医院感染革兰阳性球菌耐药性分析

目的了解医院感染革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌分布及耐药特点，为临床治疗提供依据。方法对某院2006年临床送检的8719份标本，常规培养、分离细菌并采用VITEK-2和API系统鉴定；纸片扩散法和肉汤稀释法对细菌进行药敏试验；WHONET5．4和SPSS11．5统计软件对数据进行统计分析。结果共分离细菌3584株（41．11％），其中G^＋菌777株（21．68％），主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）259株，金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）234株，肠球菌属（ENT）156株。其中分离耐甲氧西林SA（MRSA）123株（占SA52．56％），耐甲氧西林CNS（MRCNS）214株（占CNS82．63％），粪肠球菌41株（占ENT26．28％），屎肠球菌107株（占ENT68．59％）。未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的葡萄球菌属和粪肠球菌，发现1株对替考拉宁和万古霉素同时耐药和3株对万古霉素中介耐药的屎肠球菌；屎肠球菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌（P〈0．01）；肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为64．28％。结论此次分离的G^＋菌以球菌为主，其中的葡萄球菌属以MRSA和MRCNS为主；分离到对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的屎肠球菌，以及对青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌；屎肠球菌耐药性高于粪肠球菌。     

2006—2007年Mohnarin脑脊液分离菌耐药性分析

目的 了解我国中枢神经系统感染病原菌的分布及耐药状况.方法 采用纸片法、MIC法或E-test法测定病原菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.4软件进行分析,对卫生部全国细菌耐药性监测网(Mohnarin)所属84所三级甲等医院2006年6月1日-2007年5月31日分离的脑脊液标本菌株进行分析.结果 共有26所医院从脑脊液标本分离到病原菌515株,其中革兰阳性菌328株,占63.6%,革兰阴性菌184株,占35.8%,真菌3株,占0.6%;最常见病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌196株、金黄色葡萄球菌50株、肠球菌属47株、不动杆菌属44株、大肠埃希菌37株、铜绿假单胞菌20株;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为55.6%和75.7%,未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌和耐万古霉素凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌;未发现对青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢曲松和万古霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌未发现对糖肽类药物耐药的菌株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的比率分别为29.7%和14.3%.结论 我国中枢神经系统感染最常见的病原菌为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌;外科组脑脊液标本中葡萄球菌属所占比例较高,内科组中肺炎链球菌和脑膜炎奈瑟球菌的比例较少,儿童组革兰阳性菌所占比例较成人组更高.     

革兰阳性球菌耐药性监测研究

目的　监测临床分离革兰阳性球菌的耐药情况 ,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法　采用K -B方法和微量肉汤稀释法 ,对 1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月临床分离的 2 10 4株革兰阳性球菌进行药敏试验。结果　 2 10 4株革兰阳性球菌中 ,金黄色葡萄球菌占 2 0 5 % ,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占 4 2 8% ,肠球菌占 32 9%。 2 0 0 3年 ,甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为 19 4 %和 81 1% ,高于 1999年的检出率(17 1%和 6 5 4 % ) ;其中 ,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌有显著性差异 ,P <0 0 5。未发现对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 ,有 4株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对替考拉宁耐药。 1999～ 2 0 0 3年 ,万古霉素耐药肠球菌检出率分别为 9 8% ,7 7% ,5 0 % ,4 1%和 6 7% ,无明显增加。 6 7 1%～ 76 7%粪肠球菌对氨苄西林敏感 ,但耐氨苄西林屎肠球菌发生率较高 (6 6 7%～ 89 7% )。 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 ,耐替考拉宁的肠球菌分别为 2 1% ,3 5 %和5 5 %。结论　 2 0 0 3年 ,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和耐氨苄西林屎肠球菌与 1999年比有增加趋势。     

Mohnarin 2011年度报告:血流感染细菌构成及耐药性

目的 了解我国血流感染患者细菌的分布及耐药性,指导临床使用抗菌药物.方法 采用纸片法、MIC法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.6软件进行分析,对卫生部全国细菌耐药性监测网(Mohnarin)所属49所三级甲等医院2011年1月1日-12月31日分离的血及骨髓培养菌株进行分析.结果 共分离细菌10 783株,包括革兰阳性菌5389株占50.0％、革兰阴性菌5374株占49.8％和厌氧菌20株占0.2％;其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分离最多,共3098株占28.7％,其次为大肠埃希菌2066株、克雷伯菌属1018株、金黄色葡萄球菌828株和肠球菌属730株,分别占19.2％、9.4％、7.7％和6.8％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为50.8％和67.4％,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺金黄色葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌中分别有0.5％和3.7％对万古霉素耐药,0.6％和3.1％对替考拉宁耐药;监测到利奈唑胺耐药的粪肠球菌1株及屎肠球菌7株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs的检出率分别为69.0％和48.0％,耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的主要肠杆菌科细菌明显增加;成人葡萄球菌属对喹诺酮类药物的耐药率明显高于儿童.结论 我国血流及骨髓感染细菌以葡萄球菌属、大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属最多见;血、骨髓培养大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的阳性率高,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率增加.     

Mohnarin2010年报告:血流感染细菌构成及耐药性分析

目的 了解我国血流感染患者细菌的分布及耐药性.方法 采用纸片法、MIC法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性,使用WHONET5.5软件进行分析,对卫生部全国细菌耐药性监测网(Mohnarin)所属59所三级甲等医院2010年1月1日-12月31日分离的血及骨髓培养菌株进行分析.结果 共分离细菌9955株,包括革兰阳性菌5383株(54.0％)和革兰阴性菌4572株(46.0％),其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分离最多,共3603株占36.2％,其次为大肠埃希菌1834株占18.4％、克雷伯菌属801株占8.0％、肠球菌属683株占6.9％和金黄色葡萄球菌576株占5.8％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为46.4％和74.5％,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺金黄色葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌中分别有1.4％和5.0％对万古霉素耐药,1.1％和4.3％对替考拉宁耐药;监测到3株利奈唑胺耐药的屎肠球菌;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的阳性率分别为70.4％和52.4％,耐亚胺培南的主要肠杆菌科细菌明显增加;成人葡萄球菌属对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类药物的耐药率明显高于儿童.结论 我国血流及骨髓感染细菌以葡萄球菌属、大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属最多见;血、骨髓培养大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的阳性率增加明显,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率增加.     

老年患者常见革兰阳性球菌耐药性监测

目的 了解安徽省2008-2010年老年患者临床分离革兰阳性球菌的耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 收集2008-2010年安徽省细菌耐药监控中心网络医院门诊或住院老年患者临床分离菌,采用琼脂稀释法对分离的革兰阳性球菌进行药敏试验,按CLSI 2010年版判断结果.结果 2008-2010年共收集老年患者革兰阳性球菌311株,金黄色葡萄球菌89株,占28.6％,溶血葡萄球菌53株,占17.0％,表皮葡萄球菌44株,占14.1％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率51.7％,MRSA耐药严重,除万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺外,对各种抗菌药物的耐药率均≥67.4％;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)对大部分抗菌药物耐药率均＜30.0％;3年未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺耐药株;肠球菌属除对万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺较为敏感外,对其他各种抗菌药物耐药率均≥57.1％,未发现耐利奈唑胺肠球菌.结论 老年患者革兰阳性球菌耐药严重,加强细菌耐药性监测对指导临床用药十分重要.     

2010-2012年革兰阳性球菌的分布及耐药性变迁

目的了解医院2010-2012年临床分离主要革兰阳性球菌的分布及耐药性变迁,为临床用药提供依据。方法收集2010-2012年418例住院患者各类标本中分离的革兰阳性球菌相关资料进行回顾性分析,细菌鉴定采用API系统,细菌对药物敏感性测定采用纸片扩散法;WHONET5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 2010-2012年分离革兰阳性球菌418株,其中葡萄球菌属占79.9%,肠球菌属占13.4%,链球菌属占6.7%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率3年分别为68.6%、52.3%、64.1%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率3年分别为84.1%、75.4%、74.3%;MRSA对抗菌药物耐药性显著高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA),MRCNS对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星敏感率较高,未发现利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药株;肠球菌属对青霉素、红霉素、左氧氟沙星和氨苄西林耐药率>50.0%,链球菌属对青霉素和红霉素耐药率均>70.0%,未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药株。结论 2010-2012年分离出的革兰阳性球菌对抗菌药物耐药性呈上升趋势,加强医院感染病原菌耐药性监测,及时了解耐药性变迁,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物及减缓耐药菌的产生尤为重要。     

新生儿重症监护室医院感染流行菌及耐药率分析

目的了解本院新生儿重症监护室（NICU）医院感染病原菌的分布和耐药情况,为NICU合理运用抗生素提供依据。方法2006年7月-2008年6月对本院新生儿重症监护室2411份临床标本进行细菌培养鉴定和药敏试验,并对结果进行统计分析。结果共检出病原菌285株。革兰阴性菌170株,以肺炎克雷伯菌最多（62株）,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）率高（79．0％）。对碳青霉烯和喹诺酮类耐药率显著低于青霉素类、氨基糖苷类和头孢菌素类。革兰阳性菌88株,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）最多（61株）,金黄色葡萄球菌其次（12株）,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRSCN）和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率高（83．3％和93．4％）。对力奈唑烷、万古霉素、呋喃妥因完全敏感,对青霉素类、大环内酯类和林可霉素类耐药率较高。结论本院NICU感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主。产ESBLs革兰阴性菌、MRSCN、MRSA的高检出率以及耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）的检出提示多重耐药现象严重。     

1213例送检标本的细菌谱分析及耐药菌监测

目的 了解2003年我院临床感染标本的细菌分布特点，为临床治疗和医院感染的控制提供参考。方法对1213例临床送检标本分离培养鉴定，同时进行大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌ESBLs的检测，及耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）的测定。结果感染标本革兰阴性杆菌40．9％，真菌33．5％，革兰阳性球菌位20．6％；病原菌感染位居前5位的依次是白色念珠菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌；耐药菌株检测发现耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占金黄色葡萄球菌的42．3％；耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的78．1％；大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs的菌株占47．6％。结论细菌的多重耐药及真菌感染是我院目前面临的重要问题，在临床上应重视细菌培养，合理用药，减少感染。     

2010年度卫生部全国细菌耐药监测报告:革兰阳性菌耐药监测

目的 总结全国2010年临床分离革兰阳性菌耐药性.方法 用常规方法培养分离革兰阳性菌;采用纸片法、微量稀释法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性;用WHONET 5.6软件,对卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网所属129所医院2010年临床分离革兰阳性菌的药物敏感性进行分析.结果 临床共分离83 195株革兰阳性菌,葡萄球菌属51 570株,占62.0％,肠球菌属20 315株,占24.4％,链球菌属9004株,占10.8％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌的检出率分别为54.9％、79.4％和88.7％;未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌属;屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别为3.8％和0.8％,未发现耐利奈唑胺肠球菌属.结论 利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁对革兰阳性菌仍有很高抗菌活性,葡萄球菌属中甲氧西林耐药率仍然较高,耐万古霉素肠球菌属分离率仍很低.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.