Soft-Tissue sarcomas of the shoulder girdle: Factors influencing local recurrence,distant metastases,and survival

Background: Prognostic factors and the role of radiotherapy have not been well characterized for soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) of the shoulder girdle. Methods: The cases of 70 patients with primary shoulder STS were reviewed for the following information: size, grade and histology of tumors, extent of resection, and use of adjuvant radiotherapy. The influence of these factors on local disease-free survival (LDFS), distant disease-free survival (DDFS), and overall survival (OS) rates was analyzed using univariate analysis. Results: With a median follow-up of 108 months, the overall 5- and 10-year survival rates for patients with shoulder girdle STS were 82% and 80%, respectively, whereas the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 63%. There were 25 (35%) tumor recurrences: 12 (17%) distant and 13 (18%) local regional. Tumors >5 cm in size were associated with a significantly decreased 5-year OS rate compared with lesions <5 cm, and high-grade tumors were associated with significantly decreased DDFS and OS rates. Because most of the patients who underwent amputation had large, high-grade tumors, they had significantly decreased 5-year DDFS and OS rates compared with wide local excision. Radiotherapy produced a significant improvement in LDFS rates, particularly in patients with tumors >5 cm in size. Conclusions: The results indicate that both tumor size and grade are important prognostic factors in shoulder girdle STS. Adjuvant radiotherapy should be considered in large tumors to improve the LDFS and to decrease the need for radical ablative surgery. Presented at the 47th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Houston, Texas, March 17–20, 1994.     

创伤性肩关节后脱位的诊断与治疗

目的探讨创伤性肩关节后脱位的诊断方法和治疗效果。方法对2005年5月～2010年10月本院诊治的5例肩关节后脱位进行回顾性研究。5例患者中,本院漏诊1例酒精戒断症状发作后肩关节后脱位,本院及时正确诊断2例,分别为癫痫发作和车祸外伤后肩关节后脱位,外院漏诊2例,分别为车祸和坠落伤。早期正确诊断的2例中,1例行早期闭合复位,1例行切开复位;3例漏诊致陈旧性脱位患者,其中2例行改良McLaughlin手术切开治疗,1例放弃复位治疗。结果随访2～4年（平均32个月）,早期闭合复位的1例UCLA肩关节评分33分,早期正确诊断并行切开复位的1例UCLA肩关节评分31分,漏诊的陈旧性肩关节后脱位中2例手术治疗的UCLA肩关节评分分别为27分和30分,未予复位者UCLA肩关节评分22分,但随访时对结果表示满意。结论临床上对肩关节后脱位缺乏足够认识是造成漏诊的主要原因,早期诊断、早期复位是获得良好肩关节功能的重要保证。     

Double-sided arthrodesis as a salvage procedure after recurrent anterior shoulder instability and persisting pain

A case (male, 34 years) is described, whose particular clinical history resulted in an uncommon double-sided shoulder arthrodesis. Right and left shoulder history was overlapping in time and is briefly described for each side. Left shoulder: Dislocation and fracture of the greater tuberosity due to falling down stairs; after conservative fracture treatment increasing painful joint stiffness; open mobilisation, fixation of the greater tuberosity with a cancellous screw, and reconstruction of the supraspinatus tendon; at screw removal, subacromial decompression due to impingement; because of further painful shoulder stiffness, he finally received shoulder arthrodesis. Right shoulder: Traumatic dislocation with conservative therapy and following spontaneous dislocations; open stabilisation using staples; further painful instability being conservatively therapy-resistant; radiographically incipient omarthritis with the staples still in place; because of motion-related symptoms, replacement of the articular surface; development of an impingement syndrome; because of increasing pain and reduced mobility he received an arthrodesis 2 years after the opposite shoulder. Afterwards and during an 8-years follow up, the patient showed a functionally satisfactory result, was pain-free, and was able to carry out activities of daily living like eating and personal hygiene. It is concluded that the functional outcome justifies this unusual procedure of double-sided arthrodesis.      

Shoulder dislocation in a very-low-birth-weight infant: case report and review of the literature

Shoulder dislocation in a preterm infant is very rare. We report a case of a preterm infant, with gestational age of 25 2/7 weeks and birth weight of 910 g, with anterior shoulder dislocation after breech delivery. The infant was successfully treated with closed reduction. In general, long-term outcome of shoulder dislocation in these infants is good. However, prompt recognition and treatment of the dislocated shoulder are essential to maintain normal shoulder girdle function and to prevent functional disability.     

Collagenous fibroma of the deltoid muscle: clinical,surgical and histopathological aspects

We report the case of a 66-year-old woman with a tumorous swelling of the right shoulder of approximately 6 months’ duration with morphological features consistent with desmoplastic fibroblastoma or collagenous fibroma, a benign fibrous soft tissue tumor with distinct clinico-pathological features. Clinical history, radiological and pathological findings are presented and other cases of collagenous fibroma with unusual location are discussed.     

CT关节造影、常规磁共振成像及磁共振关节造影在诊断复发性肩关节脱位中的作用

目的　比较CTA、MRI和MRA在诊断复发性肩关节脱位中关节唇损伤的准确性。方法复习 57例复发性肩关节脱位或亚脱位患者的CTA、MRI和MRA片。其中 ,男 42例 ,女 15例 ;年龄 13～ 63岁 ,平均 2 6岁 ;左 34例 ,右 2 3例 ;前脱位 52例 ,后脱位 5例。经关节镜和开放修补手术证实 ,其中52例发生关节囊 -唇复合体损伤。结果　CTA、MRI、MRA的阳性诊断率分别为 89% (47/ 52 )、82 %(14/ 17)和 90 % (31/ 35)。经t检验 ,CTA与MRI、MRA与MRI之间P <0 .0 5 ,CTA与MRA之间P >0 .0 5。结论　CTA仍是目前诊断复发性肩关节脱位中盂唇损伤的最好方法之一。CTA和MRA结合能提高诊断准确率。     

Posttraumatic anterior-inferior instability of the shoulder: arthroscopic findings and clinical correlations

Introduction: The main purpose of our study was to evaluate intra-articular lesions in glenohumeral-instability with arthroscopy and correlate them with clinical findings as well as history of instability. Material and methods: In this prospective multi-centre study, we evaluated arthroscopic findings in 303 patients with posttraumatic anterior-inferior instability of the shoulder. The study cohort was divided into 2 groups: patients with a history of one dislocation (Group 1, n=61, 20.1%) and patients with a history of more than one dislocation (Group 2, n=242, 79.9%). Results: In Group 1, 37 patients had an IGHL-lesion, 31 a MGHL-lesion and 41 a Hill-Sachs lesion. In Group 2, 182 patients had an IGHL-lesion, 172 a MGHL-lesion and 203 a Hill-Sachs lesion. The percentage of lesions in Group 2 (IGHL-75.2%, MGHL-71.1%, Hill-Sachs-83.9%) was significantly higher than in Group 1 (IGHL-60.7%, MGHL-50.8%, Hill-Sachs-67.2%, P=0.0233, P=0.0026, and P=0.0033, respectively). Within Group 2 we found significantly more Hill-Sachs-lesions with a history of an increasing number of recurrences (P=0.0436). We also found an increase of IGHL- and MGHL-lesions with an increasing number of recurrences, but this difference was not significant. The distribution of lesion types of the anterior labrum-ligament complex showed no significant difference between the two groups, apart from a higher incidence of ALPSA-lesions within Group 2 (34.7% versus 18.0% in Group 1). The results of this study show that recurrences after primary posttraumatic anterior-inferior shoulder dislocation cause increasing ligamental damage as well as increasing Hill-Sachs lesions within the gleno-humeral joint. Conclusion: Thus we conclude that early surgical stabilization after posttraumatic anterior-inferior shoulder dislocation is necessary to prevent increasing damage within the shoulder joint.     

外展后伸膝压牵引法整复肩关节前脱位

笔者用外展后伸膝压牵引手法复位治疗肩关节前脱位32例,疗效满意,现报告如下. 　　1 临床资料 　　本组32例,男28例,女4例;年龄最小18岁,最大87岁.右侧19例,左侧13例,全部为新鲜脱位,其中习惯性脱位7例.分型:锁骨下型8例,喙突下型15例,盂下型9例.单纯性脱位18例,合并肱骨大结节骨折14例. 　　……     

Variation of biomechanical, structural, and compositional properties along the tendon to bone insertion site.

The tendon to bone insertion site is a complex transitional region that links two very different materials. The insertion site must transfer a complex loading environment effectively to prevent injury and provide proper joint function. In order to accomplish this load transfer effectively, the properties of the insertion site were hypothesized to vary along its length. The quasilinear viscoelastic (QLV) Model was used to determine biomechanical properties, polarized light analysis was used to quantitate collagen orientation (structure), and in situ hybridization was used to determine the expression of extracellular matrix genes (composition). All assays were performed at two insertion site locations: the tendon end of the insertion and the bony end of the insertion. Biomechanically, the apparent properties of peak strain, the coefficients (A and B) that describe the elastic component of the QLV model, and one of the coefficients (tau(1)) of the viscous component of the model were significantly higher, while another of the coefficients (C) of the viscous component was significantly lower at the tendon insertion compared to the bony insertion. The collagen was significantly more oriented at the tendon insertion compared to the bony insertion. Finally, collagen types II, IX, and X, and aggrecan were localized only to the bony insertion, while decorin and biglycan were localized only to the tendon insertion. Thus, the tendon to bony insertion site varies dramatically along its length in terms of its viscoelastic properties, collagen structure, and extracellular matrix composition.     

人工半肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎骨折的疗效及影响因素分析

目的 探讨人工半肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎骨折的疗效及影响因素.方法 对2000年6月至2006年12月采用半肩关节置换治疗的34例肱骨近端粉碎骨折的患者资料进行回顾性研究.除1例为陈旧性骨折外,其余33例均为新鲜骨折.骨折根据Neer分型:三部分骨折6例,三部分骨折伴肩关节脱位4例,四部分骨折18例,四部分骨折伴肩关节脱位3例,肱骨头劈裂性骨折3例.随访采用Neer评分和视觉模拟(VAS)评分,分析年龄、大小结节重建方法、骨折类型、大小结节愈合质量对肩关节主动上举、主动外旋、Neer评分、VAS评分的影响.结果 所有患者获3～5年(平均3.6年)随访,28例无肩痛,5例偶有轻微肩痛,1例有中度肩痛.Neer评分:优14例,良12例,可7例,差1例,优良率为76.5%;肩关节活动范围平均为:上举100°,外旋30°,内旋L5水平;VAS评分平均3.1分.70岁以下年龄组和70岁以上年龄组在肩关节主动上举活动范围平均值和Neer评分平均值比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),解剖重建和重叠重建大小结节两组患者的各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),不同骨折类型组患者的各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),大小结节完全愈合组和大小结节愈合不良或吸收组的肩关节主动上举活动范围平均值比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.003).结论 人工半肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折,疗效满意,但应严格掌握适应证.大小结节重建的质量、患者年龄、手术技巧等可以影响疗效.     

关节镜下肌腱切断固定于滑车远端治疗肱二头肌长头肌腱病损合并肩袖损伤

目的:探讨通过肩关节镜将肌腱切断固定于滑车远端治疗长头腱病损合并肩袖损伤的手术方法及临床疗效。方法:自2015年6月至2016年11月,对23例患有肱二头肌长头肌腱病损合并有肩袖损伤的患者,行关节镜下肌腱切断固定于滑车远端及肩袖修补术,其中男9例,女14例;年龄44～71(56.38±5.74)岁;左肩3例,右肩20例。分别于术前及术后3、6和12个月随访时采用Constant-Murley肩关节评分、VAS评分对肩关节功能进行评价,并比较肩关节活动度改善情况。结果:23例患者获得随访,时间12～18(15.37±4.82)个月。患侧肩关节无明显疼痛,肱二头肌肉外形轮廓和肌力与术前比较无明显的变化,肩关节活动度及肌力基本恢复到健侧水平。Constant-Murley评分术后3、6、12个月分别为67.47±12.19、74.82±13.26、93.47±10.19,与术前39.62±12.39比较均显著提高。根据Constant-Murley评分,优18例,良4例,差1例。术前VAS评分(6.85±2.14)与术后12个月(0.36±0.54)比较差异有统计学意义。术后12个月肩关节前屈(163.55±15.24)°、外展(164.37±14.46)°较术前肩关节前屈(75.52±6.31)°、外展(84.36±13.36)°显著提高(P0.001)。结论:肩关节镜下将肌腱切断固定于滑车远端治疗长头腱病损合并肩袖损伤的临床治疗效果满意,能缓解肩关节疼痛,恢复肩关节功能,不损伤肱二头肌的外形及肌力。     

Effect of reverse manual wheelchair propulsion on shoulder kinematics,kinetics and muscular activity in persons with paraplegia

Objective: Shoulder pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) is attributed to increased mobility demands on the arms and negatively impacts independence and quality of life. Repetitive superior and posterior shoulder joint forces produced during traditional wheelchair (WC) locomotion can result in subacromial impingement if unopposed, as with muscular fatigue or weakness. ROWHEELS^® (RW), geared rear wheels that produce forward WC movement with backward rim pulling, could alter these forces.

Design: Cross sectional.

Setting: Research laboratory at a rehabilitation hospital.

Participants: Ten manual WC users with paraplegia.

Outcome measures: Propulsion characteristics and right upper extremity/trunk kinematics and shoulder muscle activity were collected during ergometer propulsion: (1) self-selected free speed reverse propulsion with RW, (2) matched-speed reverse (rSW), and (3) forward propulsion (fSW) with instrumented Smartwheels (SW). Inverse dynamics using right-side SW rim kinetics and kinematics compared shoulder kinetics during rSW and fSW.

Results: Free propulsion velocity, cycle distance and cadence were similar during RW, rSW and fSW. Overall shoulder motion was similar except that peak shoulder extension was significantly reduced in both RW and rSW versus fSW. Anteriorly and inferiorly directed SW rim forces were decreased during rSW versus fSW propulsion, but posteriorly and superiorly directed rim forces were significantly greater. Superior and posterior shoulder joint forces and flexor, adductor, and external rotation moments were significantly less during rSW, without a significant difference in net shoulder forces and moments. Traditional propulsive-phase muscle activity was significantly reduced and recovery-phase muscle activity was increased during reverse propulsion.

Conclusion: These results suggest that reverse propulsion may redirect shoulder demands and prevent subacromial impingement, thereby preventing injury and preserving independent mobility for individuals with paraplegia.     

定制型肱骨近端假体结合人工补片重建肩关节的疗效分析

目的 探讨肱骨近端骨肿瘤保肢术中使用人工补片重建盂肱关节囊的手术方法及其对稳定肩关节、预防术后肱骨头脱位的效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年1月,回顾性分析接受定制型肱骨近端假体结合聚丙烯非降解性人工补片重建肩关节的患者12例,男7例,女5例;年龄21～55岁,平均38岁.肿瘤类型:骨巨细胞瘤9例,骨肉瘤1例,软骨肉瘤2例.9例骨巨细胞瘤患者中3例为Campanacci Ⅱ期,6例为Campanacci Ⅲ期;1例骨肉瘤患者为Enneking ⅡB期;2例软骨肉瘤患者均为Enneking Ⅱ A期.采用国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)功能评估标准评价术后肩关节功能.结果 患者均获得随访,随访时间24～52个月,平均35个月.手术出血量150～500 ml,平均254 ml;手术时间150～200 min,平均172 min.术后患者肩关节前屈20°～60°,平均41°;外展20°～70°,平均42°.MSTS评分为53%～77%,平均66%.术后无一例患者出现臂丛损伤、切口感染及假体脱位;随访期间无一例患者出现局部复发、远处转移或死亡.结论 使用聚丙烯非降解性人工补片重建盂肱关节囊可显著减少肱骨近端骨肿瘤保肢术后肱骨头假体脱位的发生,便于周围软组织的附着和长入.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the surgical technique,postoperative function and dislocation incidence of proximal humerus reconstruction with metallic endoprostheses and polypropylene knitted nonabsorbable mesh after proximal humeral tumor resection.Methods Twenty patients with proximal humeral tumor were retrospectively reviewed.They were performed proximal humerus reconstruction with proximal humeral prosthesis and polypropylene knitted non-absorbable mesh from February 2006 to January 2009.There were 5 women and 7 men with a mean age of 38 years(range,21-55 years)at the time of surgery,and giant cell tumor in 9 patients(including Campanacci Ⅱ for 3,Campanacci Ⅲ for 6),osteosarcoma in 1(Enneking ⅡB).and chondrosarcoma in 2 (Enneking ⅡA).The operative time,blood loss,and shoulder movement postoperation were analysed.According to the assessment system by MSTS,the function of limb after surgery was assessed.Results Patients were followed clinically and radiographically for a minimum of 24 months (mean,35 months;range,24-52 months).The mean operative time was 172 min(range,150-200min).The mean blood loss was 254 ml (range,150-500 ml).There were no shoulder dislocations at final follow-up.The mean shoulder flexion was 41°(range,20°-60°)and mean shoulder abduction was 42°(range,20°-70°).The mean postoperative functional assessment score of the limb was 66%(range,53%-77%).None of the Datients had a wound infection,traction neuropraxia or died after the surgical procedure.Conclnsion The data suggests that the use of a polypropylene knitted non-absorbable mesh for proximal humerus reconstruction may reduce dislocations and facilitate soft tissue attachment after tumor resection.     

人工肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的 探讨人工肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折的方法、并发症及疗效。方法 对肱骨近端Neer分型4部分骨折12例行人工肩关节置换术，分析期临床疗效。结果 本组12例术后随访3～12年，平均8．6年，其中11例无疼痛，1例有静息痛。肩关节活动度在70％以上者8例，在50％～70％之间者3例。1例肩关节活动度小于50％，假体X线示位置较好，其中6例柄中段有透亮区，无临床症状。无感染、松动、关节不稳等并发症发生。结论 人工肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端4部分骨折，术后肩关节功能恢复满意，能解除疼痛、稳定关节、重建关节功能，是一种有效的治疗方法。     

应用喙突移位重建喙锁韧带术式治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位及锁骨远端骨折

肩锁关节的骨折脱位手术治疗方法很多,如克氏针、钢丝、肩锁钩板或移植腱性组织修复喙锁韧带等,但诸多的术后并发症或疗效不佳是长期困扰临床的一个难题。自1998年至今,采用喙突移位重建喙锁韧带(即Dewar Barrington术式)治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位及锁骨远端骨折21例,取得满意疗效,