银杏叶提取物对巨噬细胞呼吸爆发、炎性细胞因子和COX-2 mRNAs及蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb761)对小鼠巨噬细胞呼吸爆发及IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2mRNAs和蛋白表达的影响。方法以佛波酯刺激巨噬细胞产生呼吸爆发,用化学发光分析和电子顺磁共振检测呼吸爆发产生的活性氧;以脂多糖(LPS)诱导巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2表达,用RT-PCR检测IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2mRNAs表达,ELISA法检测IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2蛋白表达。结果银杏叶提取物能清除巨噬细胞呼吸爆发产生的超氧阴离子自由基、下调LPS诱导巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2 mRNAs和蛋白表达。结论银杏叶提取物对巨噬细胞产生呼吸爆发和LPS诱导巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、COX-2 mRNAs和蛋白表达有明显的抑制作用。     

银杏叶提取物对内毒素诱导巨噬细胞核因子-κB活化及炎性细胞因子表达的调节

探讨银杏叶提取物（EGb761）对内毒素（LPS）诱导RAW264．7细胞核因子-κB（NF-κB）活化及炎性细胞因子基因表达的调节,为银杏叶提取物的临床运用提供理论依据．分别用LPS或EGb761＋LPS处理体外培养的小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264．7细胞,采用蛋白质印迹分析检测细胞中NF-κB活性,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测细胞中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA和蛋白的表达．研究结果表明LPS组NF-κB活性和TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量在刺激后2～12h明显高于正常对照组,而EGb761＋LPS组NF-κB活性和TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量均显著低于LPS组．结果提示LPS可诱导RAW264．7细胞NF-κB活化,导致TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因表达增强,而EGb761能抑制NF-κB活化而调节TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因的表达．     

连翘脂素对LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症反应的影响

为研究连翘脂素的抗炎效应及其抗炎机制,以地塞米松作为阳性对照,建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7炎症模型,检测炎症因子的释放及相关蛋白和mRNA的表达,以期提高对连翘脂素抗炎作用的全面认识并为连翘脂素临床开发提供有力的科学依据。实验采用Griess法检测细胞上清液中NO含量,ELISA法检测TNF-α和IL-6的含量,Westernblot法检测iNOS、COX-2蛋白的表达,RT-qPCR法检测iNOS、COX-2mRNA的表达。与LPS组比较,连翘脂素组和地塞米松组可以明显降低LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞释放NO、TNF-α和IL-6的量,并呈现浓度依赖关系。Westrenblot和RT-qPCR结果显示连翘脂素能抑制LPS诱导的iNOS、COX-2的蛋白表达以及mRNA的表达,并呈浓度依赖关系。实验研究表明连翘脂素能够明显抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症因子的释放,iNOS、COX-2蛋白及mRNA的表达从而抑制炎症反应。     

白术提取物苍术酮对脂多糖诱导的BV2细胞神经炎性影响及相关机制研究

研究旨在白术提取物苍术酮(AT)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的BV2细胞抗炎作用,并探讨其相关机制。提取苍术酮并进行结构鉴定;以LPS诱导BV2细胞建立炎症模型;四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞存活率;Griess反应检测细胞上清液中NO水平;ELISA法检测细胞上清中PGE2、IL-6、TNF-α水平;Western Blot法检测COX-2、iNOS、MAPK、NF-κB蛋白表达。结果表明LPS诱导BV2细胞后NO、PGE_2、IL-6、TNF-α水平和COX-2及iNOS蛋白表达显著增高,苍术酮预处理后均显著降低。进一步研究表明苍术酮可显著降低LPS诱导BV2细胞ERK、JNK、NF-κB蛋白表达。说明苍术酮能够有效预防LPS诱导BV2细胞神经炎性反应,机制与抑制炎症通路相关。     

姜黄素诱导Nrf2核转位对脂多糖引起库普弗细胞分泌炎症细胞因子的影响

目的：研究姜黄素诱导大鼠Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位对脂多糖（LPS）引起的炎症细胞因子分泌的影响。方法：分别用10μM、20μM和30μM干预Kupffer细胞8h,诱导Nrf2核转位水平;将Kupffer细胞随机分为对照组、LPS组和干预组,对照组正常培养未加姜黄素和LPS,LPS组用10μg／mL的LPS加入Kupffer细胞培养液共同培养2h;干预组用30μM姜黄素干预8h后,余处理同LPS组。Western blot检测Nrf2核转位水平,分光光度法检测细胞MDA、GSH水平,ELISA法检测上清液TNF-α和IL-6,放免法检测IL-1β。结果：①姜黄素诱导Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位,核转位水平随浓度增加而增高。②LPS组MDA水平较对照组显著升高（P〈0．01）,干预组MDA水平较LPS组显著降低（P〈0．01）,仍显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。LPS组GSH水平较对照组显著降低（P〈0．01）,干预组GSH水平较LPS组显著升高（P〈0．01）,仍显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）。③LPS组上清液TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,干预组均显著低于模型组（P〈0．01）,但显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：姜黄素通过诱导Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位,降低LPS诱导的氧化应激损伤,抑制Kupffer细胞分泌炎症细胞因子。     

小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞体外诱导培养方法的比较研究

目的探讨最佳体外诱导培养小鼠成熟树突状细胞（dendritic cells,DC）的方法。方法分离、纯化6周龄C57BL／6小鼠骨髓单核细胞,以含10％胎牛血清、20ng／ml重组小鼠粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM—CSF）和10ng／ml重组小鼠白细胞介素-4（IL-4）的RPMI-1640培养基培养7d,然后将细胞分成对照未刺激组、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）刺激组和TNF-α＋脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）刺激组。继续培养48h后,观察各组细胞形态,检测IL-12、IL-6浓度及细胞表面标志CD11c、CD80、CD86和MHC II。结果培养9d后,两刺激组培养的细胞经相差显微镜观察有DC生长。TNF—α刺激组细胞培养上清液中IL-6、IL-12含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,但显著低于TNF—α＋LPS刺激组（P〈0．05）。3组均高表达CD11c,各组间无显著差异;而CD80、CD86和MHC II表达阳性率TNF-α刺激组显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,TNF-α＋LPS刺激组显著高于单纯TNF—α刺激组（P〈0．05）。结论联合使用TNF-α与LPS刺激可使DC成熟度提高,分泌IL-6、IL-12增加。     

黄芩苷对脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞NF-κB活化和炎症因子表达的影响

目的:研究黄芩苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠巨噬细胞核因子κB(NF-κB)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)表达的影响.方法:分别用LPS(终浓度1μgomL-1)和LPs+黄芩苷(终浓度10,50,100μmol moloL-1)处理生长良好的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,用RT-PCR法和Elisa法检测细胞及其上清液中TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA和蛋白的表达变化,用Western Blot法检测细胞核内NF-κB p65蛋白含量变化.结果:LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞可导致NF-κB激活,上调TNF-α、IL-6表达;黄芩苷预处理能降低LPS诱导的NF-κB出活化和TNF-α、IL-6表达.结论:黄芩苷可通过抑制NF-κB活化,下调LPS诱导的巨噬细胞TNF-α、IL-6的生成,发挥抗炎作用.这可能是其抗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制之一.     

蛋白激酶C和蛋白酪氨酸激酶介导脂多糖及细胞因子诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞一氧化氮的生成

采用Spprague-Dawley大鼠胸主动脉中膜、外膜和培养的血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)作材料,鉴定不同类型的血管组织经炎性介质刺激后其一氧化氮(NO)的产生来源,闻明蛋白激酶C(PKC)和蛋白酪氨酸激酶(PTK)介导大鼠VSMCs生成NO的调控机制。大鼠VSMCs经脂多糖(LPG)和细胞因子(TNF-α,IL-1β)处理后,以剂量依赖方式促进NO释放。采用Western Blot证实经刺激的VSMCs伴有iNOS表达上调。进一步实验表明PKC和PTK参与LPS和细胞因子诱导NO生成的胞内信号转导。用PKC抑制剂H7与VSMCs共培育,H7能明显减少LPS、TNF-α和IL-1β诱导细胞NO的形成。白屈菜赤碱亦可抑制NO的生成,但HAl004对VSMCs的NO生成无抑制作用,提示PKC参与NO的生成与调控。PTK抑制剂genistein和tyrphostin AG18均能抑制由LPS、TNF-α和IL-1β引发VSMCs释放NO,同时伴iNOS蛋白表达下调,而PKC抑制剂不能阻断iNOS的表达。上述观察结果提示,PKC介导LPS和细胞因子诱导细胞合成NO可能是通过iNOS翻译后加工;而PTK则以上调iNOS表达而促增NO生成。     

余甘子不同溶剂提取物抗炎活性的研究

本试验旨在筛选出余甘子不同溶剂提取物的最佳抗炎活性部位。试验以水、乙醇、乙酸乙酯和石油醚为提取溶剂得到余甘子不同溶剂提取物(水提取物分成三个组分:水(1)组分分子量小于6000;水(2)组分分子量在6000到10000之间;水(3)组分分子量大于10000),采用LPS诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞建立炎症模型;以NO分泌量和细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6)释放量为指标,筛选出余甘子不同溶剂提取物最佳抗炎活性部位。余甘子不同溶剂提取物在浓度25~400μg/m L之间对细胞无明显细胞毒性(P0.05)。与模型组相比,水(1)、水(2)和乙醇提取物能显著抑制LPS诱导巨噬细胞分泌NO(P0.05)。在细胞因子实验中,乙醇提取物极显著抑制LPS诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞分泌IL-1β和TNF-α(P0.01);乙酸乙酯提取物抑制LPS诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞分泌IL-6的效果最佳。综合评价得出余甘子乙醇提取物作为筛选出的最佳抗炎活性部位,其极显著抑制LPS诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞分泌NO和细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6),可以作为后续分离鉴定抗炎活性物质单体的活性部位。     

亚硝基化谷胱甘肽还原酶: 一个调控炎症反应的新分子

炎症因子的表达调控是炎症反应的关键步骤,与自身免疫疾病以及癌症等密切相关．一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)在炎症因子表达调控中具有重要作用,但已有的研究多关注于NO合成对炎症因子的调控作用,而对NO代谢的作用知之甚少．亚硝基化谷胱甘肽还原酶(S-nitrosoglutathione reductase,GSNOR)是体内NO信号通路代谢调控的关键蛋白．本研究发现脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)在RAW264.7细胞中上调诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)的同时下调GSNOR的转录和蛋白质表达,该下调作用依赖MEK1/2、p38和PI3K信号通路．抑制GSNOR可促进LPS诱导的炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α表达,而过表达GSNOR作用相反．抗炎症药物曲古抑菌素A (trichostatin A,TSA)能够挽回LPS对GSNOR的下调作用,并且GSNOR抑制剂削弱了TSA对炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α转录的抑制效应．这些结果表明：GSNOR是一个新的重要炎症调控分子,它可能成为调控NO介导的炎症相关信号通路的新的潜在靶点,上调GSNOR可能是抑制炎症的新思路．本研究揭示了巨噬细胞通过上调iNOS和下调GSNOR共同增强免疫炎症反应的新机制,拓展了对NO代谢在炎症反应中作用机制的认识．     

A sesquiterpenol extract potently suppresses inflammation in macrophages and mice skin and prevents chronic liver damage in mice through JNK-dependent HO-1 expression

This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective bioactivities of a sesquiterpenol, (1S,6R)-2,7(14),10-bisabolatrien-1-ol-4-one (BSL), isolated from Cryptomeria japonica (Taxodiaceae) wood extract. BSL markedly suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 secretion, PGE(2) production, and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages. BSL also potently inhibited the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced protein levels of nitrotyrosine and COX-2 in mouse skin with dermatitis. Conversely, the stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was found upregulated in the same BSL-treated macrophages, probably through activation of the JNK-dependent pathway. LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, however, was not responsive to BSL treatment. A BSL-enriched extract (BSL-E; 10mg/kg) significantly prevented CCl(4)-induced chronic liver injury, lipid accumulation, and cell necrosis and inhibited aminotransferase activities and iNOS and COX-2 overexpression in mice liver tissues, an effect comparable with that of silymarin, a hepatoprotective drug.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of myricetin from Diospyros lotus through suppression of NF-κB and STAT1 activation and Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages

Diospyros lotus is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes, diarrhea, tumor, and hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and underlying molecular mechanisms of myricetin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Myricetin dose-dependently suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, PGE₂, and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Myricetin administration decreased the production of NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 in mice. Myricetin decreased NF-κB activation by suppressing the degradation of IκBα, nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-κB, and NF-κB DNA binding activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, myricetin attenuated the phosphorylation of STAT1 and the production of IFN-β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, myricetin induced the expression of HO-1 through Nrf2 translocation. In conclusion, these results suggest that myricetin inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through the suppression of NF-κB and STAT1 activation and induction of Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.     

香栓菌的平喘及抗氧化活性研究

本文对香栓菌子实体提取物的平喘作用和抗氧化活性进行研究。平喘药理实验采用鸡卵清蛋白（OVA）致敏法建立小鼠过敏性哮喘模型,灌胃给药香栓菌水提物（高240mg/kg、中120mg/kg、低60mg/kg剂量）和石油醚提取物（高24mg/kg、中12mg/kg、低6mg/kg剂量）。比较各组小鼠行为变化,检测IgE、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4和IFN-γ等指标,分类计数血液及支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中的嗜酸性粒细胞数量,分析肺组织病理变化;抗氧化实验采用香栓菌水提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、氯仿提取物、石油醚提取物比较清除DPPH和ABTS自由基能力。平喘试验结果表明,香栓菌水提物中剂量（120mg/kg）能降低血中嗜酸性粒细胞（Eos）及血清中IgE含量,减少BALF中Eos,降低血清及肺组织匀浆中IL-4含量,提高IFN-γ/IL-4,减轻模型的病理改变;石油醚提取物高剂量（24mg/kg）能降低血中Eos和血清中IgE、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6含量,减少肺组织炎症细胞浸润;抗氧化结果显示,香栓菌各层提取物均有不同程度的抗氧化能力,并呈现一定的量效关系,同时水提取物的抗氧化效果最显著。本文为深入研究香栓菌子实体对呼吸系统疾病的治疗提供了重要试验依据。     

Tranilast, an orally active anti-allergic drug, up-regulates the anti-inflammatory heme oxygenase-1 expression but down-regulates the pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW264.7 macrophages

Tranilast (N-[3′,4′-dimethoxycinnamonyl] anthranilic acid), an orally active anti-allergic drug, is reported to exert the anti-inflammatory effects, but the underlying mechanisms that could explain the anti-inflammatory actions of tranilast remain largely unknown. Here, we found that tranilast induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages. Tranilast suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) expression, and thereby reduced COX-2-derived prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and iNOS-derived NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Similarly, tranilast diminished tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production. Interestingly, the effects of tranilast on LPS-induced PGE₂, NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β production were partially reversed by the HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin, suggesting that tranilast-induced HO-1 expression is at least partly responsible for the resulting anti-inflammatory effects of the drug. Thus, HO-1 expression via ERK1/2 activation may be at least one of the possible mechanisms explaining the anti-inflammatory actions of tranilast.     

ω-Alkynyl arachidonic acid promotes anti-inflammatory macrophage M2 polarization against acute myocardial infarction via regulating the cross-talk between PKM2, HIF-1α and iNOS

Macrophage polarization determines the timing for the switch from the inflammation phase to the inflammation resolution phase after acute myocardial infarction. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid could mitigate the inflammatory lipid mediators in the regulation of macrophage phenotypes and functions with a special regard to myocardial infarction. We initially discovered that ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid selectively suppressed the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) over cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. ω-Alkynyl arachidonic acid also reduced the expression of macrophage M1 biomarkers (e.g., TNF-α, CXCL10, iNOS and IL-6) but increased the expression of macrophage M2 biomarkers (e.g., IL-10 and arginase-1) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid markedly enhanced the phagocytotic activity of macrophages against fluorescently-labeled beads or apoptotic H9c2 cardiac cells. We further investigated the in vivo cardioprotective activities of ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. ω-Alkynyl arachidonic acid indeed reduced infarct size, cardiac damage and the leakage of myocardial enzymes CK-MB. Mechanistic studies revealed that ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid suppressed the overexpression and nuclear translocation of glycolytic enzyme PKM2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation assay suggested that ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid disrupted the interaction between PKM2 and HIF-1α. Consequently, ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid diminished HIF-1α binding to the HRE sequence in iNOS promoter in response to LPS stimulation. Collectively, ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid may promote the anti-inflammatory M2 polarization of macrophages in acute myocardial infarction via regulating the cross-talk between PKM2, HIF-1α and iNOS.     

黄芪甲苷对马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞M1型极化的作用及机制研究

目的:探讨黄芪甲苷对马兜铃酸诱导的RAW264.7细胞向M1型极化的影响,并初步探索其可能的作用机制。方法:分别采用马兜铃酸和脂多糖(LPS)刺激RAW264.7细胞24 h,伴或不伴黄芪甲苷进行药物干预处理。采用细胞计数检测试剂盒-8(CCK 8)检测细胞活性变化,流式细胞仪检测巨噬细胞分型,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的分泌量。反转录实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测RAW264.7细胞IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达。蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测RAW264.7细胞p-p38和p38 MAPK蛋白表达水平。结果:CCK8结果提示黄芪甲苷在5~50μg/mL浓度范围对RAW264.7巨噬细胞无明显毒性,本研究选取10μg/mL作为实验干预浓度。黄芪甲苷能够显著改善马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞活性(P<0.05),同时减少IL-6和TNF-α的分泌水平和mRNA表达水平(均P<0.05),抑制马兜铃酸和LPS诱导的M1/M2巨噬细胞比例(P<0.05)。黄芪甲苷可部分抑制马兜铃酸诱导的巨噬细胞p38 MAPK磷酸化水平(P<0.05)。结论:黄芪甲苷可减少巨噬细胞M1型极化,降低炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α水平,减少巨噬细胞的活性,从而起到减缓马兜铃酸肾损害的作用,其作用机制可能与部分抑制p38 MAPK信号活性有关。     

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract and n-hexane fraction mojabanchromanol b from Myagropsis myagroides

Aims

This study was carried out to verify the anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract from Myagropsis myagroides (MMME) and its n-hexane fraction mojabanchromanol b.

Main methods

The murine macrophages Raw264.7 cells were used. The pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB p65 were examined by ELISA and immunoblotting. To investigate the inhibitory effect of MMME in an animal model of inflammation, an assay to determine croton oil-induced ear edema in mice was performed.

Key findings

NO levels decreased with increasing concentration of MMME, and were inhibited up to 50%. The secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner, especially at 50 μg/mL, inhibition activities of cytokines were over 50%. MMME also suppressed the expression of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB p65, suggesting that MMME could affect the expression of inflammation related cytokines and proteins through the deregulation of NF-κB. Moreover, the formation of mouse ear edema was reduced at the highest dose tested compared to that in the control, and generated similar effects compared with prednisolone at 250 mg/kg in mice ear edema evaluation test. In addition, the results in photomicrograph of mice ear tissue and mast cells also showed the same effect. After purification of fractions of MMME, it indicated that n-hexane fraction mojabanchromanol b was the most active fraction showing the inhibitory effect of IL-6 and TNF-α.

Significance

These results suggested that MMME and mojabanchromanol b may have great effects on inflammatory factors and be potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic materials.