闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结闭合性肾损伤的诊治体会，提高闭合性肾损伤的诊治水平，减少肾切除率。方法 189例闭合性肾损伤患者，男146例，女43例。平均年龄38岁。综合应用尿常规、B超、IVU、CT等检查，诊断闭合性肾损伤，其中合并腹腔内脏器损伤27例，合并颅脑外伤5例，合并四肢脊柱骨折13例，3例为腹腔、颅脑与腹腔、脊柱复合伤伴休克。行保守治疗156例，其中有脾破裂3例，颅脑外伤2例，四肢脊柱骨折7例；行手术治疗27例，其中行肾修补术15例，肾部分切除术5例，肾切除7例；3例行肾动脉栓塞治疗。结果3例重度闭合性肾损伤因复合伤、顽固性休克者入院不久死亡，186例痊愈出院。102例随访3个月～8年，保守治疗病例中发生肾性高血压3例，肾周尿囊肿1例，肾萎缩1例，局限性肾积水1例，手术治疗与肾动脉栓塞治疗者均无并发症。结论 CT检查是闭合性肾损伤准确诊断与选择治疗方案的重要依据，Ⅲ级以上闭合性肾损伤伤后2～4周复查CT有利于肾周尿囊肿的早期发现与治疗，Ⅳ级以下闭合性肾损伤尽可能采用非手术治疗。     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗方法选择

目的总结闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗。方法对124例肾损伤进行回顾治疗效果。结果124例肾损伤中,肾挫裂伤89例,肾碎裂伤19例,肾蒂断裂16例。保守治疗88例,手术治疗36例,死亡2例。结论B超和CT检查是诊断肾损伤的可靠方法。CT检查对肾损伤程度能做出较准确的判断,严格掌握手术时机是治疗闭合性肾损伤的关键。     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗(附48例报告)

目的 提高闭合性肾损伤的诊治水平。方法 回顾分析了48例闭合性肾损伤病例，男33例，女16例，年龄14-67岁，平均42．4岁。实施肾切除术12例，肾裂伤缝合修补术5例，肾周引流2例，保守治疗29例。结果 2例因严重复合伤死亡，其余病例均获生存。发生肾萎缩3例，肾性高血压2例，一次性痊愈41例。结论 B超和CT是诊断肾损伤的有效方法，快速而准确地进行伤情评估和恰当地选择手术时机是提高治疗闭合性肾损伤疗效的关键。     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗(附132例报告)

目的：总结闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗。方法：对132例闭合性肾损伤的临床资料性分析。结果：132例闭合性肾损伤中，肾挫伤96例，肾裂伤21例，肾粉碎伤15例，并发伤36例。血尿、腰部疼痛是主要的临床症状。保守治疗87例，超选择性肾动脉栓塞术6例，手术治疗39例。死亡6例。结论：B超和CT检查是诊断肾损伤的有效方法。迅速而准确的伤情评估，严格掌握手术时机是治疗闭合性肾损伤的关键。     

单纯闭合性肾损伤伴血性腹水的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨单纯闭合性肾操作伴有血性腹水时的最佳治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析16例单纯闭合性肾损伤伴血性腹水的诊断资料。结果 16例患中Ⅱ级肾损伤3例，Ⅲ级肾损伤8例，Ⅳ级肾损伤1例，V级肾损伤2例。入院诊断10例考虑合并有腹腔内脏器损伤，1例诊断为肝破裂。非手术治疗5例，均获成功。其中保守治疗2例，超选择性肾动脉栓塞术3例。开放手术11例。其中肾修补术6例，肾切除术5例，失肾率为45.5%。结论 肾损伤引起血性腹水时，会给临床判断有无腹腔内脏器合并伤带来困难。非开放手术治疗为首选治疗方法，手术探查应在积极保守治疗后生命体征仍不稳定的情况下进行，手术探查指征的放宽会造成较高肾切除率。     

闭合性肾损伤的非手术治疗体会

肾损伤的治疗目的是保存肾脏,而非手术治疗更被外科医生所推崇.本院自1999年9月至2003年5月,共收治各类肾损伤病人35例,其中24例闭合性肾损伤行保守治疗.下面就24例闭合性肾损伤病例作一回顾性总结.     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗(附165例报告)

目的探讨闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗原则。方法对1986年8月至2003年12月收治的165例闭合性肾损伤病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果行B超、CT、静脉尿路造影(IVU)检查分别为125例(75.8%)、68例(41.2%)、32例(19.4%)。保守治疗118例(71.5%);手术治疗47例(28.5%),其中保肾手术29例(61.7%),包括选择性肾动脉栓塞术7例(24.1%)。治愈162例(98.2%),死亡3例(1.8%)。结论B超和CT检查可迅速诊断并正确评估肾损伤程度。依据损伤程度,及时制定方案,合理保肾治疗是治疗闭合性肾损伤的关键,微创治疗是治疗闭合性肾损伤的趋势。     

重症闭合性肾损伤的治疗体会

目的总结重症闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗经验,提高重症肾损伤的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析42例重症闭合性肾损伤的诊治资料。结果42例重症闭合性肾损伤中,伴有并发伤20例（47．6％）;保守治疗32例（76．2％）,手术治疗10例。结论重症肾损伤的有效检查方法是B超和CT,保守治疗是重要的治疗方法。     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗（附86例报告）

目的探讨闭合性肾损伤的诊断和治疗。方法对86例（1990年3月至2005年12月）闭合性肾损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果行B超、CT、静脉尿路造影（intravenous urography，IVU）检查分别是80例（93％）、32例（37．2％）和8例（9．3％）；保守治疗65例（75．5％），手术治疗21例（24．5％），其中保肾手术16例（76．2％）；治愈83例（96．5％），死亡3例（3．5％）。结论B超和CT检查可诊断并评估肾损伤程度，有利于制订合理保肾治疗方案。     

CT扫描对重型闭合性肾损伤治疗的指导价值

目的:评估CT扫描对肾损伤治疗的指导价值。方法:对7例重型闭合性肾损伤病例,CT扫描均提示严重肾破裂伤(Ⅲ～Ⅴ级)。5例行保守治疗;1例出现无法控制的出血性休克行肾切除;另1例系多脏器损伤,予手术探查并肾切除。结果:CT对肾损伤的检出率100%,5例保守治疗患者均治愈,无肾源性高血压、肾积水等并发症发生。手术切除患肾的患者术后恢复良好,无肾功能不全发生。结论:CT是肾损伤首选的影像学检查方法,其提示肾损伤严重程度精确度高,可为选择治疗方法提供有价值的参考。     

Late massive hematuria as a complication of conservative management of blunt renal trauma in children.

The conservative management of blunt renal trauma in children is well accepted and well documented in the medical literature. The majority of children who sustain blunt renal trauma do well with such an approach. However, the complications of conservative management are also well documented. We present 2 patients with blunt renal trauma who were treated conservatively and suffered massive life threatening hemorrhage several weeks after the initial injury. Angiography was not performed until late and in both cases it identified the cause of bleeding. Percutaneous transcatheter embolization provided immediate definitive treatment in both patients.     

急性闭合性肾损伤腹腔镜肾切除术

目的：探讨急性闭合性肾损伤经后腹腔途径腹腔镜肾切除术的可行性。方法：回顾性分析3例急性闭合性肾损伤经后腹腔途径腹腔镜肾切除术患者的临床资料：男2例,女1例;1例体外碎石肾损伤,2例为外伤性肾损伤。超声提示肾破裂伴肾周高回声区,考虑为血肿。CT提示肾脏破裂伴肾周血肿,血肿局限于肾周筋膜内,1例造影剂外溢。3例均行腹腔镜肾切除术,结果：3例手术均顺利完成,手术时间85min（60～120min）,出血量180ml（100～300m1）。术后病理检查提示肾脏破裂。结论：在腔镜技术熟练的前提下,选择性急性闭合性肾损伤且血肿局限于肾周筋膜内患者,在伤后1周内行腹腔镜肾切除可行。     

Renal pseudoaneurysm after blunt renal trauma in a pediatric patient: management by angiographic embolization

Renal pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication after blunt renal trauma. Only 18 cases have been reported in English-language published reports. We present a case of blunt renal trauma in an 11-year-old boy, complicated by delayed bleeding from a renal artery pseudoaneurysm. The patient was initially treated with conservative measures and was later treated with selective embolization of the pseudoaneurysm. The clinical presentation, management options, and clinical decisions are discussed.     

Evaluation and treatment of blunt renal trauma

We examined retrospectively the records of 126 patients with blunt renal trauma to determine the criteria for radiological investigations and the imaging study of choice. Of the 3,993 patients admitted to our regional trauma unit during the last 13 years 126 (3.1%) had blunt renal trauma. Mean patient age was 32 years (range 13 to 87 years) and the male-to-female ratio was 3:1. Mean followup was 7 months (median 4 months). Of the patients 72% had a minor renal injury, 17% had a moderate injury and 11% had a major renal injury. Treatment was conservative in 114 patients, while 9 underwent a genitourinary operation. Results were excellent in 87% of the patients and good in 8%, while 5% failed treatment. All patients who had microscopic hematuria without shock had minor injuries. Excretory urograms (IVPs) were normal in 74% and 39% of the patients when performed for minor and moderate renal injuries, respectively. Computerized tomography (CT) was abnormal in all cases when performed, and was more sensitive and specific than an IVP. Therefore, the majority of patients with blunt renal trauma can be treated conservatively with an excellent result. Furthermore, radiological investigations are not needed in those with microscopic hematuria and no shock. When radiological investigations are indicated a CT scan is the imaging study of choice.     

闭合性肾外伤合并腹腔内脏器损伤的急诊救治(附36例报告)

目的探讨闭合性肾外伤合并腹腔内脏器损伤的急诊处理措施。方法对本院最近10年收治的36例闭合性肾外伤合并腹腔内脏器损伤的救治资料进行回顾性分析。结果保守治疗3例均痊愈。施行急诊剖腹探查手术33例,其中8例同期切开后腹膜探查患肾,包括肾切除6例,肾部分切除1例,肾修补1例;25例未同期切开后腹膜探查患肾,均无因肾损伤二期手术者。手术组治愈30例,死亡3例。结论闭合性肾外伤合并腹腔内脏器损伤以剖腹探查手术治疗为主,术前CT检查可以准确进行肾外伤的分级,结合术中病情变化决定是否同期探查肾损伤。     

Conservative management of renal lacerations in blunt trauma

Controversy in the treatment of blunt renal trauma is largely focused on immediate surgery versus conservative management for parenchymal lacerations. A retrospective analysis of 133 cases of blunt renal trauma at the Victoria General Hospital in Halifax over a 10-year period revealed 26 cases of renal laceration. The conservative approach to radiologic diagnosis and treatment options is discussed. Our experience confirms a low rate of both nephrectomy and secondary complications using conservative management.     

闭合性阴囊损伤的诊断及手术与保守治疗效果的比较

目的：提高闭合性阴囊损伤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析闭合性阴囊损伤62例患者的临床资料，比较其手术和保守治疗的效果。结果：手术治疗组28例，25例获得随访3－12个月，其中23例0.5-3个月时症状完全消失，仅2例阴囊坠痛持续3个月以上，未见睾丸萎缩；保守治疗组34例获得随访6－60个月，20例0.5-3个月、6例3－6个月、4例6－12个月时症状完全消失，4例症状持续1年以上，其中有5例睾丸萎缩。结论：闭俣性阴囊损伤除小的单纯性阴囊血肿可保守治疗外，对大的、增长较快的血肿均应手术探查，清除血肿，充分引流，修补破裂的睾丸，避免睾丸萎缩及生精障碍。     

Kidney trauma with underlying renal pathology: is conservative management sufficient?

To evaluate the pre-existing renal lesions (PERL) found incidentally during evaluation for blunt renal trauma, determine their importance, and suggest guidelines for effective management, including conservative treatment, we reviewed 180 patients who were hospitalized with blunt renal trauma between 1992 and 2008. Thirty of the 180 (16.6%) patients had PERL, which had been undiagnosed. The mean follow-up was 5 years (range 1-9 years). There were 24 men and 6 women with a mean age of 30 years (range 14-80 years). The most common cause of blunt renal injuries was falls and sports. Renal stones were present in 14 patients, pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction in 12, ectopic kidney in two, and megaureter and renal cyst in one case each. Ureteral stenting was used in four cases, and early nephrectomy was required in the other four. Fourteen patients underwent surgery for the PERL and not trauma, with a pyeloplasty in eight cases, partial nephrectomy in three cases, percutaneous nephrololithotomy in two cases, and ureteroneocystostomy in one case. In our study, the conservative treatment was possible in 73% of cases. We believe the published data support increasing conservative attempts in the hemodynamically stable patient.     

闭合性阴囊损伤的诊断和治疗

目的：提高闭合性阴囊损伤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：对手术或保守治疗的52例闭合性阴囊损伤患者进行随访和分析，比较其治疗效果。结果：手术治疗组28例，25例获随访3－12个月，其中23例0.5-3个月症状完全消失，仅2例阴囊附痛持续3个月以上，本组未见睾丸萎缩；保守治疗组34例获随访6－60个月，20例在0.5-3个月、6例－6个月、4例－12个月症状完全消失，4例症状持续1年以上，本组随访有5例睾丸萎缩。结论：闭合性阴囊损伤除小的单纯性阴囊血肿可保守治疗外，对大的、增长较快的血肿均应手术探查，清除血肿，充分引流，修补破裂的睾丸，避免发生睾丸萎缩及生精障碍。     

Renal injury: 5-year experience and literature review

INTRODUCTION: Appropriate management of renal trauma is controversial. The purpose of this study is to present our 5-year experience in renal trauma and review the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1999 to 2003, 28 patients were identified with renal injuries. 25 (89.3%) of the injuries were caused by blunt trauma, 2 (7.1%) by stab wounds, and 1 (3.6%) by gunshot wound. Methods for diagnosis included ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), combinations of more than one technique or no one of them. The English-language literature about renal trauma was also identified using Medline, and additional cited works not detected in the initial search obtained. RESULTS: 18 patients underwent immediate or during 24 h operation; while 5 nephrectomies were performed. 11 patients with grade I to III injuries were selected for nonoperative management of renal injuries. All complications were noted and studied according to the initial therapeutic management and grade. Follow-up was clinical and radiological. 3 postoperative deaths were observed. CONCLUSION: The goals of treatment of renal injuries include accurate staging and minimal complications. Surgery can be avoided in most cases of blunt renal injury but there is also a trend towards conservative management of penetrating trauma. Nephrectomy is associated with high-grade renal injuries, while minor renal injuries can safely be managed conservatively.