.美国《世界采矿》将此书译为英文,题目为"钴",并在该杂志上发表该书主要内容的概括摘要,介绍了钴矿资源分布,金属钴短缺和价格激增的原因,钴矿生产情况及用途,未来前景等详细资料,由于钴是当前最迫切急需的金属,故在西方引起极大重视,现将此文译出,供参考.     

复杂钴物料中钴的滴定分析

实验表明,钴试样经HCl分解后,在pH1～2时,通过硫氰酸铵-结晶紫-H2O浮选将Co2+与Ni2+、Mn2+、Fe3+、Al(Ⅲ)等元素分离,硫脲掩蔽Cu2+以消除干扰,用EDTA溶液络合滴定Co。方法用于钴试样中Co的分析,结果与铈量法相符,对于w(Co)为3%～35%的试样,4次测定的相对标准偏差<2%。     

复杂钴矿石中钴镍赋存状态研究

利用相态分析方法,配合扫描电镜、Ｘ光衍射分析及红外光谱分析等测试手段,对某铜钴矿化区钴矿石中钴镍的赋存状态进行了研究。综合分析查定了钴镍在该铜钴矿化区的赋存状态主要有：①钴镍以含钴的镍黄铁矿产出;②钴镍与铁呈类质同象状态存在于黄铁矿、黄铜矿和菱铁矿中;③钴镍以吸附态存在于伊利粘土矿物中。     

山西某铜钴矿床中钴矿物的研究

山西某铜矿已有多年的开采历史,也曾作过许多研究工作,然而该矿中钴元素的赋存状态并未搞清。1962年我们对该区的A、B两矿床的物质成分和钴的赋存状态进行了较详细的研究,认为该铜矿中钴元素主要以独立的钴矿物存在,其次呈分散状态存在于其他硫化物中。     

钴硅锌矿—一个富钴的硅锌矿变种

钴硅锌矿是一种具有特征深蓝紫色、油脂光泽和玻璃光泽的钴锌硅酸盐矿物,属三方晶系。空间群:C_(3j)~2—R3、a=13.9559A,c=9.3364A,c/a=0.6690,V=1574.8104A~3,Z=18。该矿物理论式为(Zn,Co)_2SiO_4,实验式为:(Zn_(1.26),Co_(O.74))SiO_4。据红外光谱以及X射线粉晶分析,其结构与硅锌矿(Zn_2SiO_4)类似。     

弥勒山铜钴矿床中的钴矿物及成矿控制

弥勒山矿区过去都以勘探和开采铜矿为主,伴生钻的赋存情况不明.310队在勘探铜矿的同时勘探钴矿,对钴赋存状态基本查清,达中型规模. 地质概述一、地层矿区地层简单,均属侏罗系,由     

中非铜钴矿带钴矿成矿特征和富集机理

中非铜钴矿带是世界上规模大、铜钴品位高的层控型铜钴矿带,以拥有大型超大型铜钴矿床和众多的世界级铜钴矿山而闻名于世。本文综述了该成矿带的基本地质特征和矿化类型,分析了Co的超常富集机理,指出了存在的问题。中非铜钴矿带位于非洲中南部的赞比亚和刚果（金）境内,全长700 km、宽150 km,包括赞比亚铜带省矿带、赞比亚西北省矿带和刚果（金）加丹加矿带。钴矿的形成经历了裂谷期成岩成矿作用（880～735 Ma）和造山期成矿作用（530～490 Ma）,分别与新元古代加丹加沉积盆地的形成发展演化和卢富里安造山作用相对应。其成因类型包括同生沉积型钴矿床和热液改造型富钴矿床。沉积型钴矿在赞比亚境内发育,钴含量相对较低;热液改造型富钴矿床在刚果（金）境内更为发育,钴含量相对较高。钴与铜共生或伴生,主要含钴矿物为硫铜钴矿、方钴矿、硫钴矿、钴黄铁矿、水钴矿、钴华、菱钴矿等。Co的超常富集与由卤水在深部交代基底岩石（矿石）形成的富金属成矿流体通过迁移-富集-沉淀作用的多期次循环有关。矿床的氧化带、原生带分带明显,局部氧化深度达到300 m,表生氧化作用往往造成钴矿化富集。该区富钴矿床整体地质研究程度较低,...     

用Lix984萃取分离水钴矿浸出液中的铜钴

采用Lix984作为萃取剂、硫酸作为反萃剂,从低品位水钴矿还原酸浸液中萃取分离铜、钴。研究了平衡pH值、萃取剂浓度、相比（有机相与水相的体积比）、混合时间、反萃剂浓度、反萃相比等因素对萃取分离的影响,确定了Lix984萃取分离铜、钴的优化条件。结果表明,萃取剂Lix984萃取铜的优化工艺条件：p（Lix984）为40％;平衡pH为1．83;相比为1：1;混合时间为4rain;反萃剂为4．0mol／L的H2SO4。;反萃相比为1：1。在优化条件下,料液经三级逆流萃取和二级反萃,萃取率和反萃率分别达99．O％和99．5％。     

中非铜钴成矿带地质特征及铜钴矿床资源量分析

中非铜钴成矿带是世界最大的沉积型铜钴成矿带、全球最大钴矿、第三大铜矿发现区。因铜钴价格持续走高和中资企业持续关注的迫切性,本文对中非铜钴成矿带地质特征、铜钴矿床资源分布规律、权益资源量情况进行分析研究。同时,系统收集研究区学术研究成果、商业数据库、企业年报等数据,分析认为Lufilian弧形构造带是中非铜钴成矿带构造背景,从北向南依次为弧外部褶皱推覆带、穹窿地区、复式向斜带、加丹加高原。地层分为孔德龙古、恩古巴、罗安三个群,地层年龄自<573±5 Ma至879±16 Ma。含矿层位主要是罗安群矿床组,下分R2.1、R2.2、R2.3三个含矿层。矿床类型主要为碳酸盐质巨型角砾岩型、含矿页岩型、含矿砂岩型、含矿基底型铜矿,构成6个铜钴矿集区,具有等间距分布特征,间距为±20 km。截至2021年,研究区探获铜资源量1.91亿t,钴资源量1404万t。以当量铜资源量排序,>100万t的矿床33个,>1000万t级别的矿床7个。共有14个国家55家矿业企业参与铜钴成矿带勘探及开发。我国权益铜钴资源量分别为6467万t、648万t。大于50万t权益铜资源量的企业有洛阳钼业、紫金...     

萨得伯里炉渣中的钴

加拿大研究出一种从炉渣中提取钴的技术,而这些炉渣都是从处理萨得伯里含镍矿石的过程中获得的,过去一     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.