耐蚀堆焊层腐蚀磨损性能

用自制的腐蚀磨损试验机对耐蚀堆焊层在不同介质中的腐蚀磨损性能进行了试验，结果表明：腐蚀介质不同，堆焊层的磨损速率也不同。在酸性与中性介质中，奥氏体焊条堆焊层具有相对优良的耐腐蚀磨损性能，而在碱性介质中，低碳钢焊条堆焊层具有较高的腐蚀磨损抗力。另外，堆焊电流增大，有利于提高堆焊层的耐磨性。     

冷堆焊高碳Nb-Ti-V系钢质堆焊金属中的碳化物

研究了不同成分的冷堆焊高碳Nb-Ti-V系堆焊金属中碳化物的分布、形态,分析了碳化物在冷焊条件下的形成过程.Nb、Ti可以形成颗粒碳化物,但单独加入且含量较高时,碳化物尺寸过大,对基体固溶强化较弱,堆焊金属硬度过低;单独加入V时则形成了网状碳化物;适量Nb、Ti、V同时加入,获得了均匀分布的颗粒碳化物及强韧的基体,堆焊金属耐磨性优于D317的堆焊金属.     

焊接工艺参数及堆焊层数对堆焊层组织性能的影响

本文采用单、双层堆焊方法,研究了以42CrMo作为基体的堆焊层组织、硬度和耐磨性。结果表明,采用双层有助于降低堆焊层的稀释率,硬度变化均匀,有利于提高堆焊层的耐磨性。     

含稀土钇堆焊焊条研究

研制出一种工艺良好的含稀土钇的堆焊焊条，对其堆焊层显微组织结构，硬度，耐磨性进行了较系统的试验研究。工业试验证明能满足某些工作在高温状态冶金工业设备零部件的堆焊修复后的使用性能。     

堆焊层数对热丝脉冲TIG堆焊Inconel 625的腐蚀性能研究

为了研究热丝脉冲TIG(惰性气体钨极保护焊)堆焊不同层数Inconel 625后堆焊层的腐蚀性能差异,在20钢基体表面分别堆焊单层和双层Inconel 625,通过电化学试验、晶间腐蚀试验和EDS成分分析,对不同层数堆焊层的腐蚀性能进行了对比分析。结果表明：其bode谱中双层堆焊的相位角为80°,单层堆焊和基材的相位角分别下降5°和20°,双层堆焊的阻抗模量与频率的斜率最大,其次是单层堆焊的,基材的最小;基材的容抗弧最小且存在Warbug扩散,双层堆焊的容抗弧最大,单层和双层堆焊较基材的自腐蚀电位分别提高了374.0 mV和392.0 mV,腐蚀电流密度分别下降约99.3%和99.8%,双层堆焊的点蚀电位较单层的提高了430 mV。晶间腐蚀试验后,堆焊层均未出现明显晶间腐蚀而表现为点蚀,双层堆焊的腐蚀失重约为单层的1/5,腐蚀沿柱状晶间贯穿。堆焊层间融合区以及与基体交界处的合金元素变化显著,层内分布均匀,双层堆焊的Fe元素含量低于单层堆焊的,具有更好的耐腐蚀性能。     

TiC-VC耐磨堆焊焊条

利用药皮中的石墨、钛铁、钒铁、金红石等组分,通过电弧冶金反应生成了具有高显微硬度的TiC、VC等碳化物,探讨了焊条药皮组分石墨、钛铁、钒铁等的含量对焊条工艺性、抗裂性及堆焊层硬度的影响,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜（SEM）和电子探针（EMPA）对堆焊层显微组织,TiC、VC等碳化物的分布以及断口形貌进行了分析。研究结果表明,堆焊层组织为低碳马氏体＋残余奥氏体＋碳化物,碳化物极弥散分布在低碳马氏体基体上,断口为准解理断裂;堆焊层具有较高塑韧性,焊前不预热,焊后不缓冷连续堆焊不产生裂纹;堆焊层硬度达到HRC55以上,具有高的耐磨性,相对耐磨性优于D667焊条。     

含稀土氧化物的WC-TiC-TaC-Co/CuZnNi复合耐磨堆焊材料

以WC-TiC-TaC—Co硬质合金、CuZnNi及氧化物La2O3为原料，研制出一种具有高耐磨性和良好抗冲击性能的堆焊材料，利用SEM、TEM、摩擦磨损试验分析了堆焊材料的组织及耐磨性，探讨了稀土氧化物对堆焊材料组织性能的影响．研究结果表明：硬质合金与Cu基合金通过元素扩散形成连接界面；堆焊层耐磨性随硬质合金含量的增加而增加，随载荷的增加而降低；加入La2O3后，基体组织细化，硬质合金与基体的界面上形成微晶过渡区，改善了界面结合强度，堆焊层耐磨性得到提高。     

磨辊耐磨层的堆焊技术

重点阐述了水泥立磨磨辊耐磨层的堆焊工艺方案及成型、焊接等关键技术,包括选择堆焊材料,确定焊接参数,检验堆焊质量检验等方面.提出了放置焊接缺陷的技术途径和措施,对焊前准备、清理要求及焊接过程等各阶段进行了质量控制,试验和生产表明:说采取的技术途径和措施完全适用于磨辊耐磨层的堆焊与加工.     

堆焊修复技术的发展

本文综述了堆焊技术修复的发展以及应用,为以后堆焊技术的发展提出了建议。     

镍基合金粉末光束堆焊层的微观组织及强化机理

采用X射线衍射，SEM，EDAX及显微硬度和洛氏硬度等分析手段研究了含碳量为1．0％的NiCrBSi系自熔合金粉末光束堆焊层的微观组织及强化机理，结果表明，采用光束镍基合金粉末堆焊可在铁碳合金表面获得与基体冶金结合良好，无裂纹，轻度稀释的强化层，堆焊热输入对堆焊层稀释率及合金元素烧损的影响程度决定了堆焊层微观组织及物相组成，小热输入堆焊时，堆焊金属经度稀释（η=3.5%），其显微组织由少量初生的γ－Ni和大量的γ－Ni Bi3B Ni3Si三相共晶组成的亚共晶基底，以及在基底上分布着大量的Cr23C6,(Cr,Fe)7C3高硬度相组成，采用大热输入堆焊，堆焊金属稀释率达12％，堆焊层由大量的γ－（Fe,Ni0枝晶和少量γ－(Fe,Ni) M7C3共晶组成，在堆焊层中未发现一次碳化物的析出，在光束粉末堆焊层中大量高硬度M23C6,M7C3共晶组成，在堆焊层中未发现一次碳化物的析出，在光束粉末堆焊层中大量高硬度M23C6，M7C3型碳化物和Ni3B,Ni3Si共晶相的析出以及合金元素在γ相中的过饱和固溶是其是以强化的主要原因，与TIG堆焊相比，采用相近热输入所获得的光束粉末堆焊层的耐磨性能提高了3倍以上。     

Biomimic Vein-Like Transparent Conducting Electrodes with Low Sheet Resistance and Metal Consumption

In this contribution,inspired by the excellent resource management and material transport function of leaf veins,the electrical transport function of metallized leaf veins is mimicked from the material transport function of the vein networks.By electroless copper plating on real leaf vein networks with copper thickness of only several hundred nanometre up to several micrometre,certain leaf veins can be converted to transparent conductive electrodes with an ultralow sheet resistance 100 times lower than that of state-of-the-art indium tin oxide thin films,combined with a broadband optical transmission of above 80%in the UV–VIS–IR range.Additionally,the resource efficiency of the vein-like electrode is characterized by the small amount of material needed to build up the networks and the low copper consumption during metallization.In particular,the high current density transport capability of the electrode of>6000 A cm^−2 was demonstrated.These superior properties of the vein-like structures inspire the design of high-performance transparent conductive electrodes without using critical materials and may significantly reduce the Ag consumption down to<10%of the current level for mass production of solar cells and will contribute greatly to the electrode for high power density concentrator solar cells,high power density Li-ion batteries,and supercapacitors.     

An improved form of the oscillating electron electrostatic ion source for ion etching

The performance of the oscillating electron electrostatic ion source has been improved by incorporating a small chimney into the ion exit aperture to reduce the field distortion at the aperture. A focussing electrode placed near the aperture, and at a negative potential with respect to the cathode, has also been added. This increases the ion beam intensity and also increases the total ion beam current by extracting more low energy ions from the source. When the source is used for ion etching, the specimen can be placed at some distance from the source to reduce the heating of the specimen by radiation from the source. Using argon ions, etching rates of copper film of more than 10 μm^?1 h have been observed with this improved source. It has also been found that the ion beam contains electrons which are suppressed with the focusing electrode at more than 100 V. Thus it was found that to satisfactorily etch a glass specimen it was necessary to operate with the focussing electrode at cathode potential to avoid the build up of charges on the glass.     

The measurement of heat distribution in stereolithography electrodes during electro-discharge machining

Early work by the authors explored the potential for manufacture of electrodischarge machining (EDM) electrodes, using rapid prototyping (RP) technologies. A number of possible routes were identified to provide an integrated system from computer aided design (CAD) data through to production tooling. One such route is the processing of stereolithography (SL) RP models by electrodepositing copper onto the metallized surface. This strategy provides a process route from model to tool with minimum manual intervention. Initial studies using thin-coated SL models for EDM have identified a limitation to application due to heat build up in the electrode. Currently, the electrodes can be used at low material removal rates (MRR), commonly known as semi-roughing or finishing cuts. Higher MRR generates greater heat at the cutting face which causes failure of the RP electrodes. This failure is believed to occur through a combination of delamination, thinning and distortion of the electrode. The heat distribution and associated failure modes for these electrodes are being investigated to determine how the machining performance can be improved.     

Confocal microscopy using variable-focal-length microlenses and an optical fiber bundle

The use of variable-focal-length (VFL) microlenses can provide a way to axially scan the foci across a sample by electronic control. We demonstrate an approach to coupling VFL microlenses individually to a fiber bundle as a way to create a high-throughput aperture array with a controllable aperture pattern. It would potentially be applied in real-time confocal imaging in vivo for biological specimens. The VFL microlenses that we used consist of a liquid-crystal film sandwiched between a pair of conductive substrates for which one has a hole-patterned electrode. One obtains the variation of the focal length by changing the applied voltage. The fiber bundle has been characterized by coupling with both coherent and incoherent light sources. We further demonstrate the use of a VFL microlens array in combination with the fiber bundle to build up a confocal system. The axial response of the confocal system has been measured without mechanical movement of the sample or the objective, and the FWHM is estimated to be approximately 16 microm, with asymmetric sidelobes.     

有机体系中聚苯胺电化学性能研究

有机体系中，采用循环伏安法（CV）在铂片表面电聚合制备聚苯胺，并通过循环伏安、恒流充放电测试了聚苯胺的电化学特性，结果表明：聚苯胺电极的循环伏安曲线呈现矩形特征，恒流充放电的电压和时间关系为线性关系。说明该电极具有典型的电容行为，其比电容高达320．8F／g。CV循环500圈后比电容基本没有变化，电极的循环寿命较高。     

Electrical transport in ethyl cellulose-chloranil system

The charge-transport behaviour in pure and chloranil (Chl) doped ethyl cellulose (EC) system has been studied by measuring the dependence of current on field, temperature, electrode material and dopant concentration. The role of doping molecular concentration in the polymer matrix and modification in the conduction characteristics are studied. Lowering of the activation energy due to doping was observed. The current was found to increase with an increase in the chloranil concentration. An explanation for this has been attempted on the basis of formation of molecular aggregates between chloranil molecules and ethoxy groups of ethyl cellulose. It is suggested that chloranil occupies interstitial positions between the polymer chains and assists in carrier transportation by reducing the hopping barriers. The current-voltage characteristics of different samples are analyzed using space charge limited current theory and quantitative information about the transport parameters is derived. The values of effective drift mobility and trapped charge carrier concentration which result in the build up of space charge have been calculated.     

Interfacing the orbitrap mass analyzer to an electrospray ion source

The orbitrap mass analyzer employs the trapping of pulsed ion beams in an electrostatic quadro-logarithmic field. This field is created between an axial central electrode and a coaxial outer electrode. Stable ion trajectories combine rotation around the central electrode with harmonic oscillations along it. The frequencies of axial oscillations and hence mass-to-charge ratios of ions are obtained using fast Fourier transform of the image current detected on the two split halves of the outer electrode. This work proves that such a trap could be coupled to a continuous, electrospray, ion source. Such a coupling necessitated the development of an rf-only quadrupole for external accumulation of ions and their injection in very short (< 1 micros) ion bunches. Along with good sensitivity, this mass spectrometer provides mass resolving power up to 150,000 fwhm, mass accuracies within a few parts per million, and relative mass range up to 8-fold. The maximum number of ions available for analysis is limited by the space-charge capacity of the accumulation quadrupole.     

含Mn中间层钛基二氧化锡电催化电极的性能

采用高温热氧化方法制备了含Mn中间层的钛基二氧化锡电催化电极Ti/Mn/SnO2.采用SEM、EDX以及XPS等检测方法对电极表面涂层的形貌、元素组成及元素化学态进行了分析,研究了所制备Ti/Mn/SnO2电极电催化氧化降解苯酚的性能.结果表明,Mn中间层的引入降低了电极对苯酚的电催化降解活性,使电极的使用稳定性大为提高.含Mn中间层的存在,可防止电化学反应过程中析出的氧向基体的扩散,离子对Mn2 /Mn4 与Sn2 /Sn4 的存在改变了SnO2电极表面催化剂的组成和结构,导致电极性能变化.     

Electromechanically driven variable-focus lens based on transparent dielectric elastomer

Dielectric elastomers with low elastic stiffness and high dielectric constant are smart materials that produce large strains (up to 300%) and belong to the group of electroactive polymers. Dielectric elastomer actuators are made from films of dielectric elastomers coated on both sides with compliant electrode material. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), which is known as a transparent conducting polymer, has been widely used as an interfacial layer or polymer electrode in polymer electronic devices. In this study, we propose the transparent dielectric elastomer as a material of actuator driving variable-focus lens system using PEDOT as a transparent electrode. The variable-focus lens module has light transmittance up to 70% and maximum displacement up to 450. When voltage is applied to the fabricated lens module, optical focal length is changed. We anticipate our research to be a starting point for new model of variable-focus lens system. This system could find applications in portable devices, such as digital cameras, camcorder, and cell phones.     

Dose build up correction for radiation monitors in high-energy bremsstrahlung photon radiation fields

Conventional radiation monitors have been found to underestimate the personal dose equivalent in the high-energy bremsstrahlung photon radiation fields encountered near electron storage rings. Depth-dose measurements in a water phantom were carried out with a radiation survey meter in the bremsstrahlung photon radiation fields from a 450 MeV electron storage ring to find out the magnitude of the underestimation. Dose equivalent indicated by the survey meter was found to build up with increase in thickness of water placed in front of the meter up to certain depth and then reduce with further increase in thickness. A dose equivalent build up factor was estimated from the measurements. An absorbed dose build up factor in a water phantom was also estimated from calculations performed using the Monte Carlo codes, EGS-4 and EGSnrc. The calculations are found to be in very good agreement with the measurements. The studies indicate inadequacy of commercially available radiation monitors for radiation monitoring within shielded enclosures and in streaming high-energy photon radiation fields from electron storage rings, and the need for proper correction for use in such radiation fields.