Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and solutions - Properties, requirements and possibilities

The advantages and disadvantages of the thermal building insulation materials and solutions have been treated. Both traditional, state-of-the-art and possible materials and solutions beyond these have been investigated. Examples of these may be mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, polyurethane, vacuum insulation panels, gas insulation panels, aerogels, and future possibilities like vacuum insulation materials, nano insulation materials and dynamic insulation materials. Various properties, requirements and possibilities have been compared and studied. Among these are thermal conductivity, perforation vulnerability, building site adaptability and cuttability, mechanical strength, fire protection, fume emission during fire, robustness, climate ageing durability, resistance towards freezing/thawing cycles, water resistance, costs and environmental impact. Currently, there exist no single insulation material or solution capable of fulfilling all the requirements with respect to the most crucial properties. That is, for the buildings of today and the near future, several insulation materials and solutions are used and will have to be used depending on the exact circumstances and specifications. As of today, new materials and solutions like e.g. vacuum insulation panels are emerging, but only slowly introduced in the building sector partly due to their short track record. Therefore it will be of major importance to know the limitations and possibilities of all the insulation materials and solutions, i.e. their advantages and disadvantages. In this respect new conceptual thermal building insulation materials are also discussed.     

Suitable roof constructions for warm climates—Gazimağusa case

This research aims to find the suitable roof constructions for warm climates. The research has been carried out at Gazimağusa, North Cyprus. With the limited research budget 14 different roof constructions were selected and tested on a test house. These constructions included the types which are widely used in Cyprus and also the new ones. The roof constructions were tested under continuously air-conditioned and non-acclimatised regimes. They were also tested for the risk of condensation.Most of the research on similar aspects were done in terms of energy loss and gain. This research has been designed to study the roof constructions in terms of thermal comfort of the users. Naturally, the roof constructions which have the highest thermal resistance will result in lowest heat gain and loose. In this study instead of finding the roof constructions which gain the least amount of heat during the hottest days of summer or the ones which loose the least amount of heat during the coldest days of winter, it was aimed to find how much they provide thermal comfort throughout the year.In this respect, the roofs with thermal insulation showed the best performance. The location of the thermal insulation materials towards the inner surface of the section increased the performance. Inclined timber roof constructions on reinforced concrete ceiling save the buildings from solar bombarding in summer. However, to prevent the humidity accumulated, the attic space should be very well ventilated. On flat roofs, not only the thermal resistance of the roof section, but also the light reflectance of outside surface materials effected the thermal performance. Outside surface materials with very high light reflectance reduced heat gain in summer considerably.In buildings which are air conditioned in summer, there is condensation risk. The defects due to this condensation can be avoided by the use of thermal insulation materials which are not effected from water. There is also condensation risk for winter. However, it was found that this condensation can dry if the building is ventilated.     

中国被动房外围护系统研究——以寒冷、严寒气候区被动房项目为例

德国的被动房是目前世界公认的具有超低能耗、超低碳排放量、超高室内舒适度等特点的建筑技术体系。德国的气候特征与中国华北地区的气候特征具有相似性,因此,研究并建造被动房对于我国建筑节能工作的发展具有重大的意义。外围护系统作为被动房设计的重点要素,对建筑的节能效率有重大的影响。以寒冷、严寒气候区的被动房项目为例,对被动房外围护系统进行分析与阐述,并以秦皇岛"在水一方"被动式住宅示范项目为例,进行能耗模拟与对比分析。提出适合我国寒冷、严寒气候区气候特点的被动式超低能耗建筑外围护系统的设计策略。     

甘肃省居住建筑岩棉外墙外保温耐久性试验研究

为进一步研究居住建筑外墙外保温用岩棉板的耐久性与耐候性,对已建成使用20年的两栋岩棉外保温住宅楼进行了研究,通过考察其结构、外墙饰面缺陷、传热系数、保温性能等方面,分析切实影响外墙保温性能的因素,表明岩棉外保温系统的保温隔热、耐久性能等都较好,为相关研究提供了一定参考。     

外墙保温对不同地区大型公共建筑冷热负荷的影响分析

随着我国建筑总量的增加,建筑能耗急剧上升,已成为我国的能耗黑洞,随之建筑节能逐渐被广大公民重视.目前建筑节能有很多措施,外墙保温就是其中一项.采用建筑热环境模拟工具DeST对同一大型公共建筑的冷热负行模拟计算,分析了在不同建筑气候分区下外墙的保温层厚度对空调负荷的影响,分析其有无节能效果,可为不同气候分区的大型公共建筑外墙隔热保温提供参考依据.     

钢结构建筑保温屋面系统方案设计与选择

建筑物合理选用保温材料是重要的技术指标和经济指标之一,钢结构建筑常用的保温材料有玻璃棉和岩棉两类,本文通过这两类保温材料热工性能的分析,结合其在巴特勒钢结构建筑系统中的典型应用,其中包括适用于不同的气候分区的单层保温棉和双层保温棉两大系统,为钢结构建筑保温屋面系统的设计与选用提供借鉴。     

寒冷地区半围合式庭院空间风环境研究

半围合式建筑庭院作为建筑室内与室外的缓冲空间,在寒冷地区可以创建较为温和的微气候,维持建筑热环境的相对稳定,同时为人们提供开放自然舒适的室外交流与活动空间。以地处寒冷地区的典型半围合式庭院建筑为例,通过实地测量和数值模拟分析,研究基于室外气候要素的半围合式庭院空间风环境适宜性空间尺度,采用风速、空气龄等风环境评价指标来模拟评价庭院不同空间尺度与比例条件下的舒适度与建筑性能。研究成果可为寒冷地区建筑半围合式庭院空间设计提供空间价值尺度参考,探讨通过可持续性设计的方法对半围合式庭院空间进行优化设计来提高室外空间的舒适性。     

建筑常用保温材料导热性能分析

结合建筑工程中常用的保温材料的实际情况,对建筑保温材料导热性能及其特点进行了分析与汇总.     

岩棉外墙保温体系耐久性能研究

外墙外保温是一种有效的保温形式,保温层材料岩棉以其高透气性、高防火性能、高隔音吸声性被广泛应用。本文以建于70年代并于90年代进行既有建筑岩棉外保温改造的两幢四层砖混结构住宅楼为实例,对其体系外墙面的裂缝进行现状调查,全面的测试外墙热工性能,并通过实体取样对材料当前的物理性能进行检测。研究表明,在岩棉外墙保温设计施工时所采用的多种防裂缝技术措施,可以有效的减少外墙裂缝;使用20年的岩棉外墙保温体系保温性能稳定;在外设保护层没有遭到破坏的情况下,岩棉板本身的物理性能基本没有发生变化,具有很好的耐久性。该研究为岩棉外墙保温体系的进一步推广与应用提供依据。     

Experimental study on the performance of insulation materials in Mediterranean construction

It is well known that it is necessary to insulate the buildings to decrease the thermal demand and to decrease the use of heating and cooling. Due to the high cost of fossil fuels and to the necessity to reduce CO₂ emissions, and also due to the new building regulations more attention is paid to the insulation of buildings. Different insulation materials are available in the market. Usually, they are compared by their thermal conductivity and with theoretical calculations, but there are no experimental comparisons available, where the behavior of such insulation materials in a building is compared over time. This is why the authors started a comparison of three typical insulation materials, polyurethane, polystyrene, and mineral wool. For this purpose, four house-like cubicles were constructed (with a size of 2.4 m × 2.4 m × 2.4 m) and their thermal performance throughout the time was measured. The cubicles were built under a conventional Mediterranean construction system, differing only in the insulation material used. During 2008 and the first months of 2009 the performance of these cubicles was evaluated, and the results are presented in this paper.     

无机保温砂浆在太阳能建筑示范项目中的应用研究

本文以甘肃省建材科研设计院新型建筑材料中试基地既有建筑节能改造工程为例,通过对改造前后建筑物保温性能的测试,并结合建筑围护结构热工计算与测试数据进行分析研究,结果表明,用无机阻燃保温砂浆节能改造后建筑物节能效果显著。     

The effects of roof covering on the thermal performance of highly insulated roofs in Mediterranean climates

While the EU Directive 2002/91/CE on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) clearly establishes regulations for the thermal insulation of buildings for saving energy in winter, the summer strategy is described by a little more than qualitative provisions. As a consequence, in the national requirements, the high insulation of the building envelope is considered as the principal strategy to control energy consumption even in summer, regardless of the different climates. This approach leads to a homologation of the building trade, and imposes construction technology and materials which do not adhere to the traditional way of making buildings, like in Southern Europe. Here, the “over insulation” of buildings runs the risk of reducing the effectiveness of traditional passive cooling strategies (thermal mass, air permeability of the roof covering, roof ventilation) and could have adverse effects on internal comfort. In this paper, we focus on the effects of over insulation on the thermal performance of roofs in summer, by analyzing experimental data from monitoring a full-scale mock-up in Italy. Results show how an increase in insulation thickness reduces the effectiveness of traditional passive cooling strategies, as an effect of the thermal decoupling between the interior and the upper layers of the roofs.     

外保温钉粘部位对围护结构热工性能的影响

随着节能工作的不断深入,外墙外保温技术越来越广泛地被用于现代建筑中,但是其中用于固定的锚固钉等钉粘部位是否会对围护结构热工性能产生影响却仍需要进行研究。本文利用传统热电偶方法和红外热成像法现场测定了实际居住建筑围护结构的室内外壁面及空气等相应的热工参数,验证得到外墙外保温锚固钉的存在对建筑物围护结构热工性能影响极小,对日后外墙外保温技术也具有一定的借鉴价值。     

玻化微珠在仿古建筑外墙外保温中的应用

随着国家对建筑外墙保温的要求愈趋严格,建筑节能材料的发展十分迅速。因节能材料具有节省能源、降低热量消耗的作用,在实际工程项目中的应用十分广泛。仿古建筑不仅要满足中国传统的平面组合方式及立面造型,同时,还必须符合现代建筑设计相关规范。为仿古建筑选择合适的保温材料一直是人们关注的热点。通过对仿古建筑外墙外保温材料选择的相关分析,及各种保温材料的性能对比,得出玻化微珠保温砂浆是目前较适合仿古建筑的保温材料。     

Effectiveness of passive measures against climate change: Case studies in Central Italy

This paper focuses on the effectiveness of passive adaptation measures against climate change, in the medium (2036–2065) and long term (2066–2095), for three case studies located in Florence (central Italy). In order to identify and highlight the passive measures which can provide comfort conditions with the lowest net heating and cooling energy demand, the input assumptions consider a constant thermal comfort level and don’t take into account either the effect of HVAC system’s performance and the degradation of the materials by ageing. The study results show that, in case of poorly insulated buildings, on the medium term, the reduction of energy needed for heating could be bigger than the increase for cooling, resulting in a total annual net energy need decrease, while in the long term the opposite happens. Conversely, considering a high level of thermal insulation, due to the large increase in cooling demand, the total annual energy need rises in both periods. Furthermore, attention should be paid to internal loads and solar gains that, due to the projected climate change, could become main contributors to the energy balance. In general, since the magnitude of energy need increase for cooling and decrease for heating is very significant on the long term, and varies in function of the type of building, the passive measure adopted and the level of thermal insulation, the research results lead to pay close attention to different types of energy refurbishment interventions, that should be selected in function of their effectiveness over time.     

Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials

Buildings are large consumers of energy in all countries. In regions with harsh climatic conditions, a substantial share of energy goes to heat and cool buildings. This heating and air-conditioning load can be reduced through many means; notable among them is the proper design and selection of building envelope and its components.The proper use of thermal insulation in buildings does not only contribute in reducing the required air-conditioning system size but also in reducing the annual energy cost. Additionally, it helps in extending the periods of thermal comfort without reliance on mechanical air-conditioning especially during inter-seasons periods. The magnitude of energy savings as a result of using thermal insulation vary according to the building type, the climatic conditions at which the building is located as well as the type of the insulating material used. The question now in the minds of many building owners is no longer should insulation be used but rather which type, how, and how much.The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the basic principles of thermal insulation and to survey the most commonly used building insulation materials, their performance characteristics and proper applications.     

夏热冬暖地区装配式民用建筑混凝土预制外墙板热工性能分析

随着社会的发展,装配式建筑因建设效率高,对环境污染小等特点而倍受青睐。夏热冬暖地区民用建筑外墙的热工性能要求主要针对隔热,文章分析了装配式建筑外墙采用的混凝土预制墙板的热工性能及复合保温隔热层、隔热涂料加隔热腻子两种措施对其热工性能的改善效果。结果表明：较薄混凝土预制墙板不能满足现行标准的节能和隔热要求,隔热涂料加隔热腻子是适合改善夏热冬暖地区的预制外墙板热工性能的措施。     

外墙保温的发展与现状

在学习和研读资料的基础上,结合中国在实际工程中使用的保温方式,对建筑外围护结构（主要是外墙）的保温隔热材料以及基本构造进行了总结归纳,以期得到收获,同时也提供一些思路。     

Humidity control effect of vapor-permeable walls employing hygroscopic insulation material

Airtight construction and high-performance thermal insulation materials are commonly considered important building features to enhance indoor thermal comfort while reducing thermal load. However, when water vapor is generated in such airtight indoor spaces, it cannot be discharged to the outside, causing interstitial condensation and subsequent intrusion of moisture into the walls. Hygroscopic building materials such as cellulose fiber insulation (CFI), characterized by high water capacity, are a potential countermeasure against such condensation. In this study, the humidity control performance of external walls containing CFI was evaluated using data measured inside a demonstration house and calculated by numerical simulations based on thermodynamic chemical potential theory. The changes in moisture adsorption and desorption were then evaluated for different wall constructions and different climate conditions using a parameter sensitivity analysis. Finally, the effective application of CFI to prevent interstitial condensation was confirmed by comparing different wall compositions.     

我国住宅建筑节能保温的必然性与挑战

随着我国对住宅节能工作的重视与不断发展,作为基础工作的建筑外墙保温正越发受到重视,尤其是外墙外保温系统。然而,近几年来保温材料引发建筑火灾严重事故时有发生,使得国内业内人士对保温系统的安全性和必要性产生质疑。文章总结了国内外住宅保温的现状,指出了我国发展外墙外保温虽然道路曲折,但其必要性毋庸置疑,并对在我国大力发展外保温提出了建议。