全国机械加工学会第四届年会磨加工方面宣读论文简介

金刚石滚轮修整若干问题的研究(被评为优秀论文) 过去对金刚石滚轮修整的研究仅限于被修砂轮的有效粗糙度,磨削力和被磨工件表面粗     

陶瓷零件精密成形磨削新工艺研究

本研究开发采用金刚石磨料砂轮精密成形磨削陶瓷材料新工艺,实现采用金刚石磨料砂轮精密(微米级)成形磨削复杂形状陶瓷零件.文章介绍了磨削工艺中采用的提高成形磨削砂轮工作形面精度保持性、金刚石磨料砂轮的高效精密成形修整、砂轮修锐等关键技术.采用的砂轮是1A1 305×20×127×10 MBD 150 B 100,其特别之处是采用了新型树脂结合剂,具有良好的高温强度性能,磨削速度为40 m/s,新的砂轮修正方法将金刚石砂轮修整过程分为修形、修磨和修锐几个阶段.采用切入式成形磨削,磨削余量约1 mm,磨削得到的陶瓷零件形面圆弧精度可达到:0.005 mm,齿距误差:0.0025 mm;此外还进行了磨削陶瓷轴承环试验,磨削后获得的陶瓷零件圆弧精度达0.005 mm,沟道形位精度:0.003 mm,尺寸分散度在微米级.采用本方法可以成形磨削几乎任意形面的陶瓷或其他适合金刚石磨料砂轮加工的材料零件.     

电镀金刚石滚轮修整全齿型砂轮铲磨涡轮盘榫齿拉刀

从80年代以来,我们使用全齿型电镀金刚石滚轮来修整全齿型砂轮,用来铲磨某发动机Ⅰ级Ⅱ级涡轮盘榫齿拉刀。它具有精度高、圆角R转接十分圆滑、修整时间短、操作方便、机床主轴精度不易损坏、使用寿命长等优点。原工艺是单齿钢挤轮修整砂轮,单齿铲磨榫齿拉刀,生产效率低、精度差,圆角R转接不圆滑,易损坏机床主轴精度。我们最近试验成功的用全齿型电镀金刚石滚轮修整的砂轮铲磨榫齿拉刀,这一新工艺,为我公司成型磨削找到了新途径,加工效果达到了国内先进水平。滚轮规格:φ100×φ40×22。机床:捷克斯洛伐克平磨装上单臂驱动装置。金刚石型号:JRⅢ型。金刚石粒度:70～80目。制造方法:内型面电镀。可达到技术精度:齿距: 0.005 -0.001mm;角度:在2毫米长度上±5’;圆角R:最小0.1mm 技术经济效果(与单齿钢挤轮修整比较): 1、提高修整效率3倍。2、拉刀寿命提高2倍。3、质量稳定,免去拉刀铲磨返修工序,并可提高机床利用率。4、减轻机床主轴负荷,延长机床使用寿命。5、技术等级较低的工人也能操作。     

修整参数对陶瓷cBN砂轮磨削效果的影响

本研究采用陶瓷cBN砂轮加工冷激合金铸铁凸轮,采用金刚石滚轮对砂轮进行在线修整。通过改变修整量、滚轮与砂轮的相对移动速度、修整速比,得出修整参数对砂轮磨削效果的影响规律。研究结果表明,当修整量从5μm×4降低到5μm×3时,工件表面粗糙度从0.25μm增大0.27μm,但仍可满足加工表面粗糙度要求,而砂轮修整量减少1/4,砂轮使用寿命延长;滚轮与砂轮的相对移动速度从0.1 mm/r增大到0.15 mm/r时,工件表面粗糙度值Ra从0.354μm上升到0.452μm,砂轮耐用度从750个工件降低到480个;修整速比增大,工件磨削表面粗糙度增大,当修整速比从0.61增大到1.35时,工件表面粗糙度值Ra从0.2μm增大到0.63μm。     

金刚石砂轮V形尖端的数控对磨微细修整技术

针对金刚石砂轮V形尖端的微细修整困难的问题,开发出一种对磨成型的V形尖端修整技术。在数控修整中,砂轮作V形的直线插补运动与修整工具对磨,逐渐被修整成V形尖端。本实验中修整工具分别是#600和#180绿碳化硅(GC)油石,砂轮分别为SD 400和SD 600金刚石砂轮。实验结果表明,较细粒度的修整工具不仅可以将砂轮V形尖端修整出更小的圆弧半径,而且也能够将微小磨粒修锐得更锋利,从而使加工的单晶硅微沟槽形状更加整齐。此外,采用修整后的圆弧半径小于20μm的SD 600金刚石砂轮V形尖端可以实现光纤石英微阵列沟槽的微细加工,也可以在SiC陶瓷和WC合金基板上加工出微锥塔阵列空间的功能表面。因此,数控对磨在位修整的工艺可以用于金刚石砂轮V形尖端的微细修整,实现硬脆性基板的微细磨削加工。     

陶瓷材料的高精度加工试验研究

本文提出了用普通磨料开槽砂轮间断磨与砂页轮磨削陶瓷材料两种加工方案，试验研究了工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明，这两种方法磨削工程陶瓷是完全可行的，在一定的条件下可代替昂贵的金刚石砂轮粗磨与普通砂轮精磨工艺。     

W-Mo-Cr合金对金刚石砂轮磨块的摩擦化学修整

为解决粗磨粒金刚石砂轮磨块的修整问题,使用W-Mo-Cr合金材料作为修整工具对磨粒粒度尺寸为297~420μm的金刚石砂轮磨块进行修整,修整前后分别测量砂轮表面磨粒的等高性和磨粒的微观形貌,并且分别用修整前后的砂轮磨块进行WC硬质合金的磨削试验。结果表明:W-Mo-Cr合金材料对金刚石砂轮修整效率高,修整后砂轮表面磨粒的等高性提升了60%左右。利用修整后的金刚石砂轮磨削WC硬质合金,工件表面质量得到很大的改善,表面粗糙度达到R_a0.149μm。      

粗磨粒金刚石砂轮精密磨削工程陶瓷的试验研究

为了实现粗磨粒金刚石砂轮延性域磨削加工SiC陶瓷材料,采用碟轮对粒径为297~420μm的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮进行了精密修整。然后,使用经过修整好的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮对SiC陶瓷进行磨削加工。在此基础上,对不同的砂轮线速度、工件进给速度、磨削切深对SiC陶瓷表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明:经过精密修整的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮是能够实现SiC陶瓷材料的延性域磨削的,表面粗糙度值Ra达到0.151μm;随着砂轮线速度增大、工件进给速度和磨削切深减小,SiC陶瓷表面的脆性断裂减小,塑性去除增加。     

温度在磨削中的重要性

磨削可分为粗磨(SRG)和精磨(FFG)。粗磨时,磨屑相对较大,并且不需修整砂轮;而精磨时,磨屑较小,并需定期修整砂轮。相对来说,粗磨时的表面温度,并不重要。但在精磨时,它对于工件表面的完整性是非常重要的。本文从基础上回顾了磨削中一些较重要的温度特性。     

陶瓷CBN砂轮修整方法及修整工艺研究

本文论述了陶瓷CBN砂轮修整的重要性,对修整的整形和修锐两个步骤进行了评述.使用电镀金刚石滚轮对用于数控磨削凸轮轴的高速陶瓷CBN砂轮进行了修整工艺的实验研究,得出了滚轮与砂轮的速差是影响修整效果的重要因素,顺修的修整效果优于逆修方式.顺修时速差不能过小,否则容易造成磨削振纹.必须使用逆修的场合,速差不能过大,建议对砂轮采取降速修整.根据实验结果,得出了速差的合适范围--顺向修整速差不能小于11 m/s,逆向修整速差不能大于95 m/s;滚轮相对砂轮纵向走刀速度推荐使用600 mm/min.在此参数范围内修整出的砂轮,用于磨削冷激铸铁凸轮轴凸轮,表面粗糙度为0.63μm,凸轮桃尖部无振纹、麦穗纹及单斜纹,质量达到了工件的技术要求.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.