用活性添加剂缩短过磷酸钙的熟化期

添加非离子型表面活性剂ＲＡ、ＲＢ、ＲＣ、ＲＤ、ＲＥ，阴离子表面活性剂Ｐｃ和Ｃ－ＯＨ等活性剂可缩短过磷酸钙熟化期，其中Ｃ－ＯＨ活性剂熟化期最短，可在４８￣９０ｈ之内结束。磷矿中Ｐ２Ｏ５转化率可达９５％以上。     

羟丙基化磺酸盐及复配体系的物化性能研究

合成了新型的羟丙基化磺酸盐表面活性剂：ＲＯＥｎＰｍＳＯ３Ｎａ（Ｅ＝－ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２－，Ｐ＝－ＣＨ２ＣＨ（ＯＨ）ＣＨ２－；Ｒ＝Ｃ１２Ｈ２５，Ｃ１４Ｈ２９，Ｃ１６Ｈ３３，ｎ＝０，１，２，３；ｍ＝０，１；）化合物结构由元素分析，红外，核磁证实，测定了它们及其与阳离子表面活性剂复配体系的物化性质，实验结果表明，在烷基磺酸盐阴离子之引入羟丙表面活性增强，钙皂分散力大幅度提高，一个羟丙基单位的效能优于一个氧乙     

乙氧基化脂肪酸甲酯非离子表面活性剂的制造和性质

环氧乙烷（ＥＯ）不能直接与脂及酸甲酯反应是因为没有活性氢，我们开发一种新的合成方法，直接将ＥＯ加主脂肪酸甲酯（ＲＣＯＯＣＨ３）中，得到（ＲＣＯ（ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２）ｎＯＣＨ３）这是通用利用金属阳离子活性的新型固体催化剂实现的。通过这种方法获得的脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物是均一的单酯类，并具有非离子表面活性剂的良好性质。     

新的温和性阴离子表面活性剂

日本第一工业制药公司实现了一种新的温和性阴离子表面活性剂醚羧酸盐“ネオハイラノ ルＥＣＬ系列”的商品化 ,其对皮肤与眼的刺激性很轻微 ,具有适度的洗净力和优良的起泡性。醚羧酸盐型表面活性剂可用如下通式表示 :ＲＯ(ＣＨ２ＣＨ２Ｏ) ｎＣＨ２ＣＯＯＮａ分子中有聚氧乙烯链和羧基这样的亲水基 ,具有烷基醚型非离子表面活性剂和类似肥皂的结构 ,故兼具两者的优点。该公司对疏水基（Ｒ）、ＥＯ加成摩尔数（ｎ）与表面化学特性、性能的关系进行了研究 ,决定实现Ｒ为月桂基 ,ｎ等于３和４ ５的ＥＣＬ -３０与ＥＣＬ -４５的商品化。Ｒ以…     

相转移法制备α—Al2O3纳米微粒的研究

介绍超细粒子的基本特性，阐述以用三氯化铝为原料，用相法转移制备表面覆盖有表面活性剂的水含氧化铝微粒，经８００℃和１１００℃２ｈ热处理，制得γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３纳米微粒，平均粒径分别为５ｎｍ和１０ｎｍ。用透射电镜，热分析，Ｘ射线分析研究了微粒的形貌和物相变化。     

表面活性剂在丙纶纤维脱油再生方面的试验研究

用表面活性剂为洗脱剂，做丙纶纤维脱油再生方面的定位定量研究，当用离子型ＰＴ活性剂／ＮａＣｌ或ＮａＯＨ／水＝０．１－１．０ｇ／２．０或１．５ｇ／１００ｇ比例配方时，纤维表面残留油量在１３ｍｇ／ｇ纤维以下，洗净率达９９％以上。并从理论上探讨了ＰＴ活性剂从纤维表面除油污的过程机理。     

Sc—CAS—TPC—OP四元络合物显色反应的研究和应用

表面活性剂作为钪的显色反应的增敏剂已被广泛地应用于矿石或合金中钪的测定［１—２］。由于表面活性剂的增敏作用，生成三元或四元络合物，其灵敏度比其二元络合物有较大的提高，达１×１０５～２×１０５以上。本文研究了在ＰＨ６．２的六次甲基四胺的介质中，在乳化剂ＯＰ的存在下，以ＣＡＳ为显色剂，其增敏剂的效果是ＴＰＣ＞ＣＴＭＡＢ＞ＣＰＣ－ＣＰＢ。在λ６１５ｎｍ处，翠绿色络合物Ｓｃ—ＣＡＳ—ＴＰＣ—ＯＰ有最大吸收，摩尔吸光系数为２．１４×１０５，具有较高的灵敏度。钪浓度在０—１０Ｍｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比尔定律。矿样经碱熔，三乙醇胺—ＥＤＴＡ—ＮａＣＯ３—Ｈ２Ｏ２浸取沉淀分离后，再用ＰＭＢＰ一醋酸丁酯萃取分离，可用于矿石中微量钪的测定。     

镁钙质中间包涂料的线变化率

１　前言镁钙质（以下简称ＭＣ）中间包涂料有利于净化钢水，但其在干燥及使用过程中过高的线变化率严重地影响了其性能的正常发挥，甚至导致干燥裂纹、烘烤剥落。为改善线变化率，提高综合性能，主要采用了以下三条措施：１）添加活性剂，增加泥料的表面活性，减少加水量；２）合理级配，把体积密度控制在合理的范围内；３）增加高温矿相，优化高温结构，减少玻璃相。从ＣａＯＭｇＯＳｉＯ２三元相图（图１）可知，当组成点在ＣａＯＭｇＯＣ２Ｓ和Ｃ３ＳＭｇＯＣ２Ｓ这两个三角形之中时，任一成分点都具有较高的耐火度和相当的…     

微波—水解法制备均分散珠光BiOCl微粒

本工作是用微波辐射下铋盐水解法制得均分散的ＢｉＯＣｌ珠光微粒，制备手续简述如下：将Ｂｉ（ＢＯ３）３的盐酸溶液与热水混合并加入表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＬＡＳ）溶液。将其置于微波辐照下２ｍｉｎ，然后在室温下陈化一段时间便得到了均分散的珠光ＢｉＯＣｌ微粒。     

马来酸酐——丙烯酸胺共聚物阻垢效果研究

研究了以水为溶剂合成的马来酸酐－－丙烯酸胺共聚物对含ＣａＣＯ３和Ｃａ３（ＰＯ４）２合成水的阻垢效果，探讨了共聚物的平均分子量，用量、Ｃａ＾２＋浓度溶液温度和ＰＨ值对阻垢率的影响，并进一步探讨了共聚物与表面活性剂联用的阻垢效果。     

Preparation and characterization of superhydrophobic conductive fluorinated carbon blacks

Superhydrophobic conductive carbon blacks were prepared by covalent bonding of perfluorocarbon and perfluoropolyether chains on the conductive carbon black surface. Perfluorodiacyl and perfluoropolyether peroxides were used as reagents for the chemical treatment. Their thermal decomposition produced respectively, perfluoroalkyl and perfluoropolyether radicals that directly bonded the polycyclic aromatic structure of carbon black surface. Measurements of contact angles with water on molded pellets made with carbon black powder demonstrated that water droplets were enduringly stable on the treated carbon blacks. Contact angle values were significantly high, exceeding the superhydrophobicity threshold. On the contrary, the droplets were adsorbed in few seconds by the native carbon black. Conductivity measurements showed that the covalent linkage of fluorinated chains weakly modified the electrical properties of the conductive carbon black, even if the surface properties changed so deeply. The relationship between the linkage of fluorinated chains and the variations of physical–chemical properties were studied combining electron spectroscopy, resistivity measurements, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, surface area analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. The superhydrophobic conductive carbon blacks were compared with a superhydrophobic carbon black obtained by direct fluorination of conductive carbon black with elemental fluorine, F₂.     

Homogeneous formation of metastable phases of carbon at high supersaturations

Theoretical and experimental investigations of formation of metastable phases of carbon at high supersaturations are considered. Falling droplets of liquid hydrocarbons (octane, honane, etc.) were heated by laser radiation. Diamond, carbine and other carbon forms were detected in the products of pyrolysis of the hydrocarbon vapours.     

Modelling of spray-freezing with compressed carbon dioxide

A spray-freezing process with compressed carbon dioxide is investigated. The objective of the study is related to production of composite powders of water-soluble bioactive molecules and stabilizing excipients with specific aim to obtain stable protein particles with a narrow size distribution for pharmaceutical purposes. A model of dispersion and solidification of aqueous droplets in turbulent flow field in the spray-freezing process based on expansion of compressed carbon dioxide is proposed and applied to interpret experimental data. The process of droplet solidification is considered by taking into account the effect of surface tension on the equilibrium temperature at the interface of two phases (Gibbs-Thomson effect). The presented method enables estimation of frozen droplets size, temperature profile and freezing time of droplets.     

Water Evolution in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Cathodes Studied by Synchrotron X‐Ray Radiography

Water evolution, distribution, and removal in the cathodes of a running direct methanol fuel cell were investigated by means of synchrotron X‐ray radiography. Radiographs with a spatial resolution of around 5 μm were taken every 5 s. Special cell designs allowing for through‐plane and in‐plane viewing were developed, featuring two mirror‐symmetrical flow field structures consisting of one channel with the through‐plane design. Evolution and discharge of water droplets and the occurrence of water accumulations in selected regions of the channels were investigated. These measurements revealed a nonuniform distribution of water in the channels. Both irregular and periodic formation of water droplets were observed. In‐plane measurements revealed, that the droplets evolve between adjacent carbon fiber bundles of the gas diffusion layer. The water distribution within the channel cross‐section fits very well to the pressure difference between cathode channel inlet and outlet. The quick discharge of water droplets causes sudden decreases of the pressure difference up to 4.5 mbar.     

Chemical vapour deposition of pyrolytic carbon on carbon nanotubes: Part 3: Growth mechanisms

As a first step to identify the growth mechanism of various pyrolytic carbon deposit morphologies onto multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) presented in earlier papers, we determined their growth chronology by carrying-out synthesis experiments involving a large time range. We propose that the formation of any of the deposit morphologies is the consequence of the primary formation of hydrocarbon liquid droplets in the gas phase and their subsequent deposition onto the MWNTs. This makes the formation mechanisms of the various deposit morphologies depend on physical phenomena related to the wetting of nanotube surfaces by the droplets, where the [droplet diameter]/[nanotube diameter] ratio plays an important role. The droplets are the result of the recombination of species issued from the cracking of the gaseous precursor (methane), and their characteristics (number, size, and aromaticity) depend on experimental parameters such as temperature, time of flight, and gas phase composition. The results bring a new light to the currently admitted hypotheses for the mechanisms of pyrolytic carbon deposition, and revitalise the liquid droplet theory formerly proposed by Grisdale in the 1950s, at least in the range of conditions investigated.     

润湿剂促进燃油细颗粒捕集的实验研究

在反应室中研究了雾化液滴与燃油细颗粒的相互作用机制。提出了一种润湿剂对细颗粒捕集促进的新方法,用于研究颗粒与液滴作用前后颗粒数浓度和粒径分布变化特性及细颗粒的捕集特性。采用电称低压冲击器（ELPI）在线测试分析颗粒数浓度和粒径分布特性,用SEM和EDS分析了颗粒的形态和元素组分对捕集机理的影响。结果表明：颗粒的物化特性与液滴对颗粒的捕集作用密切相关;燃油排放颗粒主要为球形含炭疏水颗粒;雾化液滴对其的捕集效率较低;添加润湿剂有利于提高液滴对燃油细颗粒的捕集效率,添加Silanol w22比用纯水液滴对颗粒的捕集效率提高了15%;不同润湿剂对捕集效率的促进作用差别较大。研究结果可以用于对不同润湿剂除尘效果进行测试和筛选。     

Aerosol Generation by a Spray-Drying Technique Under Coulomb Explosion and Rapid Evaporation for the Preparation of Aerosol Particles for Inhalation Tests

In this study, nanosized (<100 nm) aerosol particles with high mass concentrations for inhalation tests were generated by a spray-drying technique with combining Coulomb explosion and rapid evaporation of the droplets. Under typical spray-drying conditions, aerosol particles with average diameter of 50–150 nm were prepared from a suspension of NiO nanoparticles with a primary diameter of 15–30 nm. Under the Coulomb explosion method, the sprayed droplets were charged by being mixed with unipolar ions to break up the droplets, which resulted in the generation of smaller aerosol particles with diameters of 15–30 nm and high number concentrations. Under the rapid evaporation method, the droplets were heated immediately after being sprayed to avoid inertial impaction on the flow path due to shrinkage of the droplet, which increased the mass concentration of the aerosol particles. The combination of the Coulomb explosion and rapid evaporation of droplets resulted in the generation of aerosol particles with sizes less than 100 nm and mass concentrations greater than 1 mg/m³; these values are often necessary for inhalation tests. The aerosols generated under the combined method exhibited good long-term stability for inhalation tests. The techniques developed in this study were also applied to other metal oxide nanoparticle materials and to fibrous multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research     

金属催化剂在聚合物降解成炭阻燃中的研究进展

介绍了抗熔滴阻燃聚合物的研究现状,综述了金属催化剂在催化聚合物降解成炭方面的应用,主要包括铁系、钼系、镍系、锌系化合物及部分稀土材料等作为催化剂在聚合物阻燃中催化成炭抗熔滴的研究现状,尤其重点阐述了铁系催化剂的主要作用。最后,对金属催化剂在聚酯抗熔滴中的应用进行了展望。     

The simultaneous measurement of the rate of formation of carbon and of hydrocarbon products in the pyrolysis of methane

A new technique for the measurement of the growth of the surface deposit of carbon during pyrolysis has been used in conjunction with analysis of products to relate carbon formation to formation of hydrocarbon products in the pyrolysis of methane. The method involves the measurement of the absorbance of the carbon deposit formed on the surface of the vessel during pyrolysis using a He-Ne laser as the analyzing beam. It is shown that the aromatic hydrocarbon products grow exponentially with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule and that molecules sufficiently large to condense to liquid droplets in the reaction vessel may form during the induction period for carbon formation. The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction are discussed.     

Effect of selective localization of carbon nanotubes in PA6 dispersed phase of PP/PA6 blends on the morphology evolution with time,part 1: Droplet deformation under simple shear flows

The deformation of carbon nanotube (CNT)‐filled PA6 droplets in PP matrix was examined under simple shear flows. The morphology of blends with various CNT contents in PA6 were probed by FE‐SEM. Based on the wetting coefficient calculations and rheological measurements, it was noted that the majority of CNTs were selectively located in the PA6 phase for concentrations up to 2 wt%. TEM micrographs evidenced the results for a sample with 0.5 wt% CNT in PA6. Optical microscopy of the blends during simple shear flows revealed the reduced deformability and breakups for filled‐droplets. Such observations were ascribed to the increased viscosity ratio and gradual formation of an elastic structure within the droplets. Maffetone‐Minale transient droplet deformation model was coupled with a modified capillary number to account for the developed elastic forces. It was shown that the contribution of such forces to the total shape‐conserving forces could arise up to 99% in comparison with the well‐known interfacial forces. These resisting forces can be so strong that for blends with CNT concentrations above 0.5 wt% in PA6 almost no deformation was observed under the applied shear stresses in this work. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1504–1519, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers