利用甘蔗饲养红棕象甲的技术

介绍一种以甘蔗为饲料饲养红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fab.的方法。将新鲜甘蔗切成段,置于培养皿中,放入恒温培养箱内,设置温度:(26±1)℃,RH:80%±10%,光周期:L∶D=0∶24。利用该方法饲养的红棕象甲世代历期130.80d,老熟幼虫平均体重5.51g,成虫单雌产卵量144.42粒,世代存活率21.67%。甘蔗饲养红棕象甲成本低,生物学特性恒定,可作为替代寄主扩繁虫源。     

红棕象甲室内生物学特性及形态观察

在室内对红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fab.生物学特性和形态进行系统观察。结果表明在26℃、RH80%、寄主食料华盛顿棕榈饲养条件下,红棕象甲世代历期平均114.77d,最短87.00d、最长166.00d,其中卵期平均3.50d,幼虫期平均36.68d,结茧到产卵前历期平均29.96d。幼虫以8龄为主,1~2龄幼虫的体重小于0.01g,头壳宽短于1.0mm,3龄后幼虫体重、头壳宽度、体长和体宽开始增加,8龄时幼虫平均体重为3.36g,头壳宽度6.0mm。成虫雌雄性比1.78∶1,补充营养能显著延长成虫寿命,在无补充营养时,雌雄成虫寿命只有7.00d左右,而在补充营养后,雌雄成虫寿命最长可分别达130.00d和244.00d。雌虫产卵量最大376粒,最小89粒,平均216粒。     

福建厦门红棕象甲虫情分析及防治对策探究

采用理论分析、实地诱捕、室内药效表现以及实地园区防治效果探究厦门市园林植物园内红棕象甲(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)的发生情况、危害特点并提出有效防治对策。结果表明,红棕象甲在厦门世代重叠严重,一年发生2～3代,各虫态均可作为越冬虫态,主要危害期3～11月,诱捕成虫高峰期4～6月;幼虫室内药效表现中45%啶虫·杀虫单效果最好,70%吡虫啉和1.14%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐次之;成虫室内药效表现,1000倍液条件下45%啶虫·杀虫单效果略好于16000 IU·mg^-1苏云金杆菌和70%吡虫啉;2000倍液条件下8000 IU·μL^-1苏云金杆菌效果最好,其次是400亿孢子·g^-1球孢白僵菌。采取综合防治措施,严格执行新引种苗木的检疫检查和处理,加强栽培管理提高植物自身树势、减少内部消耗、增强抗病虫害能力,利用多种施药设备,通过挂包法、根施法、喷雾法等化学药剂防治,可有效减少受害植株和降低虫口密度。     

诱捕条件对红棕象甲聚集信息素田间效果的影响

红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver是世界著名的严重危害棕榈植物的毁灭性入侵害虫,现已传入我国长江以南广大地区,对我国棕榈植物的安全生产造成严重威胁。本文比较了聚集信息素来源、诱捕器设置高度、颜色和类型对红棕象甲成虫诱捕效果的影响。结果表明:2种不同来源的红棕象甲聚集信息素诱捕效果无显著差异;诱捕器置于地面诱捕效果最好;红色和黑色诱捕器的诱虫量显著优于白色和黄色诱捕器;诱捕器类型对诱虫量无显著影响。本研究结果可为红棕象甲聚集信息素的监测技术提供指导。     

红棕象甲发育起点温度及有效积温的测定

在室内恒温条件下,观察了不同温度对棕榈红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fabricius生长发育的影响,并用直线回归法测得产卵前期、卵、幼虫、蛹和全世代的发育起点温度分别为(16.11±1.44)、(14.10±0.56)、(15.28±0.21)、(14.89±0.24)和(14.15±0.54)℃;有效积温分别为(31.86±1.65)、(748.60±15.79)、(417.94±20.80)和(1215.50±28.56)日·度。红棕象甲的各虫态和全世代发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在测定的温度范围内,全世代发育历期与温度的关系符合指数函数:y=3343e-0.1279x。     

室内饲养红棕象甲的行为观察

报道红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fab.成虫交配、产卵行为,描述在交配和产卵过程中发生的多种行为。红棕象甲整日均可见其交配行为,但在暗光周期开始0.5h左右明显有一个交配高峰期。其交配持续时间、交配几率不受虫体大小的影响。在无外界因子干扰的条件下,交配持续时间均可达1min。红棕象甲卵为单产,一处1粒,主要是通过口喙蛀孔辅助完成;观察红棕象甲幼虫、蛹的行为,例如取食、争斗、蜕皮、做茧等行为。且随着低龄幼虫向高龄幼虫的过渡,幼虫的取食和钻蛀行为从棕榈植物中心向外围扩散。通过摇动或震动茧后红棕象甲在其中表现的行为,并结合茧的颜色和质地可准确判断茧中存在的3种虫态。     

警惕外来危险害虫红棕象甲的扩散

红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Olivier)是棕榈科植物外来危险害虫,该虫原产印度,20世纪80年代扩散到中东,目前在我国主要分布在海南、广西、广东、台湾、云南、西藏(墨脱)等地区,存在进一步扩张的趋势。文章对该虫的地理起源及分布、生物学特性、寄主及防治等方面作了描述。     

上海地区红棕象甲的耐寒性研究

红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)是我国危害棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫, 为探明其越冬抗寒性, 利用过冷却点测定仪测定了红棕象甲上海种群不同虫态的过冷却点, 在低温箱内测定了该虫不同虫态的耐寒性, 然后结合田间越冬模拟试验、气象资料和寄主分布情况, 初步确定了红棕象甲在我国的越冬北界。结果表明： 红棕象甲过冷却点随虫态的发育程度的升高而下降, 卵、1龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、9龄幼虫和成虫的平均过冷却点分别为-5.92, -6.42, -7.19, -7.43和-11.84℃, 过冷却点由高到低的顺序依次为: 卵>幼虫>成虫。在6, 24, 48和72 h 4个时间处理下, 各虫态在低温与存活率之间呈显著或极显著的logistic回归, 半致死温度（Ltemp₅₀）均随处理时间的延长而上升, 不同虫态在处理72 h 后, 卵、1龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、9龄幼虫和成虫之间的Ltemp₅₀分别为1.61, -1.67, -2.39, -2.40和-0.40℃, 各虫态耐寒性由弱到强的顺序依次为: 卵<成虫<幼虫。红棕象甲不同发育阶段的过冷却点与其耐寒性并不完全相关, 幼虫和成虫均可能是该虫的越冬虫态。连续两年的田间模拟越冬试验表明, 在上海地区, 红棕象甲的幼虫和成虫的越冬存活率均在60％以上, 说明红棕象甲在上海地区是可以越冬的。根据这些结果, 结合寄主分布情况, 初步将红棕象甲在我国的越冬北界定于北纬35°附近, 即1月份0℃等温线左右。     

红棕象甲幼虫空间格局研究

【背景】红棕象甲是外来危险I生有害生物,近十年来在我国南方严重危害棕榈科植物。[方法】为了确定其调查抽样方法、准确获得虫情,应用聚集度指标法和回归模型分析法等,对红棕象甲幼虫的空间格局进行了研究。【结果】在lwao模型中,α=0．4208〉0,β=1.5133〉1,这说明了红棕象甲幼虫的种群空间格局的分布图式为聚集型;用马占山重新解释的Taylor幂法则分析表明,红棕象甲幼虫的空间格局归属于聚集型,个体之间相互吸引。【结论与意义】红棕象甲幼虫在林内呈聚集型分布,分布的基本成分为个体群;运用1wao法确定了林间最适理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型,为该虫的监测与防治提供了依据。     

基于PacBio Iso-Seq红棕象甲全长转录组测序分析

[目的]建立红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus全长转录组数据库,深入挖掘红棕象甲基因数据信息.[方法]采用高通量测序平台,利用二代测序(Illumina RNA-seq)校正三代测序(PacBio Iso-Seq)的方法对红棕象甲进行全长转录组测序,并对转录组数据进行生物信息学分析.[结果]红棕象甲全长转录组平均长度为2 302 bp,N90长度为1321 bp,N50长度为2 785 bp;经CD-Hit程序去冗余,获得转录本63 801条,主要长度范围为0.5-6 k.基因功能注释表明,在NR、Swiss-Prot、KEGG、KOG、GO、NT和Pfam数据库中,分别有50 280、40 109、47 197、33 511、27 707、27 253和27 707条转录本被注释;其中,12 508条转录本均在7个数据库中有注释,54 999条转录本至少在一个数据库有注释.此外,经鉴定或预测,获得2 184个可变剪接(AS)、66 230个SSR、2 084个转录因子(TFs)和9 618条长链非编码RNA(LncRNA).CDS长度的主要分布范围为0-2 500 nt.[结论]本研究获得了红棕象甲全长转录组数据库,为红棕象甲后续分子生物学基础研究奠定基础.     

Potential of certain natural extracts for the control of the red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver)

Abstract

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the potential of 13 plant extracts for the control of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Results indicated that the ethanol extracts of sea ambrosia (Ambrosia maritima), French cotton (Calotropis procera) and curcuma (Curcuma longa) have superior toxicity as compared to the extracts of other tested plants, estimated LC 50 were 0.723, 0.978 and 1.092%, respectively. In field experiments, the percentage of recovered date palm trees reached 90.91% within 15 days when A. maritima extract was applied. The injection of C. procera and C. longa extracts into the tunnels of infested trees resulted in 86.36% and 85.00% of tree recovery, respectively.     

Entomopathogenic fungi-mediated biological control of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is an important pest of palms, and difficult to control by conventional methods. Therefore, microbial control is an alternative strategy for controlling RPW. Herein, a total of 15 entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) were subjected to primary pathogenicity screening against last stage of RPW larvae. The preliminary data showed that four Beauveria bassiana isolates (JEF-484, 158, 462 and 507) and one Isaria fumosorosea isolate (JEF-014) resulted in 100 % mortality within 5–10 days post inoculation (d.p.i.), respectively. According to the time required for RPW mortality, JEF-484, 158, 462 and 014 were further subjected to bioassays using 10⁷ conidia/ml suspensions by spraying method. Based on the results, JEF-484 showed the highest mortality and shortest LT₅₀ on the last stage of RPW larvae, followed by JEF-158. The two isolates also showed good conidial production and high thermal stability compared to the other isolates. Therefore, JEF-484 and JEF-158 were selected for bioassays against RPW egg and the last larval stage with different concentrations of 10⁵, 10⁶ and 10⁷ conidia/ml conidial suspensions by spraying method. For the bioassay at the egg stage, JEF-158 showed a significantly higher ovicidal effect than JEF-484. In the larval bioassay, both EPF isolates showed a dosage-dependent effect on the RPW larvae. JEF-484 caused higher mortality in RPW larvae than JEF-158. In summary, the combination of the 2 promising EPF isolates might provide an opportunity for the practical microbial control of RPW at different life stages in palm tree fields.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa,a facultative pathogen of red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified as a facultative pathogen of red palm weevil. Intra-haemocoelic injection of the pathogen within larvae and pre-pupae was more effective at killing the insects [with a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 9×10² to 2×10³ bacteria/insect] than inoculation by force feeding (LD₅₀ of 10⁵ to 4×10⁵ bacteria/insect) or by wading the insects in a suspension of the pathogen (LD₅₀ of 10⁵ to 2×10⁵ bacteria/insect). Injection of 3×10³ bacteria/insect killed 69% of larvae; small larvae were more susceptible (LD₅₀ of 9×10⁵ bacteria/larva) than either larger larvae (LD₅₀ of 10³ bacteria/larva) or pre-pupa. The median time to death of the small larvae following injection of P. aeruginosa was about 6 days but that following force feeding or wading was about 8 days. A secondary invader, Serratia marcescens, had no effect on the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa but hastened death of larvae by about 3 days.A. Banerjee and T.K. Dangar were with the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayangulam 690 533, Kerala, India. They are now with the Central Rice Research Institute. Cuttack 753 006, Orissa, IndiaCPCRI research paper no. 870.     

Functional compounds from the integument of adult red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

This study deals with the analysis of the integument of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus of both sexes using the GC–MS technique. The results of the study revealed many promising compounds. These include aspidofractinine-3-methanol (kopsinyl alcohol) which was found in the acetone extract of the sternum of females, and 3-buten-2-ol (32-B) which was found in the extracts of sternum and tergum of males. This compound the aggregation pheromone was secreted by males. Additionally, compounds with methoxy groups were found. These may be responsible for insects’ resistance. This study, through separation and identification of these compounds, aims to open a new possibility for their future medical and therapeutic usage.     

Insecticidal potential of cardamom and clove extracts on adult red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

Toxicity of cardamom and clove seed powder and extracted compounds against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), was assessed in laboratory exposure experiments. The treatments comprised different amounts of seed powder of cardamom (0.8, 1, 3, and 5 mg) and clove (1, 3, 5, 7 mg), and extract concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) for both plants using ether petroleum or chloroform. Data showed that 5 mg of cardamom powdered seed resulted in 93% mortality after one day and 100% mortality after two days. Whereas after two days, lower amounts (0.8, 1, and 3 mg) resulted in 26%, 40%, 46%, respectively. A similar result was obtained for clove seed powder, where 7 mg caused 53% mortality after one day and 100% mortality after three days, other amounts (1, 3, and 5 mg) resulted in 33%, 73%, and 80%, mortality respectively, after three days. We found that all amounts of extract of both plants resulted in 100% mortality after three days. GC-MS analysis of the cardamom and clove extracts revealed the presence of a large number of terpenes of particular note was eugenol and two novel compounds Hydroxy-alpha-Terpenyl Acetate and Labda -8(17),13(E)- Diene- 15. The current work aims at the possibility of benefiting from natural plants pesticides as being safer as well as on the separation of volatile oils, which was known to be important in the control pests.     

Nano essential oils against the red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is the biggest pest of various palm species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the essential oils of purslane, mustard and castor (bulk and nano) on R. ferrugineus and to evaluate the oviposition deterrent effect to prevent new infestations. Prepared concentrations of essential oils (bulk and nano) were tested for their impact on R. ferrugineus larvae, pupae and adults. The most effective oil was purslane oil (bulk and nano), followed by mustard and the least effective was castor. The percent mortality of larvae was 75.2, 45.3 and 17.9% (bulk phase) and 92.5, 84.4 and 65.5% (nano phase) in purslane, mustard and castor, respectively, when treated with the high concentration. The percent mortality of adults was 67.2, 40.0 and 15.6% (bulk phase) and 83.5, 72.9 and 60.0% (nano phase) in purslane, mustard and castor, respectively, when treated with the high concentration. The number of eggs laid decreased with increasing concentration of the tested oils. Purslane essential oil showed good impact on R. ferrugineus larvae and adults followed by mustard and castor oils as bulk and as nano.     

Integration of entomopathogenic fungi and eco-friendly insecticides for management of red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)

Red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is a voracious pest of date palm worldwide. Pakistan ranks sixth in date palm production globally. Losses to date palm plantations in Pakistan sometimes surpass 10%-20%. Most of the traditional management strategies used by farmers have been found insignificant to combat this voracious pest. The entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana [QA-3(L) and QA-3(H)] and insecticides, Nitenpyram (Active 10% SL) [NIT (L) and NIT (H)] were applied to larval (2nd, 4th, and 6th), pupal and adult stages of R. ferrugienus. Integration or alone application of fungi with insecticides at different concentration under laboratory conditions. Combined application was depicted additive and synergistic interactions. Contrarily, highest cumulative mortality (100%) was recorded in 2nd instar larvae as compared to later instar larvae at combined application. The maximum pupal and adult mortality remained 89% and 66% respectively after treatment with [QA-3 (H) + NIT (L)]. The combination of B. bassiana at higher concentration whereas Nitenpyram at lower dose was found more lethal to larvae, pupae and adults of R. ferrugineus. This signifies the need of combining B. bassiana and bio-rational insecticides that can reduce the cost of management with least harm to environment and natural enemies.