安徽沿江地区中三叠统角砾岩特征及其成因探讨

安徽沿江地区中三叠统角砾岩极其发育,岩性、形态、岩石组合类型多样,但成因尚无定论,多被解释为膏溶角砾岩。通过对多地若干条剖面调查,发现用简单的膏溶角砾岩来解释这套复杂的砾岩有所不妥。根据岩石特征及组合辨识出5类不同成因机制的角砾岩:滨岸缓坡砾屑岩、膏溶角砾岩、岩溶角砾岩、冲积扇砾岩和构造角砾岩。滨岸缓坡砾屑岩和冲积扇砾岩均发育于同生期,前者与所处的滨岸缓坡位置密切相关;后者与构造隆升区的各类岩石受物理和化学风化作用有关,在突发性事件的诱导下,母岩剥离而形成的沉积物随雨水坡面流冲刷、搬运作用由山顶和斜坡向山谷快递移动,快速沉积形成,代表了印支运动早幕活动的加强期,指示了印支运动早幕是以抬升运动为主、褶皱运动为辅。膏溶角砾岩、岩溶角砾岩与印支运动早幕无明显的关联性,可能与印支运动晚幕—燕山运动的构造活动及淡水淋浴作用的结果。前者砾石成分相对单一,发育于干旱蒸发的高水位体系域内,可能为原先含膏白云岩、白云岩与石膏互层,后由于构造抬升,石膏层受到淡水的作用溶蚀,造成了岩层空疏—垮塌,在原地堆积形成;后者砾石成分较为复杂,其形成与构造存在着较为密切的关系,前期的构造破碎为后期渗流水和潜流水提供了岩溶作用空间。构造角砾岩应为构造活动的产物,应与印支运动早幕无关,而为北西、北东向张性断裂破坏的结果,其成因可能与印支运动晚幕或燕山运动有较为密切的关系。     

下扬子区三叠纪古地理演化

下扬子区在三叠纪期间接受了早-中三叠世海相碳酸盐沉积、中-晚三叠世海陆交互相和陆相湖沼沉积.沉积相带的空间分布和古地理格局的变迁明显地受到区域构造的控制.区内盆地发育与演化是在华南板块与扬子板块、扬子板块与华北板块相互作用的背景下进行的.早-中三叠世末期的印支运动是下扬子区构造-古地理格局改变的决定性因素,使下扬子海盆闭合,沉积类型由海相沉积变为陆相沉积.下扬子区三叠纪古地理的演化特征也为板块碰撞提供了沉积证据.     

库车坳陷中段盐相关构造形成控制因素

库车坳陷中段盐层广泛分布,可细分为盐岩层、膏泥岩层、膏盐层等不同沉积端元。在沉积载荷、浮力及区域构造挤压应力作用下,盐层发生塑性流动,盐上构造层、盐下构造层也发生变形,形成了盐下构造层、盐层、盐上构造层三位一体的复合盐相关构造样式。本文从构造变形差异分析入手,结合盐层沉积特征、基底古地貌特征、盐上构造层沉积差异,运用生长地层和不整合分析方法认为库车坳陷中段盐相关构造样式的形成主要受控于盐层性质、基底特征、构造应力和沉积差异负载。     

济阳坳陷中生代盆地演化及其与新生代盆地叠合关系探讨

济阳坳陷中生代盆地演化受控于欧亚构造域的板块拼接挤压和滨太平洋构造域及其郯庐断裂活动两种动力学背景。早、中三叠世,作为华北大型内陆沉积盆地的一部分,沉积了近2000 m厚的地层;晚三叠世,主要受控于扬子板块与华北板块挤压碰撞所产生的挤压应力场,处于抬升剥蚀状态,早、中三叠世沉积的地层几乎剥蚀殆尽,并开始发育多条NW向逆冲断层;早、中侏罗世是对晚三叠世挤压逆冲断层和褶皱所造成的本区地势高低起伏的一个截凸填凹、填平补齐的过程;晚侏罗世—白垩纪,受郯庐断裂左行走滑的影响,济阳坳陷区前期形成的NW向逆冲断层,发生构造反转,反向伸展,形成了一系列半地堑。控盆断层为NW向的中生代盆地,与控盆断层为NE(或NNE)向的新生代盆地里相干型叠合,可划分出中坳新拗、中坳新隆、中隆新坳、中隆新隆4种叠合单元类型,不同类型的叠合单元经历了不同的沉降史,具有不同的石油地质意义。     

华北地区三叠纪地层发育特征及原始沉积格局分析

在对华北地区三叠系垂向发育特征及横向展布规律研究的基础上,从岩性特征、厚度变化、地层接触关系等方面进行分析,并结合有关地层剥蚀量方面的研究,对三叠纪期间华北地区的原始沉积格局进行了讨论：早、中三叠世、华北板块内部基本上继承了晚海西期以来的构造格局与沉积特点,为一大型内陆沉积盆地,以河湖相的稳定杂色砂泥岩沉积为主;晚三叠世开始的印支运动使华北东部全面抬升,盆地向西部退缩：西南部仍为统一的大型沉积盆地,发育温暖潮湿环境下的河流一湖泊相沉积;东部以隆升剥蚀为主,造成先期沉积的下、中三叠统的剥蚀缺失,一些地区剥蚀深及古生界,仅局部地区发育小型的山间盆地     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系天然气成藏条件分析

对鄂南奥陶系风化壳天然气成藏的烃源条件、储集层形成机理和圈闭特征的研究认为,早奥陶世,黄陵古隆起分割秦岭坳拉槽与华北海,并在古隆起北侧形成蒸发台地斜坡云坪相膏云岩沉积。加里东运动期,黄陵古隆起随同鄂尔多斯盆地整体抬升,其北坡不同层位膏云岩、含膏白云岩差异溶蚀形成各类孔隙型储集层,并以探井钻遇的蜂窝状膏溶细晶白云岩、针孔状膏溶白云岩和膏溶角砾白云岩为代表广泛分布。海西-印支期,黄陵古隆起处于有利于接受秦岭坳拉槽运移流体的部位,目前已在其南北两翼发现较多的含沥青古油藏显示。古油藏中的石油在晚侏罗-早白垩世高古地温热演化阶段转化成天然气,可为富县斜坡提供充足的天然气源。米脂坳陷致密岩性带为风化壳天然气聚集提供了区域圈闭条件,从而使富县-甘泉地区成为天然气勘探的有利场所。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区奥陶系岩溶风化壳储集层类型与形成条件

早奥陶世,庆阳-黄陵古隆起北侧形成蒸发台地斜坡白云岩坪膏质白云岩、含膏白云岩沉积.加里东期,该古隆起随同鄂尔多斯盆地整体抬升,其北坡不同层位的石膏质白云岩、含膏白云岩差异溶蚀形成了膏溶角砾白云岩、蜂窝状膏溶细晶白云岩、针孔状膏溶白云岩、粒间溶孔细晶白云岩和溶蚀孔洞泥粉晶碳酸盐岩等不同类型的岩溶储集层.斜坡宽缓、地下水流...     

华东地区早—中三叠世海相地层划分和对比

华东地区三叠纪海相沉积仅存在于早―中三叠世时期。它们既是区域构造控盆沉积作用下的产物,也能够反演区域印支构造运动的作用型式和演变历程。华东地区的海相三叠系可以划分为2个地层区和6个地层分区。各地层分区内的地层序列可以按照地层的时间属性和连续的空间沉积古地理分异,整合为一套统一的岩石地层单元,仅局部岩相差异较大的地质体可采用单独的地层名称。借助于生物和环境事件标志,可以进行区域地层对比。地层序列的时空分异表明,印支构造运动的第一幕或序幕可能始于早三叠世晚期,这时在扬子地块的北部已与华北地块对接形成一系列局限的次级边缘海盆,并于最后于中三叠世晚期彻底关闭;与此同时,扬子地块南缘与华夏地块之间也于早三叠世晚期逐步被挤压变陡,形成台-坡-盆沉积体系,并且于早三叠世末被关闭,从而在中三叠世形成统一的沉积盆地。     

中上扬子寒武系蒸发岩岩相古地理

中上扬子区寒武系蒸发岩层位上属龙王庙阶和毛庄阶至张夏阶,分布在成都以东、贵州遵义以北和武陵山以西,形成四川长宁、重庆永川-江津、湖北利川、武汉4个沉积中心,是早古生代海相油气的重要盖层。经深井揭露,寒武系蒸发岩为石膏和石膏夹石盐,有三种岩石类型:粉砂质白云岩、白云岩与石膏互层、石膏夹石盐。地表以盐溶角砾岩、石盐假晶、次生石膏为标志,川东有少量盐泉出露。寒武纪时中上扬子区蒸发岩沉积具有构造和古地理障壁及岩相障壁,西部除龙门山前分布有岛链状的古陆外,早寒武世末川中古隆起已具雏形,并由西向东迁移扩大;黔中古隆起至中晚寒武世可能为水下无沉积区,具有局限障壁作用。早中寒武世碳酸盐浅滩分布在构造障壁的东侧。构造、古地理和沉积相展布,使中上扬子区转化为局限、封闭或半封闭构造古地理环境,是该区沉积蒸发岩的关键条件。     

南黄海海域晚古生代—新生代沉积演化特征

南黄海地区发育古生界-第四系沉积。加里东运动使华南褶皱带与扬子地台拼接，在下扬子地台的主体部分，形成一个广阔稳定的后加里东台地。早中泥盆世台地处于剥蚀夷平阶段。晚泥盆世开始接受内陆河流相沉积。中、晚石炭世，海侵加强，包括勿南沙隆起区在内的整个南黄海成为浅海环境，接受碳酸盐岩沉积。早、晚二叠世之间的东吴运动，引起裂陷和陆棚的沉积分异，湖泊-滨岸沉积发育，并形成多个煤层。早三叠世早期，下扬子区大幅沉降，全区遭受海侵，台地灰岩、浅海灰泥岩沉积区占据了现今的黄南盆地、中部隆起及黄北盆地的大部分区域。至中三叠世早期，海水大规模退出苏浙皖区，南黄海演变为潮坪，沉积了较厚的碳酸盐岩，局部地区出现渴湖环境；晚期，海水全部退出苏浙皖区，开始沉积以河、湖相为主的黄马青组红色碎屑岩，至此结束了海相沉积历史。印支运动早期，后加里东地台的南侧产生裂谷，北侧为边缘坳陷。印支运动晚期，南侧裂谷伴随着郯庐断裂的左旋走滑而进一步扩大和裂陷，形成黄南盆地。中三叠世末，随扬子地台与华北地台碰撞加剧，苏鲁造山带形成并不断上升，在其南缘形成前陆盆地。中生代黄北盆地和黄南盆地内河流相、湖相沉积和中酸性火山岩发育，沉积总厚度达3000～6000m。古新世-渐新世末，黄海进入断陷发育阶段，古新世-始新世，湖相沉积占优势，渐新世沼泽沉积发育。中新世-第四纪南黄海转入区域性坳陷沉降，主要发育河流相沉积。     

下扬子独立地块与中生代改造型残留盆地

下扬子地块在古纬度、火山岩和花岗岩时空发育、区域成矿专属性、沉积建造和构造变形等方面具独特性,与扬子地块有显著差异,是一个晚古生代——中生代早期的独立地块。受燕山期苏鲁板间造山作用影响,下扬子地块直至燕山中期才“楔入”在印支期已拼合的扬子与华北地块,从而演化成独特的下扬子改造型残留叠合盆地。这种改造型叠合盆地的基本特点是:晚印支-早燕山同造山期前陆盆地沉积层和上叠的中燕山期陆相沉积层遭受大量剥蚀,并与古生-中生界海相沉积层一起被卷入强烈的多期次的燕山造山运动,晚白垩世——古近纪又强烈反转成为断陷盆地,形成鲜明的上部地壳的双层结构。这是造成下扬子地区海相古生-中生界油气地质勘探高复杂性、高难度性和高风险性的根本原因,也造就了下扬子区海相烃源岩的二次生烃和晚期成藏的优势。     

长江中下游及其邻区中生代构造体制转换

长江中下游及其邻区中生代以来经历了特提斯、古亚洲、太平洋三大构造体制复杂的转换过程,地壳活动频繁,不同期次、不同方向、不同性质的构造叠加强烈,并控制了区内的岩浆活动和热液成矿。(1)印支晚期特提斯构造体制作用,具有俯冲带性质的襄樊-广济断裂带和先后具有左旋平移转换断层性质的郯庐断裂带产生。(2)燕山早期特提斯构造体制向古亚洲构造体制和太平洋构造体制转换,其一,晚侏罗世古亚洲构造体制近南北向挤压,桐柏-大别造山带形成共轭剪切带。其二,晚侏罗世与早白垩世之交古太平洋板块活动,NE向展布的华南板内构造形成。(3)燕山晚期脉动式伸展构造产生大规模火山喷发和岩浆活动;晚白垩世-始新世长江中下游地区盆-岭构造形成。(4)喜马拉雅早期太平洋构造体制下近E-W向挤压作用,近S-N向展布的红色盆地发生反转,呈NE-SW向线状展布。     

第四纪华容隆起构造活动、成因及动力机制

第四纪华容隆起位于江汉—洞庭盆地中部。通过地表观察和第四系钻孔对华容隆起及周缘地貌、第四纪断裂和沉积进行调查,恢复华容隆起构造升降特征与过程,进而探讨华容隆起的成因及其构造活动的动力机制。研究表明:早更新世-中更新世中期华容隆起与周缘凹陷一道沉降,同时前者受周边正断裂控制相对后者有抬升,中更新世晚期一道抬升,晚更新世—全新世构造稳定或弱沉降。第四纪期间华容隆起总体表现为明显的构造沉降。以上表明第四纪华容隆起主要由前第四纪盆—山地貌分异造成,其次与第四纪期间相对周缘凹陷抬升有关。上述地质特征以及区域第四纪地质资料,表明早更新世-中更新世中期江汉—洞庭盆地为断陷盆地,中更新世晚期—全新世转变为坳陷盆地。就华容隆起第四纪构造活动的动力机制进行了探讨并提出:1)早更新世-中更新世中期江汉—洞庭盆地断陷沉降与地幔上隆背景下的深部物质迁出有关。2)中更新世晚期以来的构造活动可能与深部物质蠕移运动的回返以及板块尺度的物质运动和挤压作用有关。3)江汉—洞庭盆地的整体性沉降导致盆地中部的华容隆起以沉降为主;华容隆起特殊的地壳物质结构可能导致深部物质更难向外迁移,使其相对周缘凹陷有抬升。     

TECTONICS OF THE DABIE OROGENIC BELT, CENTRAL CHINA

Tectonically the Dabie orogenic belt consists mainly of the Dabieshan Yanshanian uplifted zone and the Beihuaiyang Variscan-Indosinian folding zone. In the north boundary adjoining the North China Block, there are an Early Palaeozoic ophiolitic mixtite belt and the Hefei Mesozoic-Cenozoic faulted basin which overlaps on the suture belt. In the south of Dabie orogen, there is a secondary tectonic unit called Foreland thrust-faulted structural zone which was mainly formed by the intracontinental subductions during Mesozoic era. The study shows that the Dabie Block is a part of mid-late Proterozoic palaeo-island arc at the north margin of Yangtze Block. During Caledonian period, as a submerged uplift at the northen continental margin of Yangtze Block, the Dabie Block collided with the early Palaeozoic palaeo-island arc at the south margin of North China Block, resulting in the convergence of the North and South China Blocks and the disappearance of oceanic crust. Since then,large-scale intracontinental subductions were followed. Dabie Orogenic Belt is the product of overlapping of Yangtze Block, Dabie Block and North China Block under the mechanism of intracontinental subduction. Indosinian period is the period of chief deformation and high pressure dynamic metamorphism for Dabie Block, and Yanshan period is the main orogenic period in which the remelting of crust caused by basement shearing resulted in large scale thermometamorphism. The present tectonic framework of the orogen was finally formed by the rapid uplifting of the Dabieshan mountains and gliding southwards, which result in the developing of thrust belt on south side and the extensional tectonic movement on north side.     

TECTONICS OF THE DABIE OROGENIC BELT, CENTRAL CHINA

Tectonically the Dabie orogenic belt consists mainly of the Dabieshan Yanshanian uplifted zone and the Beihuaiyang Variscan-Indosinian folding zone. In the north boundary adjoining the North China Block, there are an Early Palaeozoic ophiolitic mixtite belt and the Hefei Mesozoic-Cenozoic faulted basin which overlaps on the suture belt. In the south of Dabie orogen, there is a secondary tectonic unit called Foreland thrust-faulted structural zone which was mainly formed by the intracontinental subductions during Mesozoic era. The study shows that the Dabie Block is a part of mid-late Proterozoic palaeo-island arc at the north margin of Yangtze Block. During Caledonian period, as a submerged uplift at the northen continental margin of Yangtze Block, the Dabie Block collided with the early Palaeozoic palaeo-island arc at the south margin of North China Block, resulting in the convergence of the North and South China Blocks and the disappearance of oceanic crust. Since then,large-scale intracontinental subductions were followed. Dabie Orogenic Belt is the product of overlapping of Yangtze Block, Dabie Block and North China Block under the mechanism of intracontinental subduction. Indosinian period is the period of chief deformation and high pressure dynamic metamorphism for Dabie Block, and Yanshan period is the main orogenic period in which the remelting of crust caused by basement shearing resulted in large scale thermometamorphism. The present tectonic framework of the orogen was finally formed by the rapid uplifting of the Dabieshan mountains and gliding southwards, which result in the developing of thrust belt on south side and the extensional tectonic movement on north side.     

Structural characteristics and evolution of the South Yellow Sea Basin since Indosinian

Based on the seismic data gathered in past years and the correlation between the sea and land areas of the Lower Yangtze Platform, the structural characteristics of the South Yellow Sea Basin since the Indosinian tectonic movement is studied in this paper. Three stages of structural deformation can be distinguished in the South Yellow Sea Basin since the Indosinian. The first stage, Late Indosinian to Early Yanshanian, was dominated by foreland deformation including both the uplifting and subsidence stages under an intensively compressional environment. The second stage, which is called the Huangqiao Event in the middle Yanshanian, was a change for stress fields from compression to extension. While in the third stage (the Sanduo Event) in the Late Himalayan, the basin developed a depression in the Neogene-Quaternary after rifting in the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene. The long-time evolution controlled 3 basin formation stages from a foreland basin, then a fault basin to a final depression basin. In conclusion, since the Indosinian, the South Yellow Sea Basin has experienced compressional fold and thrust, collisional orogen, compressional and tensional pulsation, strike-slip, extensional fault block and inversion structures, compression and convergence. The NE, NEE, nearly EW and NW trending structures developed in the basin. From west to east, the structural trend changed from NEE to near EW to NW. While from north to south, they changed from NEE to near EW with a strong-weak-strong zoning sequence. Vertically, the marine and terrestrial facies basins show a “seesaw” pattern with fold and thrust in the early stages, which is strong in the north and weak in the south and an extensional fault in later stages, which is strong in the north and weak in the south. In the marine facies basin, thrust deformation is more prevailing in the upper structural layer than that in the lower layer. The tectonic mechanism in the South Yellow Sea Basin is mainly affected by the collision between the Yangtze and North China Block, while the stress environment of large-scale strike-slip faults was owing to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. The southern part of the Laoshan uplift is a weak deformation zone as well as a stress release zone, and the Meso-Paleozoic had been weakly reformed in later stages. The southern part of the Laoshan uplift is believed, therefore, to be a promising area for oil and gas exploration.     

龙门山陆内复合造山带的四维结构构造特征

位于扬子陆块和松潘陆块过渡带上的龙门山造山带,是在印支期中国大陆主体拼合和秦岭造山带形成过程中开始发育、燕山期陆内构造活动中继承发展、喜马拉雅期印-亚碰撞和青藏高原隆升过程中遭受改造并定型的。现今构造面貌是扬子陆块向北漂移过程中产生的北西向推挤力、源自秦岭造山带的南北向推挤力和源自青藏高原的东西向推挤力三者联合作用的结果,因此是一个典型的陆内复合造山带。其陆内复合结构构造特征具有下列特点。 1）倾向上,龙门山造山带由茂县-汶川断裂、北川-映秀断裂、安县-灌县断裂和广元-大邑（隐伏）断裂4条主干断裂分隔显示出明显的分带变形特征,由北西向南东具有层次渐浅、强度递减、卷入层位变新的趋势,总体上呈前展式扩展。 2）走向上,龙门山造山带呈现北、中、南段三分格局,它们在基底性质及展布、地层发育及演化历史、变形特征、沉降与隆升特征、活动构造等多个方面具有差异。 3）垂向上,龙门山造山带发育多层次滑脱构造,最重要的滑脱界面是15～20 km深处的低速层和中下三叠统富膏盐岩层,由此控制了深浅构造不一致的变形幅度和变形样式。 4）时间演化上,龙门山造山带表现出倾向上的前展式扩展和走向上的分段式递进性或序次性演化的趋势：印支期,龙门山中北段活动较强,由北东向南西逐渐扩展,主要为挤压逆冲和左旋走滑作用; 燕山期,构造活动总体上趋于相对平静,具有南北分段、由北东向南西迁移的特征; 喜马拉雅山期,龙门山中南段活动较强,由南西向北东逐渐扩展和递进,主要为挤压逆冲、隆升和右旋走滑作用。     

中上扬子海相层系埋藏史与构造运动的关系

依据复杂岩性条件下孔隙度—深度关系模型,采用回剥法重建埋藏史。结果表明,中上扬子地区的埋藏史可分为3种主要类型:早抬持续型、早抬再降型和晚抬持续型。埋藏史的类型受区域构造运动控制,具有明显的分带性。齐岳山断裂以西为晚抬持续型,齐岳山断裂与黄陵隆起之间为早抬持续型,黄陵隆起以东为早抬再降型。印支运动在中上扬子地区只对海相层系有一次短暂抬升剥蚀,剥蚀量小,对埋藏史特征影响不大。燕山运动表现形式、作用强度、对海相层系的改造程度均存在明显的地区差异性,导致海相层系埋藏史类型也有地区差异性。喜马拉雅运动波及整个中国南方,但岩石圈受力性质不同,表现为西挤东张,导致K_2—E期间黄陵隆起以西持续抬升,形成"持续抬升型"埋藏史类型,以东则发生拉张断陷,形成"再降型"埋藏史类型。     

三叠纪扬子板块的漂移导致下扬子区石膏、硬石膏矿床的形成

下扬子区中一下三叠统广泛分布一套厚几十至数百米的石膏、硬石膏矿层，具较大的经济价值。笔者经多年野外工作，在掌握大量第一手资料的基础上，研究发现：由于扬子板块在三叠纪期间从赤道附近的暖湿气候带向北回归线附近的干热气候带漂移，并与亚洲板块碰撞抬升，造成其地理环境由热带陆表海向亚热带潮坪一泻湖转变，同时导致其生物群、沉积相及地球化学等发生一系列演变，是这套石膏、硬石膏矿床形成的重要原因。