培肥方式对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性和产量的影响

依托2012年设在陇中旱农区的田间定位试验,设置单施化肥(CF)、有机肥+化肥(SC)、单施有机肥(SM)、单施玉米秸秆(MS)和不施肥对照(NA)5个处理,研究培肥方式对全膜双垄沟播玉米叶绿素含量(SPAD)、光合特性、叶面积指数、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,单施化肥和有机肥化肥配施显著增强了玉米光合作用,4种培肥方式均增加了玉米叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数,CF、SC、SM和MS处理较NA分别增加了74.6%和80.0%、64.5%和74.0%、18.9%和28.9%、12.9%和25.8%。在各生育时期,CF和SC处理干物质积累量显著高于NA处理。CF和SC处理显著提高了玉米产量,子粒产量较NA分别增加了148.7%和119.1%,生物产量较NA分别增加了118.4%和105.0%。在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米,化肥单施和有机肥配施化肥均可通过增加叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数改善光合作用,从而提高玉米产量。要维持玉米产量的可持续提高,有机肥化肥配施更加适宜。     

长期隔年施磷对陇东旱塬作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探讨不同施肥方式对旱地土壤的培肥作用及增产效果,以1979-2019年在甘肃省陇东旱塬黑垆上土进行的长期定位施肥试验为基础,研究了不施肥料(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、秸秆还田+氮磷肥配施(磷肥为隔年施用,施磷年份该处理记为SNP,不施磷年份记为SN)4种措施对作物产量、产量稳定性和可持续性以及土壤综合肥力的影响。结果表明,长期隔年施磷(SN)的春玉米和冬小麦产量分别较CK增加151.4%和159.2%,较长期施磷处理(SNP)增加8.6%和6.9%;SN的春玉米产量稳定性和可持续性均低于N和NP处理,而冬小麦产量稳定性和可持续性均优于N和NP处理;SN处理显著提高了耕层土壤综合肥力(IFI),其耕层土壤IFI值分别较CK、N和NP处理高25.5%、21.3%和6.1%,年际间变异强度高于CK和N处理。说明,在陇东旱塬黑垆土春玉米-冬小麦轮作体系下,采用秸秆还田+氮磷配施隔年施磷技术,既在减少50%化学磷肥投入的情况下仍能保证作物产量稳定和持续,并能有效提高耕层土壤综合肥力。     

施肥与耕作技术集成对土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响

为了探讨施肥及耕作技术集成对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响，本试验共设置5个处理，分别是生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水(处理2)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋深耕(处理3)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥(处理4)、施通用高浓度复合肥(处理5常规施肥及种植方式作为对照)，通过大田试验研究他们对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥及种植方式相比，不同施肥及耕作栽培技术集成处理均可提高木薯地土壤养分含量和含水量，改善土壤理化性状和土壤微生物区系组成。处理1的木薯产量增幅达到35.81%，差异极显著。本试验条件下，木薯最优的施肥及耕作栽培模式是技术综合集成生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)。     

豫北两熟区不同夏播作物对后茬冬小麦中后期群体微环境及产量的影响

为探讨不同夏播作物前茬对后茬冬小麦生长和产量的影响,在河南省新乡市获嘉县开展田间二因素试验,设置两个不同施肥水平(常规施肥和不施氮肥)和三种夏播作物前茬(玉米、大豆和花生),分析小麦拔节期至成熟期叶面积指数(LAI)、叶夹角(LA)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶绿素荧光(F_v/F_m),以及土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤温度(Ts)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)变化,并在成熟期测定小麦产量及其构成因素。结果表明,与常规施肥(CK)相比,不施氮肥条件下不同前茬的小麦LA略增,而LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_v/F_m、SWC、Ts和Rs均有所降低。不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_v/F_m、SWC、Ts和Rs均显著低于其他两种前茬(P<0.05),其中花生、大豆和玉米前茬的SWC较CK的降幅分别为13.56%、13.39%和10.77%。与CK相比,不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LA较CK的增幅在3种前茬中居中,小麦...     

Effect of water saving management practices and nitrogen fertilizer rate on crop yield and water use efficiency in a winter wheat–summer maize cropping system

Deficit irrigation (DI) is a water-saving irrigation strategy in which irrigation water is applied at amounts less than full crop-water requirements. Some researchers have suggested that greater increases in water use efficiency (WUE) could be realized if DI was used in combination with water conservation or rainwater harvesting techniques. The objective of this six-year field study was to determine the effect of DI in combination with straw mulch (SM) or plastic film-mulched ridge and straw-mulched furrows (RF) on grain yield and WUE in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation. Interactive effects between the water-saving management practices and N fertilizer rate were also investigated. Results indicated that maize yields in the RF + DI and SM + DI treatments were as much as 1.6 times those in the DI and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI) treatments. Over the six-year study, total maize yield in the RF + DI treatment was 5580 kg/ha more than in the CFI treatment and 6500 kg/ha more than in the DI treatment. Wheat yields in the RF + DI and SM + DI treatments were similar to the CFI treatment but slightly more than in the DI treatment. At harvest, there was no significant difference in water storage in the 0-200 cm soil profile among the RF + DI, SM + DI, DI, and CFI treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased maize and wheat yield compared to the unfertilized treatment; however, there was no further yield response when the N application rate exceeded 120 kg N/ha. In summary, these results indicated that DI in combination with SM or RF practices increased crop yield and WUE in the winter wheat-summer maize crop rotation. Compared to CFI practices, the SM + DI and RF + DI practices reduced the amount of irrigation water applied over a six-year period by about 350 mm.     

Stable high yields with zero tillage and permanent bed planting?

Subtropical highlands of the world have been densely populated and intensively cropped. Agricultural sustainability problems resulting from soil erosion and fertility decline have arisen throughout this agro-ecological zone. This article considers practices that would sustain higher and stable yields for wheat and maize in such region. A long-term field experiment under rainfed conditions was started at El Batán, Mexico (2240 m a.s.l.; 19.31°N, 98.50°W; fine, mixed, thermic, Cumulic Haplustoll) in 1991. It included treatments varying in: (1) rotation (continuous maize (Zea mays) or wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the rotation of both); (2) tillage (conventional, zero and permanent beds); (3) crop residue management (full, partial or no retention). Small-scale maize and wheat farmers may expect yield improvements through zero tillage, appropriate rotations and retention of sufficient residues (average maize and wheat yield of 5285 and 5591 kg ha⁻¹), compared to the common practices of heavy tillage before seeding, monocropping and crop residue removal (average maize and wheat yield of 3570 and 4414 kg ha⁻¹). Leaving residue on the field is critical for zero tillage practices. However, it can take some time—roughly 5 years—before the benefits are evident. After that, zero tillage with residue retention resulted in higher and more stable yields than alternative management. Conventional tillage with or without residue incorporation resulted in intermediate yields. Zero tillage without residue drastically reduced yields, except in the case of continuous wheat which, although not high yielding, still performed better than the other treatments with zero tillage and residue removal. Zero tillage treatments with partial residue removal gave yields equivalent to treatments with full residue retention (average maize and wheat yield of 5868 and 5250 kg ha⁻¹). There may be scope to remove part of the residues for fodder and still retain adequate amounts to provide the necessary ground cover. This could make the adoption of zero tillage more acceptable for the small-scale, subsistence farmer whose livelihood strategies include livestock as a key component. Raised-bed cultivation systems allow both dramatic reductions in tillage and opportunities to retain crop residues on the soil surface. Permanent bed treatments combined with rotation and residue retention yielded the same as the zero tillage treatments, with the advantage that more varied weeding and fertilizer application practices are possible. It is important small-scale farmers have access to, and are trained in the use of these technologies.     

不同施肥处理对农田黑土土壤酶活性的影响

研究不同施肥处理对农田黑土纤维素酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同施肥处理下0~20 cm土壤纤维素酶活性、过氧化物酶活性有机肥与化肥配施(NPK+M)休闲地(FW)单施化肥(NPK)不施肥(CK),21~40 cm土壤NPK+MNPKFWCK处理;多酚氧化酶的活性0~20 cm为FWNPKNPK+MCK处理,21~40 cm为CKFWNPKNPK+M处理。在玉米的生育期内,土壤纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶的活性在出苗后50 d(拔节期)达最大;过氧化物酶的活性在出苗后15 d(苗期)最大。施肥有利于提高土壤纤维素酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,有机无机肥配合施用效果最佳。     

长期定位施肥对玉米生育期内土壤酶活性的影响

以吉林省公主岭市的国家黑土肥力和肥料效益长期定位试验为平台,对2014年土样进行酶活性测定和分析,探讨长期定位施肥条件下玉米生育期内土壤酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,不同定位施肥处理过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性在玉米生育期内呈大致相同的变化规律,从苗期至拔节期上升,在拔节期出现峰值;随后下降,至灌浆期酶活性最低,收获后酶活性出现回升。蔗糖酶活性的动态变化与以上3种酶活略有不同,从苗期至开花期升高,开花期至收获后期呈下降趋势。在玉米相同生育期内不同施肥处理间比较,土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性变化规律为有机肥+化肥(NPK+1.5M1)有机肥+化肥(NPK+M2)有机肥+化肥(NPK+M1)有机肥+化肥+轮作(NPK+M1+R)化肥+秸秆还田(NPK+S)单施化肥(NPK)CK。长期有机肥配施化肥和秸秆配施化肥处理对酶活性的促进效果比氮磷钾处理明显。     

增施微生物肥对膜下滴灌玉米根区土壤微生物、酶活性的影响

以玉米品种郑单958为材料,通过田间试验,研究微生物肥料对玉米根区土壤微生物、酶活性及玉米产量等指标的影响。结果表明,增施微生物肥增加了整个生育期内农田土壤微生物的数量,且抽雄期玉米窄行、根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量均显著高于常规施肥和不施肥处理(p0.05)。增施微生物肥后,抽雄期窄行、根际、宽行土壤有机质含量和脲酶活性显著提高(p0.05),分别较常规施肥处理增加24.05%、21.14%、18.61%和14.56%、9.49%、17.29%,较不施肥处理显著增加34.98%、22.03%、19.96%和17.48%、13.22%、15.08%。增施微生物肥显著提高玉米产量,较常规施肥和不施肥处理分别增加13.45%和34.97%(p0.05)。增施微生物肥可改善膜下滴灌玉米根区土壤微生物区系结构,提高土壤酶活性,增强玉米对土壤养分的吸收,进而提高玉米干物质积累,最终获得高产。     

不同秸秆还田方式对棕壤磷素及玉米吸磷量的影响

通过田间试验,研究玉米秸秆直接还田、腐熟还田与化肥配施等处理对棕壤磷素、玉米吸磷量、玉米产量、磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明,除秸秆直接还田处理外,其他施肥处理均能显著提高土壤有效磷含量,且彼此间差异显著,以腐熟秸秆配施化肥处理最明显。各施肥处理均显著提高玉米吸磷量和玉米产量,以未腐熟秸秆配施化肥处理增产最明显。各处理的磷肥利用率从高到低依次为秸秆直接还田配施化肥处理秸秆腐熟还田配施化肥处理单施化肥处理。秸秆还田配施化肥提高了玉米产量,玉米吸磷量和磷肥利用率直接还田好于腐熟还田。     

Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China

Rainfed crop production in northern China is constrained by low and variable rainfall. This study explored the effects of tillage/crop residue and nutrient management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and N agronomic use efficiency (NAE) at Shouyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in northern China during 2003–2008. The experiment was set-up using a split-plot design with 3 tillage/crop residue methods as main treatments: conventional, reduced (till with crop residue incorporated in fall but no-till in spring), and no-till (with crop residue mulching in fall). Sub-treatments were 3 NP fertilizer rates: 105–46, 179–78 and 210–92 kg N and P ha⁻¹. Maize grain yields were greatly influenced by the growing season rainfall and soil water contents at sowing. Mean grain yields over the 6-year period in response to tillage/crop residue treatments were 5604, 5347 and 5185 kg ha⁻¹, under reduced, no-till and conventional tillage, respectively. Grain yields under no-till, were generally higher (+19%) in dry years but lower (−7%) in wet years. Mean WUE was 13.7, 13.6 and 12.6 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ under reduced, no-till, and conventional tillage, respectively. The no-till treatment had 8–12% more water in the soil profiles than the conventional and reduced tillage treatments at sowing and harvest time. Grain yields, WUE and NAE were highest with the lowest NP fertilizer application rates (at 105 kg N and 46 kg P ha⁻¹) under reduced tillage, while yields and WUE tended to be higher with additional NP fertilizer rates under conventional tillage, however, there was no significant yield increase above the optimum fertilizer rate. In conclusion, maize grain yields, WUE and NAE were highest under reduced tillage at modest NP fertilizer application rates of 105 kg N and 46 kg P ha⁻¹. No-till increased soil water storage by 8–12% and improved WUE compared to conventional tillage, thus showing potentials for drought mitigation and economic use of fertilizers in drought-prone rainfed conditions in northern China.     

施肥措施对黄土高原旱作玉米资源利用效率的影响

依托在黄土高原半干旱旱农区建立的不同培肥措施的田间定位试验,以不施肥(NA)为对照,研究4个等氮量的不同培肥措施单施化肥(CF)、单施商品有机肥(SM)、商品有机肥+化肥(SC)和单施玉米秸秆(MS)对旱作玉米水氮利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,单施化肥和有机无机配施显著提高了玉米产量及水氮利用效率,与不施肥相比,单施化肥和商品有机肥+化肥配施处理子粒产量、生物产量和水分利用效率分别增加了148.8%、136.5%、70.8%和105.7%、70.8%、81.6%。与单施化肥相比,商品有机肥+化肥、单施商品有机肥、单施玉米秸秆处理氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别降低了20.37%、83.97%、12.19%和50.18%、73.78%、44.14%。单施化肥处理和施商品有机肥+化肥处理均可提高玉米产量、生长期耗水量、水分利用效率、氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,施商品有机肥+化肥产投比低于单施化肥。     

玉米秸秆不同还田方式下腐解菌剂的应用效果研究

试验设置3种秸秆还田方式和2种剂型腐解菌剂处理,以秸秆离田和秸秆还田无菌剂为对照.在玉米收获后测定不同处理的秸秆腐解率、土壤养分含量、单株生物量和产量,研究还田方式对秸秆降解效果、土壤养分含量和玉米产量的影响,比较不同秸秆还田方式下腐解菌剂对秸秆腐解效果.结果表明,旋耕和深耕还田的秸秆腐解率要显著高于浅旋还田.秸秆深耕...     

Fate of 15N-labeled Inorganic Fertilizer in an Upland Soil Applied with Sweet Sorghum Bagasse and N Uptake Efficiency by Komatsuna Plants

Abstract

Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is a soil amendment with potential for biofuel production. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate techniques for application of SSB and the effect of incorporation of inorganic fertilizer (IF) on the production of komatuna (Brassica rapa) plants. SSB was applied to the surface of the plant or incorporated into soil. The N fate of IF was evaluated by using ¹⁵N-labeled IF. The combination of surface application of SSB and incorporation of IF to soil decreased the N uptake by komatsuna plants but increased dry weight, whereas the incorporation of IF and SSB gave lower komatsuna dry weight than IF treatment alone. Moreover, the application of SSB tended to increase the N distribution from IF to komatsuna with decreased N loss from the plant-soil system. These results showed that surface application of SSB is effective for increasing crop production due to reduction of N loss and improved N use efficiency.     

玉米秸秆不同还田方式对黑土肥力特征的影响

通过4年田间定位试验,研究均匀垄与宽窄行种植模式下玉米秸秆不同还田方式对黑土肥力特征与玉米产量的影响。结果表明,在均匀垄与宽窄行种植模式下,玉米秸秆深翻还田能明显降低耕层(0~20 cm)的土壤容重,增加相应的土壤含水量,提高土壤有机质与速效氮、速效钾含量。对亚耕层(21~40 cm)土壤的培育作用更为突出,与无秸秆还田处理相比,秸秆深翻还田使亚耕层土壤容重分别下降6.8%和10.2%,土壤有机质含量分别增加20.1%和14.2%,速效氮含量分别增加12.2%和12.3%,速效钾含量分别增加20.0%和22.0%。秸秆覆盖还田显著增加耕层的土壤有机质与速效氮含量,对亚耕层土壤肥力特征的影响不明显。在两种植模式下,秸秆不同还田方式玉米产量均表现为秸秆深翻无秸秆还田秸秆覆盖。在东北黑土区,玉米秸秆深翻还田措施能够有效提升土壤肥力,实现玉米的稳产与增产。     

Increasing Production of Rainfed Lowland Rice in Drought Prone Environments

Summary

Drought is a major production constraint of rainfed lowland rice grown in Thailand and Laos. Adverse soil conditions also reduce yield. In an attempt to increase rainfed lowland rice production in these countries, a major collaborative international project was conducted during a 6-year period in the region. The objectives of the project were to quantify production constraints, determine genotypic variation in yield, and identify an effective breeding strategy. A rice simulation model was developed also and used to investigate the potential impact of strategies for genetic improvement and agronomic management.

Four major physical or biological constraints to higher production levels of rainfed lowland rice were identified, (1) the lack of standing water at the appropriate time of transplanting, (2) severe water stress that often develops at the end of the growing season, (3) low yield potential of the present cultivars, particularly in Thailand, and (4) adverse soil conditions including low pH and low soil fertility. The results of the field experiments and simulation modelling exercises showed that the influence of these constraints can be reduced and yield increased by several methods : in particular, choice of appropriate cultivars and time of sowing to match crop phenology with water availability, application of appropriate fertilizer, adoption of high yielding cultivars, adoption of direct seeding in place of the traditional transplanting system, and reduction of percolation water loss from the paddies.

A technology package currendy being investigated for the rainfed lowland rice is direct seeding early in the season, using cultivars that flower by the end of the rainy season, with application of organic or chemical fertilizer. The appropriate cultivars are early flowering and short-intermediate statured, possess high yield potential and ability to maintain favourable plant water status at flowering, and have the ability to establish well and compete against weed under direct seeding.     

生物炭与肥料配施对土壤养分及玉米产量的影响

采用田间试验的方法,设无生物炭无肥料(CK)、常规施肥(F1)、80%常规施肥(F2)、80%常规施肥+20%生物炭(F2B)、70%常规施肥(F3)以及70%常规施肥+30%生物炭(F3B)6个处理,研究生物炭和肥料配施对土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾及玉米不同生育期干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,生物炭与肥料配施处理(F2B、F3B)较单施肥处理(F2、F3)在不同程度上提高土壤有机质、土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、玉米各生育期干物质量及产量。F2B处理的玉米产量略高于F1处理,二者差异不显著。与常规施肥相比,生物炭与化肥合理配施改善土壤养分状况。试验区最佳肥料-生物炭施用量效配比为80%常规肥+20%生物炭。     

氮肥用量对土壤养分含量、春玉米产量及农学效率的影响

采用田间试验,设置5种施氮水平,研究不同氮肥用量对土壤养分含量、春玉米产量和氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,优化施氮(N150)、优化施氮配施有机肥(N150+M)处理可增加土壤速效养分含量;土壤水分和温度受不同氮肥用量影响较小。N150和N150+M处理玉米增产幅度较大,增产率分别为19.44%和16.67%;N150处理的氮肥农学利用率最高,高量施氮处理(N180)最低;减量施氮(N120)与N150处理的氮肥偏生产力较高。优化施用氮肥处理,不仅可以增加土壤速效养分含量,保障速效养分对春玉米的及时供给,同时还可以增加春玉米产量,提高氮肥利用效率。     

Nitrogen flows and balances as affected by water and nutrient management in a sorghum cropping system of semiarid Burkina Faso

Efficient use of external inputs and water conservation are a prerequisite of sustainable agricultural productivity in semiarid West Africa. A field experiment was carried out during 3 years (2000–2002) at Saria in semiarid Burkina Faso (800 mm of annual rainfall, PET of 2000 mm per year) to assess the effects of stone rows or grass strips of Andropogon gayanus Kunth cv. Bisquamulatus (Hochst. Hack.) as soil and water conservation (SWC) measures, the sole application of an organic (compost-N) or mineral (urea-N) nitrogen and the combined use of SWC and compost-N or urea-N on N flows and balances. The trial was conducted on a Ferric Lixisol with 1.5% slope and comprised nine treatments in two replications. The SWC measures were put along contours lines. During the three consecutive years, all treatments induced negative annual N balances (−75 to −24 kg N ha⁻¹). The main factors explaining these negative balances were N exports by sorghum biomass and soil erosion-induced N losses. Large amounts of N (7 kg N ha⁻¹ per year in 2000 and 44 kg N ha⁻¹ per year in 2002) were lost in the control treatment through runoff and eroded sediments, which corresponds respectively to about 10 and 43% of the total outflow of N. Sole stone rows and grass strips reduced erosion N losses to 8 and 12%, respectively, of the total annual loss. The combined application of SWC measures and nutrients inputs reduced erosion N losses to only 2–7% of the annual N loss. The application of urea-N or compost-N led to the lowest soil N mining over the 3 years, whereas the highest N mining was observed in plots without added N. We conclude that N mining in poor fertile soils of West Africa can be mitigated through an integration of local water and nutrient management practices.     

基于秸秆还田条件下辽北地区适宜耕作方式及施肥量研究

通过两年田间小区试验,在秸秆还田条件下,设不同耕作方式(旋耕、翻压和免耕)和还田周期(连年和隔年),研究不同秸秆还田模式和施肥量对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,与常规种植不还田相比,翻压还田处理显著降低耕层土壤容重,免耕还田处理显著增加耕层土壤含水率,秸秆还田提高土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾养分含量。连年翻压还田处理玉米穗部性状最优,子粒产量最高;其次为免耕还田处理,旋耕还田处理不利于玉米产量的提高。在同等氮肥施用水平下,秸秆还田处理使玉米产量显著提高,在此基础上增加氮肥投入量并未带来显著增产效应。相同秸秆还田条件下,减施50%钾肥处理的玉米子粒产量无显著变化。在辽北地区,秸秆还田配合翻压、免耕耕作措施能够改善土壤理化形状,有利于玉米稳产高产,连年翻压还田对玉米增产效应最理想,且秸秆还田配合适宜的化肥减量措施不仅能保证作物产量,可降低养分流失污染环境的风险。