25%使百克乳油防治稻瘟病试验报告

为探讨25％使百克乳油在水稻稻瘟病上的使用技术及防治效果，设计了25％使百克乳油40ml／667m^2、25％使百克乳油50ml／667m^2、常用药剂20％三环唑80g／667m^2，CK四个处理进行大区对比试验，结果表明：用25％使百克乳油40ml／667m^2喷雾，对水稻稻瘟病的防病治病效果最佳，并能相对提高水稻产量，可在我市水稻生产上推广应用。     

硼肥在水稻生产上应用效果对比试验

通过在水稻苗期、初花期、齐穗期和灌浆期喷施不同种类的硼肥与空白对照进行对比试验,结果表明:喷施硼肥可增强植株的抗逆性,有利于减少水稻病害的发生,还可改善株型,增强抗倒伏能力;喷施硼肥可以增加水稻的株高、穗长、分蘖数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,可以提高水稻产量,各处理的产量均高于对照,增产55.2～93.4 kg/667 m2,增产率12.4%～17.6%,其中产量最高的是速乐硼30 g/667 m2,实际产量达624.1 kg/667 m2,增产率17.6%,增产效果显著。     

菌毒杀星在盘山地区蟹田水稻上应用效果

菌毒杀星在蟹田水稻上应用对河蟹无任何毒害，防治水稻稻瘟病效果在98％以上，提高水稻结实率22．4％，增加千粒重1．1g，增加稻谷产量128．2kg／667m^2，增产率为26％，增加效益182元/667m^2。无污染，无残毒，无公害。     

不同生物有机肥对水稻产量及其构成因子的影响

在折合每667 m2一次性基施纯氮4 kg条件下,尿素处理产量为436.41 kg/667 m2,几种生物有机肥处理的产量在457.10～495.87 kg/667 m2之间,均高于尿素处理,其中以双友生物有机肥处理的产量最高。与尿素处理相比,施用有机肥能够促进水稻分蘖的发生,增加有效分蘖数,提高成穗率、结实率、千粒重,增加水稻产量。     

寒地水稻节水控制灌溉技术研究

黑龙江垦区进行节水试验,试验结果表明：控灌处理用水量296.4 m3/667 m^2,较对照省水84 m3/667 m^2,但水分供应不充分,不能满足水稻生长的需要,具体表现为：株高较对照矮0.7 cm,单穴茎数较对照少0.5株,实粒数较对照少1.8粒,产量635.4 kg/667 m^2,较对照减产6.5%;节灌处理用水量345.5 m3/667 m^2,较对照省水20.9 m^3/667 m^2,水分能够满足水稻生长需要,并且因浅水灌溉增加水温、泥温,促进水稻分蘖,单穴茎数19.6株,较对照增加1.7株,促进水稻根系的发育,产量679.1 kg/667 m^2,较对照不减产,经济效益分析节灌处理增效2.6元/667 m^2,节约水资源的同时又增加了抽水的费用,具有实际的推广价值。     

基肥与密度互作对水稻产量构成因素及产量的影响

采用随机区组法,以三江6号和绥粳18号为试验材料,研究基肥与密度互作对产量构成及产量的影响。结果表明:两个品种基肥与密度处理间在穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重及产量上均存在互作关系,A3B3(20 kg/667 m^2基肥,30cm×12 cm)组合有利于水稻产量的提高,A1B1(12 kg/667 m^2基肥,30 cm×16 cm)组合不利于水稻产量的提高。     

云南机插籼稻品种产量潜力分析

以36个籼稻品种为材料,在云南省永胜县三川镇开展了机插稻种植试验研究,对品种产量、群体质量、倒伏情况等指标进行了分析。结果表明,高产机插籼稻平均产量10.03 t/hm^2,颖花量5.62万/m^2,结实率72.23%,收获指数0.56,最大叶面积指数9.91,抽穗期干物质量1619.28 g/m^2,倒伏指数79.16,总叶龄18.22,其中产量最高的品种为C两优华占,产量为11.46 t/hm^2;低产机插籼稻平均产量7.03 t/hm^2,颖花量5.27万/m^2,结实率53.87%,收获指数0.46,最大叶面积指数7.89,抽穗期干物质1494.12 g/m^2,倒伏指数85.05,总叶龄17.56。总之,结实率是机插籼稻产量形成的主导因素,高产品种在适当降低有效穗数的基础上增加结实率可以获得超高产,低产品种只有在增加移栽基本苗数的基础上提高有效穗数才能获得较高产量。     

三系超级杂交水稻国稻6号单产750kg／667m^2穗粒结构量化指标及高产栽培技术

国稻6号是由中国水稻研究所育成的三系超级杂交水稻新组合,米质优,分蘖力强,千粒重高,结实率高。在富阳市试验表明,国稻6号产量750kg／667m^2穗粒结构量化指标为：有效穗16-18万／667m^2,每穗粒数160-190粒,结实率90％,千粒重31g左右。国稻6号配套栽培技术根据其分蘖力强,对肥水敏感等特性,应在培育壮秧,少本稀植、保证适宜穗数,提高成穗率的同时,主攻大穗,提高结实率。     

水稻产量性状相关性及通径分析

通过对影响水稻产量性状的相关性及通径分析，结果表明：结实率、667m^2穗数、667m^2穴数与667m^2实际产量之间有较大的正相关性，相关系数分别为0．7009．0．5900和0．6520。而千粒重和平均每穴的有效穗数与产量呈较弱的负相关性，其相关系数分别为-0．1290和-0．0681。因此，在制定水稻高产栽培措施时，应在稳定较高结实率的基础上，提高667m^2穗数和穴数，达到高产稳产。     

不同杀虫剂防治水稻二化螟田间药效试验研究

通过对不同杀虫剂防治水稻二化螟进行田间药效对比试验,结果表明,氟虫双酰胺.阿维菌素100 g/L悬浮剂、氯虫苯甲酰胺200 g/L悬浮剂、20%氟虫双酰胺水分散颗粒剂是防治水稻二化螟的理想杀虫剂。氟虫双酰胺.阿维菌素100g/L悬浮剂30 ml/667 m^2防治效果99.64%,氯虫苯甲酰胺200 g/L悬浮剂10 ml/667 m^2防治效果99.29%,氟虫双酰胺20%水分散颗粒剂10 ml/667 m^2防治效果8.17%。     

叶龄调控下水肥耦合对寒地水稻生物学特征及水肥利用效率的影响

【目的】旨在通过优化水稻生育进程的水肥供给来促进水稻的生长发育。【方法】大田试验于2016—2017年在黑龙江省八五二农场进行,以垦稻24 (主茎叶片数为12) 为材料,采用2种灌溉模式和2种施肥模式的正交试验设计：叶龄灌溉模式 (LI) 与常规灌溉模式 (RI),叶龄调控侧深施肥模式 (SF) 与常规施肥模式 (RF)。【结果】LI+SF模式对水稻形态特征、光合特性、水肥利用效率及产量具有显著影响(P<0.05)。与RI+RF相比,LI+SF模式使叶面积指数、单株不定根数、总根长、总根表面积及总体积显著提高了21.2%、22.7%、20.8%、45.2%和17.8%,灌浆期水稻光合速率、净光合速率、叶绿素含量及气孔导度显著提高了17.4%、18.4%、26.8%和40.1%,水稻结实率、千粒重和理论产量显著提高了6.3%、2.4%和28.2%,实收产量平均增加5.2%,纯收入增加13.2%,氮肥农学利用率、籽粒吸氮量、产谷利用效率、氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数被显著提高了11.1%、6.9%、5.8%、13.6%和8.0%。LI模式可以节约灌溉水用量1 000 t/hm²。RI+SF对水稻植株形态、光合特性、生物学产量和水肥利用率具有一定的促进作用,实收产量平均增加2.3%,没有充分发挥水肥耦合作用。【结论】LI+SF模式为本研究最佳的精准灌溉施肥模式,也是适合在我国北方推广的寒地水稻节水、节肥、丰产技术模式。     

Effects of Irrigation and Fertilization Coupling on Biological Characteristics,Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Rice in Cold Regions Under Leaf Age Regulation

【Objective】The objective is to improve the growth and development of rice by optimizing water and fertilizer supply in rice growing duration.【Method】A field experiment of fertilization and irrigation under leaf age regulation was conducted in 2016 and 2017 at 852 Farm in Heilongjiang Province. Rice variety Kendao 24 was used as material under two irrigation modes (leaf age irrigation mode, LI; conventional irrigation mode, RI) and two fertilization modes (leaf age regulation side deep fertilization mode, SF; conventional fertilization mode, RF).【Result】Rice morphological traits, photosynthetic characteristics, water and fertilizer use efficiency and grain yield were significantly affected by LI+SF (P< 0.05). Compared with RI + RF, LI+SF significantly increased leaf area index, adventitious root number per plant, total root length, total root surface area and total root volume by 21.2%, 22.7%, 20.8%, 45.2% and 17.8%, respectively. Photosynthetic rate, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll contents and stomatal conductance were significantly increased by 17.4%, 18.4%, 26.8% and 40.1%, respectively. Seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight and theoretical yield were significantly increased by 6.3%, 2.4% and 28.2%, respectively. Average yield was increased by 5.2%, and net income was increased by 13.21%. Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, grain nitrogen uptake, grain yield and utilization efficiency, partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen harvest index were significantly increased by 11.1%, 6.9%, 5.8%, 13.6% and 8.0%, respectively. In addition, 1 000 t/hm2 irrigation water can be saved by LI mode. RI+SF mode can exert a positive influence on plant morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, biological yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency. The average yield was increased by 2.3%. However, the coupling effect of water and fertilizer was not fully exerted.【Conclusion】LI + SF mode is the best precise irrigation and fertilization mode in this study, and it is also suitable to be popularized as a water-saving, fertilizer saving and high-yield technology for rice in the cold area of northern China.     

Managing “Marandu” palisadegrass and calopo pastures based on light interception

Light interception (LI) in grazing management has been an efficient tool to harvest forage under similar growth stage conditions. The objective was to define the best grazing management strategies (GMSs) based on LI in marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] R. Webster cv. Marandu) and calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. cv. Comum) mixed pastures. Three GMSs were evaluated in a randomized block design: rest period interrupted at 90% (90LI), 95% (95LI) and 100% (100LI) of LI. The experimental period was divided into four periods: rainy seasons and transitions (between rainy and dry seasons). Post-grazing stubble height target was 15 cm. Canopy height, forage mass, leaf area index (LAI), morphogenic variables and tiller demographic pattern were evaluated. Pre- and post-grazing canopy height increased at 100LI. Pre-grazing forage mass decreased over time in all GMSs. The relationship among canopy height, forage mass and LI was not constant throughout the experiment. Post-grazing forage mass was greatest at 90LI. There was an increase in legume mass throughout the experiment; however, the proportion of legume in pre-grazing forage mass was no more than 6.6% for all GMSs. Number of calopo branches per plant and LAI increased throughout the experiment while the number of plants decreased. The 95LI provided the best conditions for calopo development; however, the LI as a tool to determine the entry of animals in mixed pastures of marandu palisadegrass and calopo should be carefully applied, considering the seasonal variations in canopy botanical and structural composition under similar LI.     

基于教学科研互动的茶学创新人才培养模式探讨

本科教育是现代高等教育的重要基础。茶学是中国的特色专业,随着茶产业的快速发展,社会迫切需要大量茶学创新型技术人才。本文以湖南农业大学茶学本科专业为例,分析了茶学专业创新人才培养的现状和存在的问题,探索基于教学科研互动的茶学创新人才培养模式,旨在提高茶学专业人才培养质量,为进一步深化茶学专业创新教育改革提供依据。     

生境管理在茶树害虫生态控制中的作用

利用“生境管理”策略—间作植物增强天敌控害能力和利用植物挥发物的对害虫和天敌的行为进行调控已在茶树害虫生态控制系统中开展了一系列尝试。增加茶园“斑块”中的植物多样性能明显增加天敌类型和数量,罗勒、迷迭香以及某些豆科植物释放的挥发物在一定条件下可以对害虫产生引诱或驱避效应,仙鹤草的提取物能够用来增强天敌的捕食能力或寄生能力。源自茶树本身的系列挥发物例如顺-3-己烯醇、反-2-己烯醛、罗勒烯、芳樟醇、香叶醇和吲哚等能用于诱集和驱避害虫,聚集寄生性或捕食性天敌。水杨酸、茉莉酸、苯并噻二唑及β-氨基丁酸等诱导剂处理茶树可以增进茶树的直接抗虫性能,并促进茶树挥发物的释放以提高天敌定位能力。     

Forage intake and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle grazing palisadegrass-calopo mixed pasture managed using canopy light interception

To define the best grazing management strategy, it is important to assess animals' responses to variations in the structure and composition of tropical forages. This 2-year study evaluated animal response to Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha)-calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) mixed pastures managed under rotational grazing. Treatments consisted of three defoliation frequencies defined by rest periods interrupted at 90% (90LI), 95% (95LI) and 100% (100LI) of photosynthetically active radiation interception (LI). The stubble post-grazing height target was 15 cm. Statistical difference was declared at p < .10. The 100LI had lowest crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDDM) for the Marandu palisadegrass (p = <.001 both) and calopo (p = .003 and p = .067, respectively). Also, the OM digestibility decreased 7.0% in the 100LI condition than 90LI and 95LI treatment (p = .005). There was no difference in forage, grass, and legume intakes between the treatments (p > .10). The 100LI treatment decreased CP intake from grass in 33.3% (p = <.001) compared to other treatments. Greatest production of microbial N (p = .093) occurred with the 90LI treatment. The CP/digestible organic matter (DOM) ratio, urinary N excretion and retained N were lowest in the 100LI treatment (p = <.001, p = .007 and p = .014, respectively). The recommendation for grazing between 90 and 95% of LI is recommended because of greater CP intake and N utilization for the animals and improved the nutritive value of Marandu palisadegrass and calopo mixed pastures.     

小麦膳食纤维含量研究及优异资源筛选

为了解小麦膳食纤维含量的变异特点及分布规律,选用不同种植区的79份和175份小麦品种(系)分别研究了小麦总膳食纤维含量和总阿拉伯木聚糖、水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖、非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量及其关系。结果表明,79份参试材料膳食纤维含量的变异系数为10.2%,175份参试材料的总阿拉伯木聚糖、水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖和非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异系数分别为12.06%、26.88%和14.62%;品种对4个目标指标均有极显著影响(P<0.01);麦区对总膳食纤维和水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量影响不显著,对总阿拉伯木聚糖和非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量影响显著(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量与总膳食纤维含量、总阿拉伯木聚糖含量分别呈显著、极显著正相关,与水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量呈极显著负相关。筛选出9个高膳食纤维含量的小麦优质资源,推荐毕2008-1和丰德存1号(膳食纤维含量高于12.0%,面团稳定时间高于20 min)作为小麦品质育种的优良亲本材料。     

不同小麦品种的氮素利用特性研究

为了解河南省主要小麦品种的氮素利用特性,探究不同小麦品种之间氮素积累和转运的差异,通过大田试验,分别在开花期和成熟期对河南省18个具有代表性的小麦品种的茎、叶、鞘、穗(开花期)、颖壳和籽粒进行干物质重和氮含量测定,并根据小麦的产量、氮素积累量以及氮素籽粒生产效率划分不同小麦品种的氮效率类型,计算氮素利用特性的相关参数,分析氮素利用特性相关参数与产量和氮素籽粒生产效率之间的关系。结果表明,供试的小麦品种可划分为氮素高效型(Ⅰ)、氮素中效型(Ⅱ)、氮素低效型(Ⅲ)、氮素超低效型(Ⅳ)4种类型,其品种数量分别占总品种数的5%、50%、40%和5%。在小麦成熟期,Ⅳ型品种的颖壳和籽粒氮含量显著高于其他3种类型品种,叶、颖壳和籽粒的氮素积累量显著低于其他3类型品种,4种类型品种间茎和叶氮含量及氮素在茎、叶、鞘、颖壳和籽粒中的分配比例无显著差异;Ⅰ类型和Ⅱ类型品种的花前贮存氮素在花后向籽粒的转运量均显著高于Ⅳ类型品种,Ⅰ类型品种的氮素农艺效率均显著高于Ⅲ和Ⅳ类型品种,氮素偏生产力表现为Ⅰ类型品种>Ⅱ类型品种>Ⅲ类型品种>Ⅳ类型品种,且差异显著。小麦产量、氮素籽粒生产效率与其他氮素利用相关参数呈现显著正相关。     

香芹酮处理对马铃薯微型薯发芽调控及田间种植的影响

为了解决种薯、特别是微型薯长期贮藏发芽的问题,试验以马铃薯脱毒微型薯‘青薯9号’为材料,分别考察香芹酮处理时间、剂量、处理次数及停药时间对微型薯贮藏效果和田间种植效果的影响。结果表明,香芹酮对微型薯具有发芽调控和抑制腐烂的保鲜作用,其中香芹酮一次性处理、使用剂量低的处理对微型薯发芽调控效果最佳;田间种植结果表明,香芹酮处理对马铃薯微型薯的出苗率、田间性状、产量及种植出马铃薯的品质无不良影响,且选择香芹酮处理0.3mL/kgFW、处理1次、停药4~6周,对‘青薯9号’微型薯贮藏期间的发芽调控、抑制腐烂及田间种植效果最佳。     

1BL/1RS易位系HMW-GS组成与品质分析

为深入挖掘1BL/1RS易位系的品质育种潜力,对收集的300份1BL/1RS易位系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成及其品质性状进行了分析。在300份1BL/1RS易位系 Glu-1位点上共检出12种HMW-GS类型和27种HMW-GS组合,表明这些1BL/1RS易位系具有较高的遗传多样性。在 Glu-A1位点上,亚基Null和1亚基的出现频率分别为47.67%和52.33%; Glu-B1位点有7种等位变异,其中出现频率最高的为7+9亚基对(58.67%); Glu-D1位点有3种等位变异, 2+12亚基对为主要类型,出现频率为71.33%。亚基组合类型中,"Null/7+9/2+12"的出现频率最高(31. 67%)。 Glu-A1、 Glu-B1和 Glu-D1编码优质HMW-GS的比例分别为52.33%、38.34%和16.00%,其中31份1BL/1RS易位系在3个位点均编码优质HMW-GS类型。300份1BL/1RS易位系的品质变异范围较大,有9份材料具有较高的品质育种价值。