结构首次穿越失效研究的新进展

在结构首次穿越失效分析中,初始条件、成群穿越、结构的非线性及抗力退化等问题影响着分析方法的复杂性和分析结果的精确性。结合近年来的研究进展,本文讨论和分析了解决上述问题的新思路、新技术和新方法,同时,归纳了几个新的研究热点,以便为结构首次穿越失效的进一步理论和应用研究提供有益的参考。     

穿越管道的疲劳失稳风险评估方法的研究

本文提出了一种穿越管道的疲劳失稳风险评估方法，经过实例计算证实该方法的实用性和可靠性。     

基于FORM的斜拉桥抗震可靠度分析

本文将静力可靠度分析的一次可靠度计算方法(FORM)推广到斜拉桥结构抗震可靠度分析,研究了某独塔斜拉桥的首次超越概率问题。根据FORM分析步骤首先将地震激励离散成一系列随机变量,然后在这些离散时间点由FORM分析求出设计验算点的激励,得到了不同离散时间点上的交叉速率,通过将不同时刻的交差速率积分获得首次超越概率的上界。计算结果表明,基于FORM的斜拉桥抗震可靠度方法计算首次超越问题是可行且有效的,在强震作用下该独塔斜拉桥结构具有较高的安全度。     

考虑不确定因素的山岭隧道地震易损性研究

基于均匀设计法,考虑围岩和衬砌的不确定性,提出了一种高效计算山岭隧道地震易损性的模型。基于该模型,得到了计算岩石山岭隧道结构的易损性计算曲线。根据计算结果得出:（1）均匀设计法能够考虑多种不确定性并为计算生成好的样本参数;（2）根据计算所得的地震结构易损性曲线与经验易损性曲线相对比,得出所提出的计算模型有较好的适用性。当交通隧道穿越地震带时,所提出的地震易损性曲线分析可为隧道线路规划以及设计参考。     

地铁结构地震横向应变传递简化计算方法

提出了以横向应变传递率STC模型为基本出发点的地铁结构横向应变传递简化计算方法。以拟静力方法为基本出发点,以提出的土层横向应变率简化计算公式和常规一维土层分析为基础,给出了计算矩形地下结构地震响应简化计算方法,采用实例验证了方法的可靠性和可行性。结果表明,STC简化方法的结果能合理解释神户车站严重破坏的现象,与他人有限元计算的附加弯矩和剪力值分布趋势基本一致,与他人有限元计算得到的结构最大地震动力反应出现部位一致,定量结果的差别也在工程许可范围内。     

基于灰色理论的穿越管道抗震可靠性研究

本文基于灰色理论，考虑沙土液化，场地的影响，对地震作用下穿越管道的不同破坏程度的可靠性进行了研究，本文的方法较传统方法的加准确，简单，并通过实例证明其实用性和有效性。     

线性结构的非平稳随机地震反应与可靠度分析

基于Sigma振子过程完全非平稳地震荷载模型,建立线性结构随机地震反应分析的时域表达式,利用Simpson法则迭代计算结构随机地震反应的二阶统计特性,由穿越方法,给出具有较大设计安全界限结构地震可靠度的近似评估方法。一个抗弯钢框架的非平稳地震反应与可靠度分析,说明了本文方法的效率、精度和应用过程。     

采用摩擦垫层及阻尼器对外套加层结构体系的减振研究

本文提出了一种耗能减震加层结构新体系,即利用旧有建筑顶层与加层结构之间的摩擦垫层井依靠在两结构各层连接点处增设的耗能阻尼器来吸收耗散能量的减振体系。在进行非线性动力分析过程中,首次建立了系统的结构模型,引入了一种新的库仑摩擦力表达式并对影响体系减振率的有关参数进行了研究。最后通过对一实际工程的设计和计算,验证了这种加层减振做法的有效性。     

采用磨擦垫层及阻尼器对外套加层结构体系的减振系统

本文提出了一种耗能减震加层结构新体系,即利用旧有建筑顶层与加层结构之间的摩擦垫层并依靠在两结构各层连接点处增设的耗能阻尼器来吸收耗散能量的减振体系,在进行非线性动力分析过程中,首次建立了系统的结构模型,引入了一种新的库仓摩察力表达式并对影响体减振率的有关参数进行了研究,最后通过对一实际工程的设计和计算,验证的这种加层减振做法的有效性。     

穿越上软下硬地层海底隧道衬砌横向地震响应分析

海底隧道主体通常埋置于海下基岩内,两端以一定的坡度上升连接至地面,其上岸段通常会穿越不同性质的地层。由于各地层力学性能存在较大的差异,容易引起应力集中,从而导致隧道结构发生破坏。文中以穿越上软下硬地层上岸段海底隧道为研究对象,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立数值模型,分别使用动力时程分析方法和拟静力分析方法研究穿越不同性质地层的隧道结构地震响应。在动力时程分析中,分别建立了穿越上软下硬地层、均质岩石地层和均质硬土地层3种工况的隧道模型。分析表明,隧道穿越上软下硬地层时,内力最大,且变形不均匀,穿越均质岩石地层时内力最小。在拟静力分析中,通过对土体施加一维等效线性分析得到场地变形计算隧道的反应。分析表明,拟静力分析方法所得结果与动力分析方法所得结果基本吻合,但拟静力法效率更高,更便于复杂隧道结构的地震响应分析。     

Non-stationary structural response with evolutionary spectra using seismological input model

A recently developed seismological model of ground motion is incorporated into the non-stationary random vibration theory making use of Priestley's evolutionary power spectral density. A general method of computing the input power spectrum is proposed and shown to reduce to the classical method when the input and the output are taken as stationary. Based on the concepts of Yang's non-stationary envelopes and first-passage reliability estimates via extreme point process, a statistical response spectrum for the pseudo-velocity is developed. Comparisons made among the results of non-stationary analysis with different modulating functions, and that of the stationary approximation, on SDOF linear structures with 5 per cent damping show that the type ofmodulating function chosen has little effect on the magnitudes of mean pseudo-velocities, provided the input power spectrum is properly scaled, and that the stationary approximation produces conservative results for structures with natural periods greater than 0.5 sec.     

基于动力可靠性分析的滑移隔震体系的优化设计

本文探讨了滑移隔震体系在零均值高斯白噪声地震作用下的优化设计问题,首先利用编译等效线性化方法并按首次超超损坏泊松过程模型的双壁问题得到质点的滑移可靠性函数,然后采用拉格朗日乘子法进行了该滑移隔震体系基于动力可靠性分析的优化设计。     

隐伏地质构造的大地电磁有限单元法正演模拟

对常见的隐伏地质构造体进行大地电磁场正演模拟,并研究和总结了构造体对大地电磁场的响应特征.由麦克斯韦方程组导出大地电磁场的边界条件,应用有限单元法求解变分问题并得出刚度矩阵,根据线性方程组计算出相应的场值,再由改进的视电阻率定义式求出视电阻率.模拟结果显示:改进的视电阻率定义式相对于传统的Cagniard定义式能有效地提高视电阻率曲线的收敛速度和逼近程度;隐伏地质构造体对大地电磁场的响应具有一定的规律性,通过分析两种极化模式下的正演结果,可以有效地识别地质构造体的存在和分布情况.通过实例分析,得出隐伏地质构造正演模拟与实际观测资料的互相验证关系,为实践应用中的反演工作提供了重要的指导意义.     

Sliding mode control of buildings with base‐isolation hybrid protective system

This paper investigates the application of the sliding mode control (SMC) strategies for reducing the dynamic responses of the building structures with base‐isolation hybrid protective system. It focuses on the use of reaching law method, a most attractive controller design approach of the SMC theory, for the development of control algorithms. By using the constant plus proportional rate reaching law and the power rate reaching law, two kinds of hybrid control methods are presented. The compound equation of motion of the base‐isolation hybrid building structures, which is suitable for numerical analysis, has been constructed. The simulation results are obtained for an eight‐storey shear building equipped with base‐isolation hybrid protective system under seismic excitations. It is observed that both the constant plus proportional rate reaching law and the power rate reaching law hybrid control method presented in this paper are quite effective. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Placement of sensors/actuators on civil structures using genetic algorithms

The optimal design and placement of controllers at discrete locations is an important problem that will have impact on the control of civil engineering structures. Though algorithms exist for the placement of sensor/actuator systems on continuous structures, the placement of controllers on discrete civil structures is a very difficult problem. Because of the nature of civil structures, it is not possible to place sensors and actuators at any location in the structure. This usually creates a non‐linear constrained mixed integer problem that can be very difficult to solve. Using genetic algorithms in conjunction with gradient‐based optimization techniques will allow for the simultaneous placement and design of an effective structural control system. The introduction of algorithms based on genetic search procedures should increase the rate of convergence and thus reduce the computational time for solving the difficult control problem. The newly proposed method of simultaneously placing sensors/actuators will be compared to a commonly used method of sensors/actuators placement where sensors/actuators are placed sequentially. The savings in terms of energy requirements and cost will be discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

断层错动引起的上覆土体破裂演化规律研究

断层引起的地面永久大变形是工程特别是生命线工程地震破坏的重要原因之一, 而研究断层错动下上覆土体变形和破裂的发展演化规律, 则是预测地面永久变形状态和分析断层危害性的基础． 本文采用有限元方法对垂直断层错动引起的上覆土体破裂演化规律进行了研究, 建立了垂直断层作用下上覆土体模拟的有限元模型, 对断层错动作用下上覆土体的破裂发展过程进行了模拟分析, 并分析了加载速率、 土体特性及断层倾角等参数对上覆土体的破裂演化发展过程的影响． 结果表明: ① 断层倾角越陡, 地表出现破裂时需要增加的垂直位移越大; ② 由于惯性力的影响, 断层加载速率对地表破裂所需施加位移和土层破裂角产生一定的影响; ③ 断层类型对土层地表破裂角与膨胀角、 摩擦角之间的关系有很大影响． 该分析结果可为新建工程的抗震设计和已建工程结构的抗震加固等工作提供依据．      

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE METHOD OF SEISMIC INTENSITY ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DATA AND HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING IMAGES

After destructive earthquakes, the assessment result of seismic intensity is an important decision-making basis for emergency rescue, recovery and reconstruction. This job requires higher timeliness by government and society. Because remote sensing technology is not affected by the terrible traffic conditions on the ground after the earthquake, large-scale seismic damage information in the earthquake area can be collected in a short time by the remote sensing image. The remote sensing technique plays a more and more important role in rapid acquisition of seismic damage information, emergency rescue decision-making, seismic intensity assessment and other work. On the basis of previous studies, this paper proposes a new method to assess seismic intensity by using remote sensing image, i.e. to interpret the building collapse rate of a residential quarter after an earthquake by high-resolution remote sensing images. If there already are detailed building data and building structure vulnerability matrix data of a residential area, we can calculate the building collapse rate under any intensity values in this residential area by using the theory of earthquake damage prediction. Assuming that the building collapse rate interpreted by remote sensing is equal to the building collapse rate predicted by using the existing data, it will be easy to calculate the actual seismic intensity of the residential area in this earthquake event. Based on this idea, according to the relevant standard specifications issued by China Earthquake Administration, this paper puts forward some functional models, such as the calculation model of building collapse rate based on remote sensing, the data matrix model of residential building structure, the prediction function matrix model of residential building collapse rate and the prediction model of residential building collapse rate. A formula for calculating seismic intensity by using remote sensing interpretation of collapse rate is also proposed. To test and verify the proposed method, this paper takes two neighboring blocks of Jiegu Town after the Yushu M7.1 earthquake in Qinghai Province as an example. The building structure matrix of the study block was constructed by using pre-earthquake 0.6m resolution satellite remote sensing image(QuickBird, acquired on November 6, 2004), post-earthquake 0.2m aerial remote sensing image(acquired by National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, April 15, 2010) and some field investigation data. The building collapse rate in the two blocks was calculated by using the interpretation results of seismic damage from the Remote Sensing Technology Coordinating Group of China Seismological Bureau. The seismic damage matrix of building structures in Yushu area is constructed by using the abundant scientific data of the scientific investigation team of the project “Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of the Yushu M7.1 Earthquake in Qinghai Province” of China Seismological Bureau. On this basis, the collapse rate prediction function of different structures in Yushu area is constructed. According to the prediction function of collapse rate and the building structure matrix of the two blocks, the building collapse rate under different intensity values is predicted, and the curve of intensity-collapse rate function is drawn. By comparing the building collapse rate interpreted by remote sensing and the intensity-collapse rate function curve of this two blocks, the seismic intensity of both blocks are calculated to be the same value: Ⅸ degree, which is consistent with the results of the field scientific investigation of the earthquake. The validation shows that the method proposed in this paper can effectively avoid the influence caused by the difference of seismic performance of buildings and accurately evaluate seismic intensity when using remote sensing technique. The method has certain application value for earthquake emergency work.     

地冲击荷载作用下双层结构磁流变阻尼器隔震效果的数值模拟

在抗爆结构中,一般采用单层隔震系统进行隔震,目前单层隔震系统的最大隔震率可以达到90％以上,但在加速度峰值很高的冲击荷载作用下,隔震后的结构响应加速度仍然很大。鉴于这种情况,本文对加入磁流变阻尼器（MRD）的双层隔震系统进行了研究。针对抗爆结构的两种典型荷载,采用改进Bouc—Wen模型和模糊控制方法,利用Matlab Simulink对双层隔震系统进行了数值模拟,计算了不同荷载作用下,不同隔震系统的加速度、位移及结构的振动剂量值（VDV）的响应,并与结构采用单层隔震系统的结果进行了对比。结果表明,与单层隔震系统相比,带有磁流变阻尼器的双层隔震系统没有太多的优越性。     

基于自由场局部变形的地下结构抗震Pushover分析方法

对地下结构抗震Pushover分析方法进行了改进,采用自由场局部变形峰值作为目标位移,局部变形峰值时刻对应的土层水平加速度作为等效惯性加速度输入。给出了局部变形峰值和等效惯性加速度确定方式,详细介绍了基于自由场局部变形的地下结构抗震Pushover分析方法实施步骤、使用方法和功能特点。该方法更有针对性地考虑了强地震作用下不同埋深地下结构与土体的非线性特征以及两者之间的相互作用,通过分析变形和受力情况可以得到完整的能力曲线,更好地评估地下结构抗震性能。使用本文方法对3种埋深的地下结构进行计算,并与动力非线性分析结果进行对比研究。结果表明:本方法在计算稳定性和模拟精度方面优于基于自由场整体变形的Pushover方法;对于不同的输入地震波,能力曲线的吻合程度更高;在强震和罕遇地震情况下,对于深埋地下结构,计算结果略大于动力非线性结果,对实际工程而言更加安全。