硝基芳烃爆炸物检测用荧光传感聚合物研究进展

使用荧光传感方法对硝基芳烃类爆炸物进行检测是当前研究的热点。在近年来用于检测的荧光聚合物中,侧链羟基型芴类聚合物对TNT的荧光淬灭效率最高,达到50%(20s);蝶烯基聚对苯乙炔撑型聚合物对DNT的荧光淬灭效率最高,达到75%(10s)。在国内外科研现状分析的基础上,提出了我国产业化道路发展方向的建议,对有前景的聚合物结构特点进行了点评。引用文献16篇。     

检测硝基芳烃化合物的荧光聚合物薄膜的研究

介绍了爆炸物的检测技术和痕量检测技术,综述了荧光聚合物检测TNT的原理,以及检测硝基芳烃化合物荧光聚合物传感器的研究进展,对其发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

红外光谱法鉴定爆炸物

依据爆炸物的种类,介绍了烟火药剂、硝酸钾类爆炸物、硝酸铵类炸药的分离方法。根据化学分离方法进行分离定量,利用红外光谱技术对各爆炸物分离组分进行定性,鉴定爆炸物的种类。     

荧光纸质传感器在环境检测的研究进展

从纳米材料的筛选、纳米探针合成、可视化试纸的设计与制备这三个方面,介绍了近年来纳米荧光试纸在现场、实时对爆炸物、农药残留及重金属等检测的研究进展,并讨论了纳米荧光试纸在检测应用中面临的挑战和机遇。     

罗丹明类衍生物基重金属离子荧光探针的研究进展

罗丹明类荧光染料具有较高的量子产率,摩尔消光系数大,在可见光区具有长的发射和吸收波长,是制备荧光探针的理想生色团。罗丹明类荧光探针的检测一般基于两种机理,一种为光诱导电子转移机理(PET),一种为荧光共振能量转移机理(FRET)。综述了基于这两种机理使用罗丹明及其衍生物来检测各种金属离子的研究进展。     

利用水溶性共轭高分子检测DNA的研究进展

文章介绍了利用水溶性共轭高分子的光信号放大的特点,以荧光为检测手段,对核酸进行特异性识别的生物传感器。主要介绍了DNA的两种检测方法,并研究了影响荧光共振能量传递效率的一些因素。     

比色传感阵列在检测爆炸物中的应用

爆炸物杀伤力大、隐蔽性强,被广泛应用于生活的各方面,也是恐怖分子施暴方式的首选。基于保护人民生命和财产安全的迫切需求,爆炸物检测技术受到世界各国公共安全领域科学家的高度重视。相比于其它分析方法,比色传感阵列因操作简便、结构简单、不依赖大型分析设备等优势,成为适用于爆炸物现场快速检测的方法之一。本文主要综述了比色传感阵列的原理及种类、爆炸物种类及比色传感阵列在爆炸物探测领域的研究进展,并展望了比色传感阵列在公共安全领域中的发展趋势。     

离子色谱在爆炸物分析中的应用

爆炸物按其主要成分可分为有机爆炸物和无机爆炸物,其中无机爆炸物如硝酸铵、黑火药及氯酸盐爆炸物,可由燃料和氧化剂简易配制,在一般的刑事案件中频繁出现。离子色谱(IC)是用于阴阳离子检测的一种高效液相色谱方法,具有前处理方法简单、获取的信息量大、较好的灵敏度和选择性好等优点,在爆炸物分析领域得到很好地应用。本文主要论述了离子色谱在无机炸药及有机炸药中对阴阳离子的定性定量检测方法。     

藻类叶绿素荧光技术检测水中三嗪类除草剂的研究进展

介绍了环境中残留的三嗪类除草剂对水生生物及人类产生的危害,阐述了藻类叶绿素荧光技术检测三嗪类除草剂的原理、发展历程及研究现状。综述了藻类叶绿素荧光技术在快速检测痕量三嗪类除草剂、分析其生物毒性上的研究进展,针对该技术检测灵敏度提升的研究也做出相关的分析;总结了藻类叶绿素荧光技术在实际应用过程中的优越性与不足之处,并提出藻叶绿素荧光技术的未来发展方向应是优化现有的检测技术条件、筛选出更灵敏的叶绿素荧光参数或是基于藻类荧光对除草剂的响应特性开发出检出限更低、灵敏度更高的新型藻类生物传感器,并能够应用于水环境的原位、在线及连续监测,以更好地实现水中三嗪类除草剂的常态化监测与风险评估。     

相对荧光量子产率在荧光增白剂配伍和品质控制上的应用

本文采用已知荧光量子产率的硫酸奎宁为标准物质,建立了一种检测荧光增白剂相对荧光量子产率的方法。用该法检测了不同品种、不同品质、不同配伍组成的荧光增白剂的相对荧光量子产率,并对方法的准确性进行了验证。结果表明:目前国内水溶性荧光增白剂中C.I.荧光增白剂351的荧光量子产率最高,接近1,高于DSD酸双三嗪类荧光增白剂,而DSD酸双三嗪类荧光增白剂中又以C.I.荧光增白剂71的相对荧光量子产率为最高;荧光增白剂的增白强度、外观色光、应用效果等品质都与荧光增白剂的荧光量子产率有关,实验表明荧光增白剂的荧光量子产率越高,其各项性能越优越;荧光量子产率还可以用以评价配伍产品的加和增效的效果,而不必借助繁琐的应用实验来确定;该方法相对标准偏差小于5%,方法重现性好,是一种快速的了解荧光增白剂性能与品质的方法。     

Analysis of air blast effect for explosives in a large scale detonation

Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) has been widely used for demilitarization of expired explosives. However, OB/OD effects a variety of hazardous damages to environment. Therefore, using incinerators to treat expired explosives is required instead of OB/OD. To guarantee the safety of these demilitarization methods, the blast wave of the explosives should be previously recognized to evaluate the impact of detonations. Although various materials are used to produce explosives, most researches have focused on trinitrotoluene (TNT). Other representative explosives such as research department explosives (RDX) and high melting explosives (HMX) are seldom studied in the literature. Therefore, our aim was to understand the blast wave of three materials under different geometry throughout simulations. To improve accuracy and reduce computational time, a zoning technique with Euler-Lagrange coupling method was used. Due to limitations and difficulties of detonation experiments, simulations were verified by theoretical models. In case of semi-confined bunker, the simulation results were compared with experimental data, showing a close match. As a result, cylinder type is the safest incinerator among semi-confined bunker, cylinder, and cube incinerators, in terms of the blast wave.     

Determination of Urea Nitrate and Guanidine Nitrate Vapor Pressures by Isothermal Thermogravimetry

Since the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988, detection of military explosives has received much attention. Only in the last few years has detection of improvised explosives become a priority. Many detection methods require that the particulate or vapor be available. Elsewhere we have reported the vapor pressures of peroxide explosives triacetone triperoxide (TATP), diacetone diperoxide (DADP), and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). Herein we examine the vapor signatures of the nitrate salts of urea and guanidine (UN and GN, respectively), and compare them to ammonium nitrate (AN) and TATP using an isothermal thermo‐gravimetric method. The vapor signatures of the nitrate salts are assumed to be the vapor pressures of the neutral parent base and nitric acid. Studies were performed at elevated temperatures (80–120 °C for UN, 205–225 °C for GN, 100–160 °C for AN, and 40–59 °C for TATP), enthalpies of sublimation calculated and vapor pressures extrapolated to room temperature. Reported vapor pressure values (in Pa) are as follows: GN ≪UN <AN ≪TATP 2.66×10⁻¹⁸ 3.94×10⁻⁵ 5.98×10⁻⁴ 24.8     

Explosives Detection Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) Mass Spectrometry

The growing use of explosives by terrorists and criminals creates a need for instrumentation which can rapidly analyze these energetic compounds, preferably on site. Direct analysis in real time (DART) is a promising technology for surface analysis with little or no sample preparation. Therefore, DART ionization is evaluated for use in detecting explosives on solid substrates and in liquid matrices. Fifteen explosives were chosen as a consequence of their common usage. Five surfaces were chosen to represent a wide range of physical properties such as composition, porosity, surface morphology, and thermal and electrical conductivity. Additionally these surfaces are commonly found in everyday surroundings. All 75 compound‐surface combinations produced a clear, easily identifiable, mass spectra characteristic of the targeted analyte. Simultaneous detection of five explosives is demonstrated on these same surfaces. Lastly, rapid detection of trace contamination in common fluids is also explored.     

Studies on the utilization of stripping voltammetry technique in the detection of high-energy materials

Research and development activities are on in many laboratories to develop methods for detecting energetic materials at the trace level. Production or application of high-energy materials may also contaminate the natural environmental systems. Therefore, development of a simple, portable, and inexpensive device for determining explosives at the trace levels is highly desirable. In this study, a stripping voltammetry technique is used for their analytical determination. The study is conducted in an acetonitrile medium. Optimum conditions are obtained in stripping voltammetry for individual analytes. The stripping voltammetric method is compound-selective and can be used for determining a particular high-energy material in a mixture. In this paper, we report the development of an electro-analytical procedure for detecting conventional energetic materials such as Tetryl, TNT, PETN, RDX, and HMX, using the stripping voltammetric method.     

Quantifying Trace 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Polymer Microspheres

Well characterized test materials are essential for validating the performance of current trace explosive detection systems. Explosive encapsulated microspheres have proven to be a valuable test material for trace explosive detection because of their precise size, shape, and composition. Presented herein is the quantification of explosives in the polymer microspheres by high performance liquid chromatography with UV/Vis detection (HPLC‐UV/Vis). A size exclusion separation is employed to quantify the amount of explosive encapsulated in cured microspheres. Complete quantification was achieved by simultaneously separating and quantifying the explosive and polymer components. Results indicate that approximately 30 % of the TNT is lost in the manufacturing of the microspheres and subsequent loss from the cured microspheres is minimal if stored at 4 °C.     

Hair as Forensic Evidence of Explosive Handling

Hair has the ability to assimilate a variety of chemical compounds. The analysis of hair for determining first‐hand exposure to illegal drugs is a popular forensic technique [1–6]. Molecules such as explosives can also become trapped in hair due to external exposure and detected at trace levels [7–12]. Hair analysis could prove a powerful, non‐invasive method for the detection of individual exposure to illicit explosives. Previous studies showed that in a sealed vessel with adequate headspace, military explosives such as PETN, TNT, and RDX were sorbed to human hair. These organic explosives persisted on hair even after the hair was washed with detergents or solvent [7, 8]. Such sorption was influenced by hair color, and the levels of contamination were on the order of micrograms per gram hair after thousands of hours of exposure. It was assumed that in the “real‐world” explosives would sorb to hair through the condensation of vapors or by the deposition of solid particulates. This study involved the sampling of hair from students and instructors attending field classes for handling explosives at Fort A. P. Hill, Fredericksburg, VA and Redstone Arsenal, AL. Hair was sampled using combs fitted with cheesecloth, and the cheesecloth was extracted and analyzed by GC‐ECD for PETN, TNT, and RDX. On average, 80% of the participants were contaminated with PETN, found in detonating cord, after daily field exercises. Average participant contamination with TNT and RDX in hair ranged from 30 to 50%.     

PPV Nanotube Sensor Arrays for Explosives Identification by Excitation Wavelength Regulation

The development of sensitive materials for standard and improvised explosives is greatly significant to homeland security. In this paper, the phosphotungstate (NaPT) doped polyphenylene vinylene (PPV) nanotube arrays (NTAs), with excellent optical response, chemical stability, and larger specific surface area, are successfully fabricated by means of the “precursor film” infiltration method. The efficient charge carriers' separation of PPV NTAs can be achieved by doping NaPT to realize the photoelectric detection of explosive vapors. In addition, the identification of six explosives, including ammonium nitrate (AN), dinitrotoluence (DNT), picric acid (PA), p-nitrotoluene (PNT), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and trinitrotoluene (TNT), can also be realized through the fingerprint atlas. Moreover, the adsorption energy and excited oscillator intensity has also been employed to explain the interaction between NaPT doped PPV nanotube arrays and various explosive molecules. Obviously, the NaPT doped PPV developed has the potential to be used as an explosive sensor.     

水中三硝基甲苯质量控制标准物质的研制

研制了以三硝基甲苯为主要成分的水质计量用标准物质。用先密后疏的方式检验样品的稳定性,对样品的均匀性、稳定性分别采用单因素方差分析方法和线性模型进行考察,组织多个国内权威实验室对样品进行协作分析定值,并对定值结果进行合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度评估。样品的定值结果为0.983 mg/L,扩展不确定度为0.046mg/L。均匀性指标符合国家标准物质的技术要求,稳定性可达24个月以上。可满足水质三硝基甲苯分析量值传递的需要,达到分析测试中质量保证的目的和要求。     

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoenergetics Based Composition B

Explosive compositions employing nanoscale crystals of high explosives (i. e., nanoenergetics) have demonstrated reduced sensitivities to external stimuli. Until recently, the investigated formulations were limited to plastic bonded explosives. Explosives that are normally melt‐cast also would benefit from the use of nanoenergetics. However, the integration of nanoenergetics into the melt‐cast process is challenging due to the large surface area and solubility associated with nanoenergetics. In this work, we explored the preparation of nanoenergetics‐based Composition B (Comp B), a widely used melt‐cast explosive, by spray drying followed by mechanical compaction. The Comp B molding powder obtained from spray drying was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The structure and the shock sensitivity of the compacted nanoenergetics‐based Comp B (N‐Comp B), both as‐prepared and thermally cycled, was also studied using melt‐cast Comp B as the reference material. The characterization shows that N‐Comp B consisting of nanoscale cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and trinitrotoluene (TNT) contains mostly nanoscale voids but has a large number density. Reduced shock sensitivity was observed from N‐Comp B, attributed to the elimination of large voids. But the decrease seems to have been constrained by the large number density of voids. Thermal cycling induced significant structural change, i. e., the increase of both void size and the crystal size, causing an increase in sensitivity. Procedures are proposed to further reduce the sensitivity and enhance the thermal stability of N‐Comp B.     

Zirconia nanopowder synthesis via detonation of trinitrotoluene

Zirconium (IV) oxide nanopowder was successfully synthesized through the detonation of a mixture composed of 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT, C₇H₅N₃O₆) and zirconium sulfate tetrahydrate (Zr(SO₄)₂·4H₂O) as the energetic material and ceramic precursor, respectively. TNT, one of the most popular explosives, is a secondary energetic molecule and exhibits high stability and low sensitivity toward external stresses, making its handling safe. After detonation of the energetic material/ceramic precursor mixture and purification of the detonation soot, a crystallized zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) powder composed of nanosized particles with a spherical morphology was produced and analysed by the usual characterization techniques (X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen physisorption). The reaction mechanism, considering the thermochemical aspect of the explosive, is offered. This approach could provide promising opportunities for the synthesis of various nano-sized oxide ceramic powders.