中小型轴类零件旋转弯曲矫直工艺数值模拟研究

直线度是轴类零件重要的质量参数之一,矫直是轴生产过程中的一道必要工序。针对现有矫直工艺的局限性,提出中小型轴类零件旋转弯曲矫直工艺。基于通用有限元软件LS-DYNA,使用Y-U强化模型对工艺过程进行了数值模拟研究,揭示其矫直机理,探究各因素对矫直效果的影响。研究结果表明,矫直过程中材料任意质点应力均经历多次的正负交替变化,在逐渐卸载过程中使轴向任意微段的曲率逐渐趋近于零,实现其矫直。残余挠度随着弯曲量的增加而降低,当弹区比达到0.2时,残余挠度达到了最小。随着旋转速度的增加,残余挠度先减小再增大,当旋转速度与弯曲量的比值为125r/rad时,矫直效果较好。长径比、初始挠度(大小及挠曲形式)以及初始残余应力对矫直效果影响较小,采用相同的工艺参数均取得了良好的矫直效果。数值模拟结果验证了工艺的可行性,无需经过复杂的初始挠度测量,光轴和阶梯轴矫直后残余挠度均在0.1mm以内。     

基于有限元的发电机轴销孔镶套应力计算

汽轮发电机轴及联轴器属于高精密机械加工产品,它们的机械加工性能直接决定机组轴系运行的稳定性和安全性.对于已经存在的由于制造、检修、运行等诸多因素导致的联轴器销孔偏斜、失圆、磨损等缺陷,采用扩孔、过盈镶套,并通过有限元方法进行应力校核是一种比较可行的工艺.     

基于CT原理的轴类件深埋裂纹扩展预测研究

为了解决对轴类零件深埋裂纹的检测和裂纹扩展预测问题,提出了一种基于计算机断层成像(CT)的深埋裂纹的检测和裂纹扩展预测方法,用于轴类零件的性能评定及故障诊断。轴类零件经工业CT扫描得到CT图像序列,采用CANNY算法提取其边缘轮廓,然后对边缘进行矢量化,最后运用有限元理论,对裂纹扩展进行预测。结果表明根据轴类零件工业CT数据可以快速并精确地检测裂纹,并预测裂纹的扩展,实现对轴类零件的性能评定及故障诊断。     

Axial load capacity of water-lubricated hydrostatic conical bearings with spiral grooves for high speed spindles: Comparison between rigid and complaint surface bearings

In this paper, two types of water-lubricated hydrostatic conical bearings with spiral grooves for high-speed spindles are investigated. One has a rigid bearing surface and the other has a compliant one. In these bearings, pressurized water is first fed to the inside of the rotating shaft and then introduced into spiral grooves through feeding holes. Therefore, water pressure is increased due to the effect of the centrifugal force at the outlets of the feeding holes by shaft rotation and, furthermore, water pressure is also increased by the viscous pump effect of spiral grooves. The static characteristics of these bearings are theoretically predicted and calculated results are compared with experimental results. It was found that the compliant surface bearing had a larger load capacity in a relatively large bearing clearance than the rigid surface bearing, and lower bearing power consumption in a small bearing clearance although the load capacity is reduced.     

基于Lamb波的平尾大轴裂纹扩展监测

平尾大轴作为在役飞机的主承力构件,其轴内变厚度截面处存在应力集中现象,是疲劳断裂高发的关键部位。针对平尾大轴变截面处裂纹损伤,研究其基于主动Lamb波的裂纹深度在线监测方法。首先,通过线切割制造真实损伤,对压电传感器采集的监测信号进行Shannon连续复数小波变换,去噪提取Lamb波信号;其次,重点研究了不同模式Lamb波的4种损伤因子对大轴裂纹深度的表征能力,结果表明,基于A_0模式的互相关损伤因子对裂纹深度的表征效果最佳;最后,利用A_0模式的互相关损伤因子实现了平尾大轴裂纹萌生及裂纹尺寸的定量化监测,为平尾大轴的在线监测提供了方法基础。     

基于微束等离子熔覆技术的电动机轴颈修复工艺

用微束等离子弧热源在磨损表面制备了NiCrBSi熔覆层,实现了大磨损量的电动机轴颈的修复。为了表征修复效果,对熔覆层的微观组织、显微硬度和相对耐磨性进行了测试,结果表明,其微观组织多为等轴晶,在结合面位置有少量的枝晶,熔覆层且和基体结合比较紧密,界面分明,形成了较好的冶金结合。熔覆层的显微硬度较高,表明微束等离子熔覆技术可实现大磨损量轴颈的修复,修复表面组织细密、硬度较高,且具有较高的耐磨性。     

基于视觉位感条纹的转轴裂纹缺陷检测

裂纹缺陷是转轴系统中常见的故障形式,裂纹的呼吸效应会改变转轴的动态特性,使转轴的径向振动信号中出现倍频分量。提出一种基于单目视觉位感条纹振动测量原理的转轴裂纹缺陷检测新方法,可实现转轴振动信号的高效测量和裂纹缺陷的快速检测。分析了含裂纹转轴系统的动力学方程,并系统描述了单目相机成像条件下采用位感条纹图案实现转轴径向二维振动测量的原理,建立了成像位感条纹动态编码参数与转轴径向振动位移之间的数学模型。通过与传统基于两路电涡流传感器测量系统的试验对比分析,验证了本方法测量结果的精确性。分析转轴系统在不同转速下径向振动中的频率分量,当转速接近1/2临界转速时,2倍频信号非常明显,且其幅值接近转频幅值,可实现对于转轴系统中裂纹缺陷的有效检测。     

光学精磨抛光机床主轴防水密封结构的优化设计

以光学设备的主轴防水密封结构为例,分析了主轴部件运转过程中,主轴轴承存在严重磨损的问题。通过对现有主轴防水密封结构失效进行分析,并对主轴防水密封结构进行了多方面优化研究,提出了主轴防水密封结构优化设计方案,并设计了新的主轴防水密封结构。验证新结构的使用寿命,证明新的防水密封结构能有效减少轴承的磨损。     

转子的几何参数对某DH型压缩机组动力学特性的影响

给出了齿轮联轴器耦合转子-轴承系统的运动微分方程，并针对某国产DH型离心压缩机齿轮轴-齿轮联轴器-电机轴系统进行了动力学分析。数值结果表明，齿轮轴外伸端长度对轴承的负荷分配和系统的临界转速影响十分明显，而对系统的失稳转速则影响较小。当外伸端长度缩小为原长的一半时，DH型离心压缩机齿轮轴-齿轮联轴器-电机轴系统在轴承处的不平衡响应有增大的趋势。     

Hydrostatic air foil bearings: Analytical and experimental investigation

Air foil bearings have been used in various micro-turbomachinery applications. One of the critical technical challenges in extending the operating envelope of the air foil bearing to larger systems than current applications is the issue of coating wear on the top foil and rotor during starts/stops.This paper reports the design, construction, and testing of the first hydrostatic air foil bearing (HAFB). The HAFB showed higher load capacity with much less air consumption than the hydrodynamic counterpart, which is a noticeable advantage of HAFB in efficiency and cooling capacity. In addition, start torque was very small and comparable to the friction torque of steady-state hydrodynamic operation. The small start torque clearly indicates that the HAFB can help to eliminate the wear problem that has been a chronic failure mode in heavily loaded air foil bearings.A simple analytical model for prediction of top foil deflection and sagging effects under hybrid (both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic) mode was developed. The new top foil deflection model showed very good agreement with published experimental data. The top-foil deflection model and associated bump dynamics were integrated into time-domain orbit simulations to predict imbalance responses of a rigid rotor supported by HAFBs.     

Hydro-Roll: A Novel Bearing Design with Superior Thermal Characteristics

A novel journal bearing design, called hydro-roll, which combines a hydrodynamic journal bearing with a rolling-element bearing in series, is presented. The hydro-roll principally operates as a rolling-element bearing at low speeds and as a hydrodynamic bearing at high speed. When properly designed, the hydro-roll can offer superior performance over the conventional hydrodynamic bearing in terms of both wear and thermal characteristics. The hydro-roll prevents the severe wear which occurs during the start-up of hydrodynamic journal bearings since it operates as a rolling-element bearing whenever the sliding friction is too high. This characteristic has the important advantage of reducing the risk of catastrophic failure by bearing seizure.

At a steady high speed, the hydro-roll operates as a hydrodynamic journal bearing while the sleeve together with the inner race of the rolling-element bearing turn at a low speed. This study focuses on the thermal analysis of a journal bearing with a rotating sleeve in comparison to an identical stationary sleeve. The results indicate that the sleeve rotation reduces the risk of bearing failure due to local overheating of the sleeve. The minimum sleeve speed required for this effect is evaluated.     

航空轴承试验台支点轴承故障分析与试验验证

针对某型航空轴承试验台主轴支点轴承抱轴、外圈断裂故障，开展轴承损伤形貌宏观检查、断裂套圈断口微观理化分析、轴承工作游隙计算分析、润滑检查分析及试验过程中试验数据复查等工作，明确了轴承故障原因为：轴承初始游隙偏小，润滑冷却效果不良，两者共同导致轴承在工作时出现了较大负游隙，滚动体与套圈滚道挤压磨损严重，最终导致轴承抱轴、套圈瞬时断裂。提出加大轴承初始游隙、增加润滑喷嘴喷射速度及改善喷射位置的措施，并开展试验验证。试验结果表明，采取改进措施后轴承润滑冷却效果改善，温升明显降低。     

Research on an on-line wear condition monitoring system for marine diesel engine

This paper introduces a kind of on-line wear condition monitoring system for marine diesel engines. The system consists of three functions i.e. particle detecting, lubricant quality detecting and shaft torque moment and instantaneous rotation velocity detecting. The system detects wear particles in lubricant with an on-line ferrograph so as to judge wear condition of tribo-pairs of the diesel engine. A vertical detector fixed is used for environment of the marine diesel engine in this system, and the rule of distribution of particles in the vertical detector fixed and the horizontal detector fixed are alike in substance. The system detects the relative variation of lubricant quality by the grid capacitance sensors in an on-line way, which consists of an upper capacitance and a lower capacitance and can distinguish the relative variation of the dielectric constant of lubricant caused by pollutants such as water, metal particles etc. The system detects the shaft torque moment and the instantaneous rotation velocity of the diesel engine with photoelectric sensors, and corresponds the wear condition with the power condition by the change of instantaneous rotation velocity due to burning pressure change, which is helpful to judge cylinder wear.     

高分子复合材料齿轮磨损模型及磨损测试研究

基于Archard磨损模型,建立高分子复合材料齿轮磨损量模型;分析黏弹性体高分子复合材料齿轮的啮合特性,探讨高分子复合材料齿轮磨损量测量原理。设计了一种高分子复合材料齿轮磨损量测量系统,该系统的测试原理是,通过单铰链支撑的悬臂梁和枢轴箱对齿轮动态加载,使齿轮轮齿表面发生磨损从而导致枢轴箱发生旋转,通过位移传感器测量枢轴箱的偏转角,然后由建立的偏转角与齿轮磨损量之间的关系模型计算得到磨损量。在设计的测试系统上对尼龙66齿轮进行疲劳磨损实验,实验结果和理论模型计算结果基本吻合,既验证了理论模型的正确性,也为高分子复合材料齿轮磨损测试提供了一种新方法。     

Some Mechanical Considerations in the Design of Large Thrust Bearings

The modern thrust bearing is a very important part of the waterwheel generator, for it must support the weight of the rotating parts of the turbine and generator and the hydraulic thrust load. With the continuous increase in size of hydroelectric generating units, machines now are built with thrust loads well above 1000 tons and requiring bearings ten feet in diameter or larger. Continuous trouble-free operation for periods of twenty years or more are desired for the bearings of large hydroelectric units.

Except during the starting period, the pivoted pad thrust bearing operates according to the well-known hydrodynamic theory of lubrication which permits the predetermination of its performance with reasonable accuracy. Alternating slipping between the thrust bearing runner and the supporting structure can result in excessive wear which destroy the accuracy of the bearing surfaces. Such wear can cause undesirable vibrations or damage to the bearing surface which prevents the formation of an adequate oil film. As a result of laboratory tests and experience in the field, it is now possible to make large thrust bearings with a supporting structure which will permit them to operate continuously for long periods of time with practically no wear or loss of adequacy.     

大功率发动机轴瓦失效研究

发动机轴瓦也称滑动轴承,主要功能为支撑及传递轴系转动。随着现在柴油机的强化指标越来越高,发动机的爆发压力已经达到了20MPa以上,曲轴传递给轴瓦的压力也随之增高,一旦润滑条件不充分,导致轴瓦与曲轴轴径之间发生金属硬接触,导致轴瓦磨损,甚至摩擦的高温导致轴瓦烧瓦、抱瓦失效。轴瓦的失效往往对发动机破坏性极大,容易导致曲轴的断裂失效,所以发动机轴瓦对发动机的正常运行极其重要,我们针对大功率发动机的轴瓦失效的问题进行了全面的失效原因分析,并根据分析结果提出了整改措施,很好的解决了轴瓦失效的问题。     

Effect of base stocks on the automobile engine bearing

The government has required that engine oil viscosity be lowered and that highly refined base stocks be used in engine oils, with the aim of promoting low fuel consumption and developing long-life oils.To improve the reliability of automobile plain bearings by means of engine oils, we have developed a bearing test apparatus that uses a half-metal. Oil can be supplied through the oil supply port in the same way as in actual engines. In this apparatus, variable loads can be applied to the opposite side of the oil supply hole of the bearing by hydraulic pressure that is synchronized with the rotational speed of the shaft. The influence of the base stocks used for engine oils on the contact between the rotating shaft and the bearing metal, and on the bearing rotating torque generated by rotation of the shaft, were investigated.We found that the contact ratio and the bearing rotating torque varied with different types of base stock compositions, even if the base stocks had the same viscometric properties. Therefore, it is necessary to develop countermeasures to avoid adverse effects when lowering engine oil viscosity and using highly refined base stocks.     

The dynamic behavior of a rotor system with a slant crack on the shaft

For a Jeffcott rotor system with a 45° slant crack on the shaft, the motion equations are established with four directions, i.e. two transversal directions, one torsional direction and one longitudinal direction. It can be seen from the deducing process of the stiffness with the strain energy release approach that there are coupling stiffnesses of bending–torsion, bending–tension and torsion–tension for the slant-cracked shaft and only bending–tension for the transverse-cracked one. The paper shows that besides the coupling stiffnesses, there is bending–torsion coupling caused by the eccentricity. All these couplings affect the responses of the slant-cracked shaft and the transverse-cracked one. Comparing responses of a cracked shaft with an open crack model and those with a breathing crack model finds that there are the same prominent characteristic frequencies for these two kinds of shafts, even though the cracked shaft with a breathing crack model behaves much more non-linear than that with an open crack model. Therefore, almost all studies in this paper adopt the open crack model since it needs taking much longer time to compute responses of a breathing cracked shaft than that of an open cracked shaft. Analyses of steady responses indicate that the combined frequencies of the rotating speed and the torsional excitation in the transversal response and the frequency of the torsional excitation in the longitudinal response can be used to detect the slant crack on the shaft of the rotor system.     

卧式水电机组用径向滑动轴承热弹流特性分析

研究轴颈挠度和瓦块表面热弹变形对卧式水电机组径向滑动轴承静态润滑性能的影响。推导考虑轴颈挠度和轴瓦热弹变形后的油膜厚度表达式;用中心差分法结合ANSYS软件联立求解雷诺方程、能量方程、固体热传导方程、密度方程、黏度方程和轴瓦热弹变形等,得到径向滑动轴承的热弹流润滑(TEHD)特性,并与不计入轴颈挠度及轴瓦热弹变形的油膜动压润滑特性进行比较。结果表明:在考虑轴颈挠度和轴瓦瓦面热弹变形的影响后,油膜压力、温度、厚度沿着轴承宽度中心线的对称特性消失;油膜压力峰值增大,峰值点位置由轴向中心区偏移至出口区;油膜温度峰值增大,最高温度发生在出口区;润滑区内的最小油膜厚度大幅度减小,油膜最小厚度处于出口侧边界附近;轴承润滑流量减小,损耗略有增大;轴承稳态运行时,轴颈偏位角基本一致。     

安装误差对旋转式惯导系统影响及补偿

因轴与轴承间同轴度误差、轴系间隙、机械加工精度、安装等因素,旋转式惯导系统会产生各种形式的安装误差。对各种安装关系进行了说明,详细推导并分析了系统存在安装误差时的输出特性及误差调制效应。在理论分析的基础上,针对实际旋转式惯导系统,通过分析主要误差源,建立合适的误差补偿模型,实现对相关误差的补偿。误差补偿结果表明,该补偿方案能同时消除陀螺敏感轴与旋转轴间的不正交误差、与比力相关的漂移以及因旋转而产生的周期性波动误差,具有很高的工程应用价值。