Pore structure of new composite adsorbent SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>·<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O· <Emphasis Type="Italic">y</Emphasis>CaCl<Subscript>2</Subscript> with high uptake of water from air

A new composite adsorbent SiO₂·xH₂O·yCaCl₂ which is composed of macro-porous silica gel and calcium chloride is introduced. In order to analyze its adsorption theory, adsorption and desorption isotherms, BET surface areas, pore volumes and average pore diameters of macro-porous silica gel and four composite adsorbent samples with different CaCl₂ content are measured using SEM and Asap2010 apparatus. From the adsorption isotherms, desorption isotherms and lag loops, it can be deduced that the main pore structure in macro-porous silica gel and the new composite adsorbent have two shapes: taper with one top open and taper or hyperbolic taper with both ends open. Based on the analysis of pore diameter distribution and lag loop, a sketch map showing calcium chloride filled in pore of macro-porous silica gel is presented. The adsorption isotherms at 25°C are measured. Experimental results show that the new composite adsorbent can adsorb more water than common adsorbents (macro-porous silica gel, micro-porous silica gel and synthetic zeolite 13X). In the light of the results of pore structure, adsorption isotherms and lyolysis phenomenon are analyzed.     

Catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide over modified coal-based activated carbons by loading metal

A novel type of metal oxide/activated carbon catalyst was prepared by sol-gel method for the hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide (COS). The influences of the calcination temperature, additive content (2.5%–10.0% Fe₂O₃, mass fraction) and the basic density of the activation process were thoroughly investigated. The surface of catalysts was characterized by Boehm titration. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that catalysts with 2.5%–5.0% Fe₂O₃ after calcining at 500 °C have superior activity. The conversion rate of COS increases with increasing the relative density of basic capacity loaded onto activated carbon(AC), and the activity follows the order: KOH>Na₂CO₃>NaHCO₃. Boehm titration data clearly show that the total acidity increases (from 0.06 to 0.48 mmol/g) and the basic groups decrease (from 0.78 to 0.56 mmol/g) after COS hydrolysis and H₂S adsorption. The XPS results show that the product of H₂S may be absorbed by the interaction with metal compounds and O₂ to form sulfate (171.28 eV) and element sulfur (164.44 eV), which lead to catalysts poisoning.     

Removal of organic matter from H2TaF7 solution by adsorption

The removal of organic matter from H2 TaFT solution by adsorption was investigated in order to reduce the carbon content in the K2TaF7 crystal. Three kinds of adsorbent, LSA-5 resin, LSA-20 resin and active carbon were applied in the fixed bed respectively. Experimental results indicate that LAS-5 resin, LAS-20 resin, the mixture of LAS-5 resin and LAS-20 resin(with volume ratio of 1：1), and the active carbon can all reduce chemical oxygen demand(COD) value of the H2TaF7 solution, and reduce consequently carbon content of K2TaF7 crystal to 0.0010%-0.0015% from 0.002 5%-0.0030%. Comparing with the others, the active carbon is an approved adsorbent whose bed volumes of effluent reaches 70. In addition, there is a linear relationship between the COD value of H2TaF7 solution and the carbon content in K2TaF7 crystal, and the carbon content in K2TaF7 crystal decreases with the decreasing of COD value of H2TaF7 solution. When the COD value of H2TaF7 solution is lower than 7 mg/L, the carbon content in K2TaF7 crystal would decrease to less than 0. 001 5%.     

低温等离子体吸附两段式系统降解硫化氢

为了克服单一低温等离子体(NTP)降解硫化氢(H₂S)能耗高和副产物排放的问题,采用低温等离子体活性炭纤维(ACF)吸附两段式系统降解硫化氢,考察不同充电电压两段式系统与单一低温等离子体系统对H₂S降解率及副产物的影响,分析低温等离子体与活性碳纤维协同降解硫化氢的机理.研究表明：两段式系统能够显著提高H₂S的去除率、降低能耗、去除副产物,并能延长ACF的穿透时间,增加吸附反应H₂S的容量.当气体流量达到11.8 m³/h、充电电压为6 kV时,两段式系统能使H₂S的去除率提高15%,能耗节省26.5%,ACF能够有效地去除SO₂和O₃,在ACF穿透前气流出口检测不到污染物;当充电电压从3 kV升高到7 kV时,ACF的穿透时间延长2到16倍.     

膨润土对废水中Cu2+的吸附性能研究

研究了钙基膨润土和钠基膨润土对废水中铜离子的吸附特性.结果表明,钠基膨润土和钙基膨润土的吸附行为都依赖于溶液的pH值,初始离子浓度和吸附剂用量.在低pH值时主要是H+与Cu2+竞争吸附位.pH值在3到7时基本的吸附机制是离子交换的过程.在高pH值(＞8.3)时,在膨润土颗粒表面形成氢氧化铜的吸附或沉淀.随初始金属离子浓...     

CO2捕集技术的研究进展

化石燃料燃烧排放的CO_2是当今温室气体中CO_2污染的主要来源。介绍了CO_2捕集技术中吸附法、吸收法和膜分离法的研究进展,并分析了各种方法的特点,归纳总结了目前新型吸附/吸收剂中金属有机骨架、相变吸收剂、离子液体吸收剂和纳米流体吸收剂的研究成果。降低能耗和成本是今后研究工作的重点。开发新型吸附/吸收剂、优化反应过程和联合使用不同方法是未来CO_2捕集技术的发展方向。     

Chemieal Strueturcs and Adsorptive Behaviors of Superplastieizers on β-C2S

The chemical structures of four types of superplasticizers （SPs） and their adsorptive behaviors on β-C2S were investigated. The adsorption properties of SPs on β-C2S were measured and the relationship between the adsorption quantity and the specific surface of β-C2S was analyzed. The experimental results show that the adsorption quantity increases with the surface area increase of β-C2S, but the adsorption quantity per surface area is similar, which means that the main adsorbent is β-C2S itself. Polycarboxylic ester （PCE） showed the highest adsorption amount on β-C2S, followed by β-naphthalene sulfonates （NSF） and formaldehyde-acetone condensates sulfonates （FAS）, amino sulphonate （AS） showed the least adsorption amount on β-C2S. PCE affected the surface potential of β-C2S particles in water differently in comparison with other types of SPs. The adsorption capacity of SPs on β-C2S is determined by factors such as molecular structure, functional groups and molecular weight of SPs.     

Photocatalytic activity of bauxite-tailings supported nano-TiO2

TiO₂/bauxite-tailings (TiO₂/BTs) composites were prepared via a chemical liquid deposition method and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and N₂ adsorption analysis. The photocatalytic performance of TiO₂/BTs composites was evaluated with UV-Vis spectrophotometer following the changes of phenol concentration under different illumination time. Effects of the calcination temperature, the pH and the cycles on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/BTs composites were investigated. The composites calcined at 500 and 600 °C exhibit the best photocatalytic performance, and the phenol degradation ratios reacting for 40 and 160 min reach 35% and 78% respectively under the same conditions, higher than those of 29% and 76% of the Degussa P25(TiO₂). The ability of TiO₂/BTs₅₀₀ (BTs₅₀₀ represents bauxite-tailings calcined at 500 °C) composites to degrade phenol increases with decreasing pH.     

食用菌菌糠对重金属离子的吸附性

利用廉价生物吸附剂去除污水中Pb2＋和Zn2＋的技术,研究了食用菌菌糠的吸附特性,调查污水pH、重金属初始浓度、吸附剂用量、吸附时间和温度对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在食用菌菌糠吸附剂用量分别为16g/L和12g/L,pH值分别为5和6,初始重金属质量浓度为20mg/L,吸附时间为3h,25℃条件下,达到了最大吸附量,对Pb2＋和Zn2＋的去除率分别达到92.79%和88.96%,处理后的Pb2＋和Zn2＋质量浓度分别为1.442mg/L和2.208mg/L,接近污水综合排放标准（GB8978—1996）中的排放质量浓度1mg/L和2mg/L.食用菌菌糠对Pb2＋和Zn2＋的吸附等温线符合Fleundlich模式.     

改性磁性壳聚糖去除水中双氯芬酸

为改善壳聚糖的吸附能力,探究壳聚糖吸附水中双氯芬酸的作用机理,采用原位共沉淀法制备磁性壳聚糖小球,并利用乙二胺对其进行改性.分别研究戊二醛、环氧氯丙烷和乙二胺等交联剂的投加量不同时,改性磁性壳聚糖对水中双氯芬酸吸附能力的差异.当戊二醛、环氧氯丙烷和乙二胺的投加量分别为4,12和6 mL时,制备的吸附剂(EMMCS-G)吸附效果最佳.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对EMMCS-G表征分析,讨论反应时间、温度、pH、吸附剂投加量以及再生次数等因素对EMMCS-G吸附双氯芬酸的影响.结果表明,壳聚糖已成功包覆Fe_3O_4颗粒,且改性后的磁性壳聚糖氨基数量明显增多,具有良好的磁学性能和重复利用性.反应最适pH为6.5.当双氯芬酸初始质量浓度为50 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为100 mg时,反应12 h后,去除率达到76%以上.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,结合热力学分析及溶液酸碱度实验表明该吸附过程是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的自发吸热反应.     

Effect of deep oxidation of chalcopyrite on surface properties and flotation performance

In this study, chalcopyrite was oxidized in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solutions of different concentrations to simulate different degrees of oxidation in real ores, and the effects of H₂O₂ treatment on chalcopyrite surface properties and flotation performance were investigated by surface analysis techniques and floatation experiments, which implied the reason for the poor grade and recovery of oxidized chalcopyrite concentrate in the production process of the ore. Flotation results showed that when the concentration of H₂O₂ increased from 0% (by weight) to 5%, the flotation recovery of chalcopyrite decreased sharply. However, with increasing H₂O₂ concentration from 5% to 30%, chalcopyrite recovery improved relatively to different degrees with different collector concentrations. Analyses of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic optical emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES) results indicated that the pretreatment with H₂O₂ caused that hydrophilic substance formed on chalcopyrite surface with the dissolution of copper ions, and the dissolution amount of copper increased with the increase of H₂O₂ concentration. UV–visible spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) studies indicated that the pretreatment of chalcopyrite with H₂O₂ had little effect on the adsorption amount of potassium butyl xanthate (PBX) on chalcopyrite surface. However, due to the dissolution of copper ions, PBX interacted with chalcopyrite mainly as buthyl dixanthogen (BX)₂.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of red phosphor CaO: Eu3+

Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O, Eu(NO₃)₃ and H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O were adopted to synthesize CaO: Eu³⁺ with the chemical co-precipitation method, and the effects of the calcination temperature and Eu³⁺ doping concentration on the phosphor structure and its luminescent properties were investigated by TG-SDTA, XRD, and PL-PLE. The results confirm that the Eu³⁺ ions as luminescent centers substitutes Ca²⁺ sites without changing the crystal structure of cubic CaO. The optimum calcination temperature and the optimum concentration of Eu³⁺ are 1 100 ° and 1 mol%, respectively, under which the best crystallinity and highest PL intensity appeared. The maximum emission wavelength is 592 nm (⁵D₀→⁷F₁) which is excited by xenon lamp with the wavelength of 200–280 nm, indicating that the Eu³⁺ ion mainly locates in the symmetric position (O_h) in the crystal lattice of CaO. Funded by the Science and Technology Bureau of Sichun Province(No. 2006J13-059) and Education Bureau of Sichun Province (No. 2006A094)     

Synthesis,characterization and catalytic application of H<Subscript>3</Subscript>PW<Subscript>12</Subscript>O<Subscript>40</Subscript>/MCM-48 in the esterification of methacrylic acid with n-butyl alcohol

A novel environmental friendly catalyst, H3PW12O40/MCM-48, was prepared by impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by means of XRD and FT-IR. The synthesis of n-butyl methacrylate catalyzed by H3PW12O40/MCM-48 was studied with methacrylic acid and n-butyl alcohol as reactants. H3PW12O40/MCM-48 is an excellent catalyst for synthesizing n-butyl methacrylate and Keggin structure of H3PW12O40 kept unchanged after being impregnated on surface of the molecular sieve support. Effects of n（methacrylic acid）：n（n-butyl alcohol）, catalyst dosage, cyclohexane（water-stripped reagent） and reaction time on yields of the product were investigated. The optimum conditions have been found, that is, molar ratio of acid to alcohol is 1：1.6, mass ratio of catalyst used to the reactants is 0.5% and reaction time is 2.0 h. Under these conditions, the yield of n-butyl methacrylate can reach 93.7%.     

Hydration mechanisms of smithsonite from DFT-D calculations and MD simulations

Investigation on the mineral?water interactions is crucial for understanding the subsequent interfacial reactions. Currently, the hydration mechanisms of smithsonite are still obscure. In this paper, the adsorption of H₂O at different coverage rates on smithsonite (1 0 1) surface was innovatively investigated using density-functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations by analyzing adsorption model, interaction energy, atomic distance, density of state, electron density difference, concentration profile, radial distribution function and self-diffusion coefficient. We found that single H₂O preferred to be dissociated on smithsonite (1 0 1) surface via the interaction of surface Zn with the Ow of H₂O and H-bond between Hw of H₂O and surface Os. However, dissociation adsorption and molecular adsorption coexisted on the smithsonite surface at a high coverage rate of H₂O, and dissociation adsorption remained the main adsorption mechanism. Moreover, we found the interaction between smithsonite surface and H₂O was weakened as a function of H₂O coverage, which was because the presence of interlayer H₂O and different layers of H₂O decreased the reactivity of the smithsonite surface. The H₂O is mainly adsorbed on the smithsonite surface by forming three layers of H₂O (about 10–15 Å), with the ordering degree gradually decreasing.     

Preparation of Functionalized Graphene Nano-platelets and Use for Adsorption of Pb<Superscript>2+</Superscript> from Solution

Functionalized graphene nano-platelets (FGN) were obtained via treating graphene nanoplatelets (GN) with HNO₃, and served as adsorbent for the removal of Pb²⁺ from solutions. We investigated the FGN adsorption capacity for Pb²⁺ at different initial concentrations, varying pH, contact time and temperature. The characterization results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (TG/DTG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method indicated that FGN layers were thin and possess large specific area with oxygen-containing functional groups grafted onto their surface. Meanwhile, the determined equilibrium adsorption capacity of FGN for Pb²⁺ was 57.765 mg/g and adsorption isotherms well confirmed to Langmuir isotherms models. The results reveals that the FGN has better effect of water treatment.     

吸附法脱除催化轻汽油中碱性氮化物

催化裂化轻汽油醚化工艺是生产清洁汽油的有效途径之一,轻汽油中的碱性氮化物能与醚化催化剂的酸性中心结合从而使醚化催化剂失活。开发了一种采用吸附法脱除催化裂化轻汽油中碱性氮化物的新工艺。考察了吸附剂改性方法和吸附条件对碱性氮脱除率的影响。结果表明,采用吸附法可以高效地脱除催化裂化轻汽油中的碱性氮化物。吸附剂改性处理焙烧温度以240℃为好,改性剂负载量以30%为最佳。采用该改性吸附剂,最佳吸附条件为温度40℃,空速为0.5h-1,压力为0.5MPa,在该条件下处理轻汽油的能力达到751.6g/g。碱性氮的脱出率达85％以上,从而保证催化裂化轻汽油满足醚化催化剂对原料的要求。改性吸附剂具有良好的再生性能,再生后吸附剂处理轻汽油的能力与新鲜吸附剂相当。     

活性炭基Cu⁃Cr吸附剂的制备及脱COS性能的研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Cu?Cr改性活性炭吸附剂,以模拟焦炉气为原料,考察了不同过渡金属活性组分及其负载量、不同助剂及其负载量、焙烧温度对吸附剂脱除COS性能的影响,并采用XRD、BET、SEM等手段对Cu?Cr改性的吸附剂进行表征。结果表明,Cu和Cr共同改性的活性炭对焦炉煤气中COS的吸附性能最好。Cu?Cr改性活性炭吸附剂较佳制备条件为：Cu负载量为5.0%,Cr负载量为1.5%,焙烧温度为400 ℃。反应温度10 ℃的条件下,改性活性炭吸附剂的穿透硫容为1.47%,且该Cu?Cr改性活性炭吸附剂具有良好的再生利用性能。表征结果显示,CuO和 Cr₂O₃金属氧化物均匀负载于活性炭上,且失活后的吸附剂比表面积和孔容均减小。     

纳米分子筛处理低浓度含氟地下水的试验研究

研究了纳米分子筛在不同条件下对低浓度含氟地下水的处理效果以天津市某地区含氟浓度为4．22mg/L的地下水为原水,分析了不同pH值、不同分子筛用量和不同搅拌时间等因素对吸附效果的影响。试验结果表明：在试验选定的范围内,控制适当的pH值,加大除氟剂投加量,适当延长搅拌时间等均能提高纳米分子筛的吸附容量。在最佳条件下,此种纳米分子筛的吸附容量可达2．2g／kg。     

复合吸附剂对二级出水中溶解性有机物的吸附特性研究

使用壳聚糖（CS）和粉末活性炭（PAC）复配制备了一种复合吸附剂（CS-PAC）,用于对污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机物（DOM）的吸附,以UV254作为DOM浓度的检测参数,研究复合吸附剂对DOM的吸附性能及其动力学特性。实验结果表明,DOM去除率随吸附质浓度的增加而升高,随复合吸附剂投加量的增大和接触时间的延长先增大后趋于稳定,吸附60 min基本达到平衡,DOM最高去除率达到74.17%。吸附动力学研究表明,吸附过程更加符合Freundlich模型,由多层吸附主导;复合吸附剂对DOM的吸附过程适合用二级动力学描述,主要吸附作用为化学吸附。     

Preferential adsorption behaviour of CH4 and CO2 on high-rank coal from Qinshui Basin,China

In order to better understand the prevailing mechanism of CO₂ storage in coal and estimate CO₂ sequestration capacity of a coal seam and enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) with CO₂ injection into coal, we investigated the preferential adsorption of CH₄ and CO₂ on coals. Adsorption of pure CO₂, CH₄ and their binary mixtures on high-rank coals from Qinshui Basin in China were employed to study the preferential adsorption behaviour. Multiple regression equations were presented to predict CH₄ equilibrium concentration from equilibrium pressure and its initial-composition in feed gas. The results show that preferential adsorption of CO₂ on coals over the entire pressure range under competitive sorption conditions was observed, however, preferential adsorption of CH₄ over CO₂ on low-volatile bituminous coal from higher CH₄-compostion in source gas was found at up to 10 MPa pressure. Preferential adsorption of CO₂ increases with increase of CH₄ concentration in source gas, and decreases with increasing pressure. Although there was no systematic investigation of the effect of coal rank on preferential adsorption, there are obvious differences in preferential adsorption of gas between low-volatile bituminous coal and anthracite. The obtained preferential adsorption gives rise to the assumption that CO₂ sequestration in coal beds with subsequent CO₂-ECBM might be an option in Qinshui Basins, China.