CexPr1-xO2-δ复合氧化物的XRD和Raman表征

A series of Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ mixed oxides were synthesized by sol-gel method and characterized by Raman and XRD techniques. When x value was changed from 1.0 to 0.5, only a cubic phase CeO₂ was observed. The samples were very well crystallized on decreasing x from 0.50 to 0.99. For Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ samples 465 cm^-1 and 1 150 cm^-1 Raman peaks are attributed to the Raman active F_2g mode of CeO₂. The broad peak at about 570 cm^-1 in the region of 0.3 ≤x≤ 0.99 can be linked to lattice defects resulting in oxygen vacancies. The new band at about 195 cm^-1 may be attributed to the asymmetric vibration caused by the formation of oxygen vacancies. Calcination temperatures had great effect on the peak intensity for CeO₂ but less effect on Ce_0.8Pr_0.2O_2-δ in Raman spectra. It might be due to the transformation of the colors for the mixed oxides, the insertion of Pr atom into the ceria lattice could enhance the sintering resistance and thermal stability of the mixed oxides.     

Ba0.4Sr0.6Co1-xFexO3-δ系阴极材料的制备和表征

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐(GNP)法合成了中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料Ba_0.4Sr_0.6Co_1-xFe_xO_3-δ(x=0.0～0.8)系列粉体。利用XRD和SEM对材料的结构和微观形貌进行分析,用直流四端子法测量了烧结陶瓷体在中温(450～800 ℃)范围内的电导率。结果表明,制备的样品为单一钙钛矿相,随着Fe含量增加,XRD衍射峰值向高角度方向稍有偏移。电导率随着温度及Fe含量的变化出现极大值,在x＜0.2时,Ba_0.4Sr_0.6Co_1-xFe_xO_3-δ系列烧结体在中温(450～800 ℃)区的电导率,随Fe掺入量的增大而增大,x=0.2样品的电导率最高,800 ℃时达244.7 S·cm^-1,远超过文献报道值,进一步增大Fe含量导电性能变差。     

固体电解质La2-xCaxMo1.7W0.3O9-δ(0≤x≤0.2)的合成、表征及电性能

在氧离子导体La₂Mo_1.7W_0.3O₉的基础上，采用固相法合成了La位掺杂的Ca系列新型氧化物La_2-xCa_xMo_1.7W_0.3O_9-δ(0≤x≤0.2)。通过XRD、Raman和XPS等手段对化合物结构进行表征，交流阻抗谱测试其电性能。结果表明：掺杂离子Ca²⁺的半径小于基质离子La³⁺的半径导致晶格收缩；Ca的掺杂在La₂Mo_1.7W_0.3O₉自身内置氧空位的基础上增加了额外的氧空位，提高了氧离子导体的电导率，550 ℃电导率由0.79 × 10^-4 S·cm^-1 (x=0.0)增加到1.5 × 10^-4 S·cm^-1 (x=0.16，0.2)，电导率增加89.9%。     

质子导体BaCe0.8Lu0.2O3-α的电性能

采用高温固相法制备了BaCe_0.8Lu_0.2O_3-α质子导体。运用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）对该材料的物相结构、微观形貌进行了表征。在500~900℃温度范围内,应用交流阻抗谱和气体浓差电池方法研究了材料在不同气体气氛中的离子导电性和氢-空气燃料电池性能。结果表明,BaCe_0.8Lu_0.2O_3-α材料为单一斜方晶结构,具有良好的致密性。在500~900℃温度范围内,干燥或湿润的氮气、空气和氧气中,材料的电导率随着氧分压增大稍有增大。在湿润的氢气中,材料表现为纯的质子导电性。在以该材料为固体电解质的氢-空气燃料电池条件下,材料表现为质子、氧离子和电子的混合导电性,其中离子导电性始终占主导;氢-空气燃料电池在900℃下的最大输出功率密度为92.2mW·cm^-2,高于我们以前报道的BaCe_0.8RE_0.2O_3-α（RE=Pr,Eu,Ho,Er,等）材料。     

La1-xCaxFeO3-δ系阴极材料的GNP法合成及电性能研究

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐(GNP)法合成了LaFeO₃及La_1-xCa_xFeO_3-δ(x=0.1～0.5)系列粉体，用TG-DTA、XRD、TEM、SEM等对产物形成过程及微结构进行了表征。结果表明，所合成的系列样品均形成钙钛矿结构的单相固溶体。在x≤20mol%的Ca含量范围内，产物为正交钙钛矿结构；当x>30mol%时，转变为立方钙钛矿相。相同条件下产物的衍射峰强度、晶胞体积及晶粒尺寸都随Ca含量的增大而减小。采用直流四端子法测量了烧结体在中温(450～800 ℃)区的电导率。掺杂使样品导电能力显著增强，电导率随Ca²⁺掺入量的增大先增大后减小，La_0.6Ca_0.4FeO_3-δ样品的电导率最高。在低温段，各样品的导电行为符合小极化子导电机制，导电活化能为13.67～22.70 kJ·mol^-1。     

La2-xBixCuO4阴极材料的合成与电化学性质

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法合成了固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La_2-xBi_xCuO₄（x=0、0.05、0.10）,并利用X射线衍射（XRD）对材料的物相进行分析。结果表明,La_2-xBi_xCuO₄形成单一的类钙钛矿结构氧化物,且晶胞体积随着铋掺杂量的增加而增大。在950℃烧结24 h过程中,La_2-xBi_xCuO₄不与电解质Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9（SDC）发生反应,表明这种电解质材料具有良好的高温化学相容性。电导率测试结果表明Bi的掺入显著提高了材料电导率。程序升温脱附测试结果表明,铋的掺杂显著增强了材料的表面氧吸附能力。不同氧分压下的交流阻抗谱测试结果表明,La_1.9Bi_0.1CuO₄阴极在700℃空气中的极化电阻为0.26 Ω·cm²,以电解质SDC支撑的单电池NiO-SDC/SDC/La_1.90Bi_0.10O₄在700℃的最大输出功率密度为308 mW·cm^-2,电极反应的速控步骤为氧分子的扩散与表面吸附过程。     

纳米钙钛矿LaxSr1-xFe1-yCoyO3复合氧化物的制备和表征

用甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧合成法，制备La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃复合氧化物的陶瓷粉末，对该钙钛矿型氧化物进行了XRD、IR、紫外漫反射光谱及循环伏安曲线分析。结果表明：该复合氧化物粉体平均晶粒为15.3～29.8 nm,为立方和正交晶系。该氧电极具有双功能催化特性，但不完全可逆。对水溶液染料进行光解实验，利用紫外-可见、人工神经网络光度法研究La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃的催化性能。结果表明：CO²⁺的加入可使La_xSr_1-xFeO₃的光催化活性有所提高，B位离子(Fe³⁺，CO²⁺)改变与加入，使La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃(x=0.7，0.3；y=0.3，0.9，1)光催化活性高于La_xSr_1-xFeO₃。同时，对5种染料进行紫外光解，在0.75 h，脱色率大于91%，并为动力学一级反应。     

层状O2结构锂锰氧化物Li0.60[MgxCoyMn1-x-y]O2的制备及结构表征

本文采用离子交换法分别制备了双复合锂锰氧化物Li_0.60[Mg_xMn_1-x]O₂(0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.15)和三复合锂锰氧化物Li_0.60[Mg_xCo_yMn_1-x-y]O₂(x=0.05，0.05 ≤      

中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料Sm2-xCexCuO4的制备与性能研究

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法合成了新型中温固体氧化物燃料电池(ITSOFC)阴极材料Sm_2-xCe_xCuO₄(SCC，x=0.0～0.25)。利用XRD和SEM对材料的结构、化学稳定性和微观形貌进行分析表明，该阴极材料与电解质Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.9(CGO)在1 000 ℃烧结时不发生反应;且烧结2 h后，二者之间形成良好的接触界面。利     

LixNi0.8-yCo0.2ZnyOp的合成及电化学性能研究

A series of single-phase Li_xNi_0.8-yCo_0.2Zn_yO_p(0.96 ≤x≤ 1.10， 0 ≤y≤ 0.05， 2 ≤p≤ 2(1+y) ) (different in the y values) were synthesized by a two-step solid state reaction method， in which LiOH·H₂O， Zn-doped spherical Ni(OH)₂ and Co₂O₃ were used as the precursors. The ICP-AES analyses proved that the Zn-doped compounds synthesized had the nonstoichiometric form. The results of the XRD， SEM identified that the uniform particles of the as-prepared materials having a good layered structure were fine， narrowly distributed and well crystallized. The electrochemical performance test was carried out and the results showed that the as-prepared Zn-doped materials had not only a high capacity， but also a better cycling stability characterization than the un-doped one. The Li_1.06Ni_0.75Co_0.22Zn_0.03O_2.03 material has an initial reversible capacity as high as 160.5mAh·g^-1; and a first discharge efficiency 89.2%， and exhibits satisfactory cyclic stability with 90% retainable capacity after 50 cycles.     

锶掺杂对La1-xSrxNbO4-σ质子导体性能的影响

利用高温固相反应法制备了Sr掺杂LaNbO₄质子导体La_1-xSr_xNbO_4-σ(0≤x≤0.02),并且对其性能进行了表征。XRD分析表明,所有的样品具有单斜结构,晶胞体积随Sr掺杂量的增加而增大;La_1-xSr_xNbO_4-σ样品在沸水中和二氧化碳气氛中具有很好的化学稳定性。SEM分析表明,La_1-xSr_xNbO_4-σ粉体经1500℃烧结8h后均得到致密的、晶粒均匀的样品;Sr的掺杂抑制了陶瓷体裂缝的产生和晶粒的过度增长;随Sr的掺杂量增加,晶粒变小。交流阻抗谱分析表明,Sr掺杂改变了LaNbO₄的电导率,其中样品La_0.995Sr_0.005NbO_4-σ具有最高的电导率;样品在25℃水汽饱和的5%H₂-Ar气氛下的电导率明显高于干燥空气气氛,在800℃时,La_0.995Sr_0.005NbO_4-σ电导率达到0.003S·cm^-1,电导活化能为0.44eV。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.75-xCoxMn0.25O2的合成及电化学性能研究

以LiOH·H₂O、Ni(OAc)₂·4H₂O、Co(OAc)₂·4H₂O和MnO₂为原料，在水热反应釜中预处理，然后进行高温固相反应，合成了一系列锂镍钴锰氧化物LiNi_0.75-xCo_xMn_0.25O₂(x=0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25)。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和电化学性能测试对所得样品的结构、形貌、粒径及电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明，当x=0.20时，所合成的正极材料具有很好的α-NaFeO₂型层状晶体结构，晶胞参数a=0.286 1 nm，c=1.416 4 nm， V=0.100 4 nm³，以50 mA·g^-1的电流密度在3～4.3 V(vs Li/Li⁺)充放电时，首次放电比容量达172.5 mAh·g^-1，首次放电效率高达90.9%，30个循环后其放电比容量依然保持在161.1 mAh·g^-1。     

Ba0.98Bi0.02(Ti0.9Zr0.1)1-xCuxO3陶瓷的介电性能、弛豫行为与结晶化学特性

采用固相合成法, Bi3+作施主掺杂A位, Cu₂₊作受主掺杂B位, 制备了Ba_0.98Bi_0.02(Ti_0.9Zr_0.1)_1-xCu_xO₃(x=0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03)陶瓷样品。借助XRD、LCR等研究了该陶瓷的结构与介电性能。结果表明:当x=0.03时, 陶瓷样品出现第二相。通过GULP模拟, 缺陷偶极子的稳定性从低到高依次为:[2Bi_Ba^·+V_Ba"]、[2Bi_Ba^·+Cu_Ti/Zr"]、[Cu_Ti/Zr"+V_O^··], 结合实验可知:介电弛豫程度与晶体中缺陷偶极子的存在形式相关, 其中x=0.01时, 晶体中以[2Bi_Ba^·+Cu_Ti/Zr"]为主。随Cu₂₊掺杂量的增加, 介电常数增加, 介电常数与B位键价和呈反比变化、与八面体BO₆的体积呈正比变化。     

La1-xCaxMnO3纳米颗粒的制备及氧还原催化性能

本文采用溶胶凝胶法制备了一系列不同Ca含量的钙钛矿型氧化物La_1-xCa_xMnO₃(x=0~0.4)纳米颗粒, X射线粉末衍射及精修、扫描电镜表征显示其相纯度和结晶度高, 颗粒平均粒径约40 nm。在0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH水溶液中进行的氧还原电催化性能测试显示, La_0.7Ca_0.3MnO₃样品催化活性最高, 表观电子转移数接近4, 还原电流密度与Pt/C催化剂相当, 而催化稳定性优于Pt/C。进一步研究了La_1-xCa_xMnO₃样品中Mn价态、晶胞参数的改变对氧还原催化活性的影响, 结果表明当x=0.3时, 催化剂中Mn处于混合价态, Mn-O键长适中, 最有利于电催化反应。     

LiNi1-xMxVO4的红外光谱和拉曼光谱研究

The vanadates of LiNi_1-xM_xVO₄(M=Fe,Co,Ni) containing VO₄ tetrahedrons were synthesized by soft chemical method through a new mild liquid route. The samples sintered at 450℃ for 3h and at 650℃ for 3h are named for LT-LiNiVO₄ and for MT-LiNi_1-xM_xVO₄ respectively. All of the products were measured by X-ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectra respectively. In comparison with IR spectra of V₂O₅ and NiO, the LT-LiNiVO₄ has a strong and broad IR absorption band of VO₄ tetrahedrons located at 600～850cm^-1 with three small splitting peaks corresponding to the asymmetry stretching vibrations of V-O bonds. The results of IR and Raman spectra for MT-LiNi_1-xM_xVO₄ show that the cations of Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Fe²⁺ have the influences on the frequency shifts of the V-O vibrations.     

空气中合成固溶体荧光粉Ba2(Zn, Mg)Si2O7:Ce3+,Eu2+,Eu3+及其发光特性

采用高温固相法在空气中合成了Ba_1.97-yZn_1-xMg_xSi₂O₇:0.03Eu,yCe³⁺系列荧光粉。分别采用X-射线衍射和荧光光谱对所合成荧光粉的物相和发光性质进行了表征。在紫外光330~360 nm激发下,固溶体荧光粉Ba_1.97-yZn_1-xMg_xSi₂O₇:0.03Eu的发射光谱在350~725 nm范围内呈现多谱峰发射,360和500 nm处有强的宽带发射属于Eu²⁺离子的4f⁶5d¹-4f⁷跃迁,590~725 nm红光区窄带谱源于Eu³⁺的⁵D₀-⁷F_J (J=1,2,3,4)跃迁,这表明,在空气气氛中,部分Eu³⁺在Ba_1.97-yZn_1-xMg_xSi₂O₇基质中被还原成了Eu²⁺;当x=0.1时,荧光粉Ba_1.97Zn_0.9Mg_0.1Si₂O₇:0.03Eu的绿色发光最强,表明Eu³⁺被还原成Eu²⁺离子的程度最大。当共掺入Ce³⁺离子后,形成Ba_1.97-yZn_0.9Mg_0.1Si₂O₇:0.03Eu,yCe³⁺荧光粉体系,其发光随着Ce³⁺离子浓度的增大由蓝绿区经白光区到达橙红区;发现名义组成为Ba_1.96Zn_0.9Mg_0.1Si₂O₇:0.01Ce³⁺,0.03Eu的荧光粉的色坐标为(0.323,0.311),接近理想白光,是一种有潜在应用价值的白光荧光粉。讨论了稀土离子在Ba₂Zn_0.9Mg_0.1Si₂O₇基质中的能量传递与发光机理。     

掺镍型层状LixNiyMn1-yO2正极材料的合成与电性能研究

A kind of cathode material of layered Li_xNi_yMn_1-yO₂ characterized with the O2 type has been synthesized by a simple method. Its precursor Na_xNi_yMn_1-yO₂ has been prepared from manganese dioxide， nickel hydroxide and sodium carbonate at high temperature in air and quickly cooled in cold water， then it has been exchanged by the melted LiNO₃ at 300～400℃ in air. The effects of calcine-temperature for the precursors and its compositions (the content of Na and Ni) on the electrochemical properties of the material Li_xNi_yMn_1-yO₂ have been investingated by XRD and electrochemical tests. The results show that the sample Li_0.7Ni_0.3Mn_0.7O₂， has the best electrochemical properties which shows only one charge-discharge potential stage of 2.8～3.0V and has a high specific capacity over 180mAh·g^-1 cycled between 2.0～4.20V. A significant structure transformation to the spinal-type phase has not been found in the charge-discharge cycling and the discharge specific capacity around 165mAh·g^-1 has re-mained after the 20th cyclings for the material.     

Ba0.95Ce0.8Ho0.2O3-α的离子导电性

用高温固相反应法制备了Ba_0.95Ce_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α，X–射线衍射表明，该材料为单相钙钛矿型斜方晶结构。以该材料为固体电解质，多孔性铂为电极，用气体浓差电池方法和交流阻抗谱方法分别测定了材料在600 ~ 1000℃温度范围，潮湿氢气、干燥和潮湿的空气中的离子迁移数和电导率，研究了该材料的离子导电性，并与BaCe_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α作了比较。结果表明，在600 ~ 700 ℃、潮湿氢气中，Ba_0.95Ce_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α是纯的质子导体，质子迁移数为1；在800 ~ 1000 ℃，是质子和电子的混合导体，质子迁移数为0.97 ~ 0.93。而BaCe_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α在潮湿氢气中几乎是纯的质子导体，在600 ~ 900 ℃，质子迁移数为1；在1000 ℃，质子迁移数为为0.99。在600 ~ 1000℃温度范围内、干燥的空气中，它们都是氧离子和电子空穴的混合导体，氧离子迁移数分别为0.24 ~ 0.33和0.17 ~ 0.30；在潮湿的空气中，它们都是质子、氧离子和电子空穴的混合导体，质子迁移数分别为0.11 ~ 0.00 和0.09 ~ 0.01，氧离子迁移数分别为0.41 ~ 0.33和0.27 ~ 0.30。在潮湿的氢气和空气中，在600 ~ 800 ℃温度范围内，Ba_0.95Ce_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α的质子电导率高于BaCe_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α，但在800 ~ 1000 ℃温度范围内，Ba_0.95Ce_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α的质子电导率则低于BaCe_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α。在600 ~ 1000 ℃温度范围内、潮湿和干燥的空气中，氧离子电导率总是高于BaCe_0.8Ho_0.2O_3-α。     

纳米Ce1-xLaxO2-δ的微波引诱燃烧合成及其性能表征

Nanometer Ce_1-xLa_xO_2-δ solid solutions were synthesized by microwave-induced combustion process us-ing cerium nitrate hexahydrate， lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate and urea as raw materials. The process took only six minutes to obtain La₂O₃-doped CeO₂ nanopowders. The nanopowders were characterized by XRD， Laser Raman spectrum ， UV-Vis spectroscopy，field-emission scanning electron micrograph(FE-SEM)and TEM. The results revealed that the grain size of Ce_1-xLa_xO_2-δ varied from 20 to 40 nm calculated by Scherer formula through the plane of (111)， that oxygen vacancy was produced in the crystal lattices and the concentration of oxygen vacancy was increased with La doping， therefore the covalence of Ce-O bond was strenthened， which results in more intensive UV-C(200～280 nm)absorption. It can be seen from SEM that the porous appearance was obtained. Grain size is no more than 40nm observed from TEM.     

新型中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料Fe掺杂Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3性能研究

本文系统研究了新型中温固体氧化物燃料电池(IT-SOFC)阴极材料Sm_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1-xFe_xO_3－δ(SSCF)的晶体结构、热膨胀系数、导电率及电化学性能。固相合成的Sm_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1-xFe_xO_3－δ化合物均为单相材料，随着掺Fe量的不同，SSCF的晶体结构发生变化，在0≤x≤0.4时，SSCF为正交晶系钙钛矿结构，在0.5≤x≤0.9时，SSCF为立方晶系钙钛矿结构。Fe掺杂可以显著的改善Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO₃的热膨胀系数，随着Fe含量的增加，热膨胀系数减小。在800℃下，SSCF导电率均大于100 S·cm^-1。随着Fe含量的增加，极化电阻增大；含量x=0.4时，极化电阻达到最大值；之后，随Fe含量的增加，极化电阻减小，在700～800 ℃时，Sm_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3－δ表现出了良好的氧催化活性。