An Incremental Distributed Algorithm for Computing Biconnected Components in Dynamic Graphs

This paper describes a distributed algorithm for computing the biconnected components of a dynamically changing graph. Our algorithm has a worst-case communication complexity of O(b+c) messages for an edge insertion and O(b'+c) messages for an edge removal, and a worst-case time complexity of O(c) for both operations, where c is the maximum number of biconnected components in any of the connected components during the operation, b is the number of nodes in the biconnected component containing the new edge, and b' is the number of nodes in the biconnected component just before the deletion. The algorithm is presented in two stages. First, a serial algorithm is presented in which topology updates occur one at a time. Then, building on the serial algorithm, an algorithm is presented in which concurrent update requests are serialized within each connected component. The problem is motivated by the need to implement causal ordering of messages efficiently in a dynamically changing communication structure. Received January 1995; revised February 1997.     

一种基于超级节点的半分布式P2P系统改进策略

基于半分布式结构的P2P系统,兼有集中式和分布式结构的优点,具有良好的管理性和扩展性,市场上应用非常广泛.但由于网络中超级节点易受攻击,网络不稳定,而且该结构采用Gnutella网络的查询信息泛洪机制,造成了严重的网络带宽负担.提出了一种将数个超级节点组合在一起构成超级节点组的改进的半分布式P2P网络模型,平衡了网络负载,并且可以在很小的跳数内访问到网络中的绝大多数节点,不会产生过多的消息,节省了带宽,避免网络拥塞.     

Optimal NODUP all-to-all broadcast schemes in distributed computingsystems

Broadcast, referring to a process of information dissemination in a distributed system whereby a message originating from a certain node is sent to all other nodes in the system, is a very important issue in distributed computing. All-to-all broadcast means the process by which every node broadcasts its certain piece of information to all other nodes. In this paper, we first develop the optimal all-to-all broadcast scheme for the case of one-port communication, which means that each node can only send out one message in one communication step, and then, extend our results to the case of multi-port communication, i.e., k-port communication, meaning that each node can send out k messages in one communication step. We prove that the proposed schemes are optimal for the model considered in the sense that they not only require the minimal number of communication steps, but also incur the minimal number of messages     

A multicast reprogramming protocol for wireless sensor networks based on small world concepts

Automatic reprogramming is an important and challenging issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A usual approach is the over-the-air programming (OAP), which is a fundamental service based on reliable broadcast for efficient code dissemination. However, existing OAP protocols do not enable the reprogramming of a subset of the sensor nodes in a WSN. Hence, in this work we propose a multicast-based over-the-air programming protocol that considers a small world infrastructure (MOAP-SW). The small world model is used to create shortcuts toward the sink in the communication infrastructure of sensor networks. The endpoints of these shortcuts are more powerful nodes, resulting in a heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Simulation results show the feasibility of the protocol regarding the number of messages transmitted, the energy consumption and the time to reconfigure the network.     

Efficient detection and resolution of generalized distributeddeadlocks

We present an efficient one-phase algorithm that consists of two concurrent sweeps of messages to detect generalized distributed deadlocks. In the outward sweep, the algorithm records a snapshot of a distributed wait-for-graph (WFG). In the inward sweep, the algorithm performs reduction of the recorded distributed WFG to check for a deadlock. The two sweeps can overlap in time at a process. We prove the correctness of the algorithm. The algorithm has a worst-case message complexity of 4e-2n+2l and a time complexity of 2d hops, where e is the number of edges, n is the number of nodes, l is the number of leaf nodes, and d is the diameter of the WFG. This is a notable improvement over the existing algorithms to detect generalized deadlocks     

分布式超级节点选举算法

基于超级节点的分布式系统中,若超级节点失效或临时离开,希望系统能够自组织地选举出能力最强的节点作为新的超级节点。提出分布式超级节点选举算法,通过洪泛过程构造底层的生成树,叶子节点沿此树进行消息的传递,消息中包含着关于节点和边的信息,根节点根据这些信息构造最小生成树。根节点选出能力最强的节点作为超级节点,并沿着最小生成树广播选举结果。对算法性能从通信复杂度和时间复杂度两方面进行了分析和比较。     

具有抗合谋攻击能力的自治愈群组密钥管理方案

通过为每个会话时段产生随机数和构造广播多项式,使得合法用户根据自身秘密信息和当前广播消息,可以独立地恢复遗失的组密钥,而且能够抵抗被撤销节点和新加入节点的合谋攻击;此外,赋予被撤销节点新的秘密信息,使其能够重新加入群组参与会话。安全分析和性能分析表明:在保证安全属性的前提下,该方案具有较小的通信开销,能够适用于移动自组网。     

具有范围选择的传感网络再编程协议算法研究

已有的传感网络再编程协议大多假定网络中所有节点是同类的,运行同一版本的应用程序,而实际网络节点是异类的。提出了一种新的具有范围选择的再编程协议,该协议变传统的ADV-REQ-DATA三次握手该协议为路由形成、代码传送、请求丢失包三个阶段协议,有效地降低了参与代码转发的中间节点数;中间转发节点通过获取一跳范围内希望接收更新代码数据的节点序列,采取单播或组播方式有针对性传送更新代码,而不是泛洪式的广播,减少了REQ确认信息包,并能统计出参与代码更新的同类节点数和参与代码转发的异类中间节点数。性能分析与模拟实验表明:该协议在平均延时、能量消耗等方面优于传统的Aqueduct。     

一种低功耗无线传感器网络时间同步算法

间同步对无线传感器网络的应用至关重要,为提高同步精度,多数算法都以较多的消息交换或复杂的计算为代价来达到这一目的,因而能耗较大.为减少时间同步的消息交换开销,节约节点能量,提出了一种简单低功耗时间同步算法,该算法结合了单向广播同步机制和双向成对同步机制,有效利用网络中节点的广播信息,使网络中节点单跳广播域内只有一个下层节点与之进行双向成对同步,从而达到了减少消息开销和节约能量的目的.最后通过仿真验证了该算法的性能.     

一个新的分布式最小连通支配集近似算法

在计算机网络中广泛使用广播来解决一些网络问题,设计有效的广播算法是一项重要的课题。文中提出一种分布地计算网络最小连通支配集的近似算法并给出了它的正确性证明。它只需要网络节点具有局部的网络状态信息,可伸缩性强。通过此算法可以在网络中自动形成一个虚拟骨干网,从而可为网络中的广播和路由操作提供一个有效的通信基础。模拟结果表明,文中提出的算法求得的连通支配集小,能较好地应用于一般网络以及移动自组网络中。     

一种用于高速公路上防车辆连环碰撞的V2V广播协议

目前,V2V网络主要通过周期性广播紧急预警消息(emergency warning message,EWM)来解决高速公路上经常发生的连环碰撞事件,但是周期性广播EWM容易产生广播风暴,造成大量消息的传输失败和传输延时,从而影响了预警网络的可靠性和效率.通过研究V2V网络中的各种无线广播协议,提出了一种用于高速公路上防止车辆连环碰撞的广播协议.协议在方向性广播的基础上,通过发送ACK帧选择广播车辆并由广播车辆负责广播EWM来解决广播协议中的EWM冗余问题.仿真实验表明:协议能有效地控制EWM的冗余问题,提高EWM传输的可靠性并降低传输延时.     

High throughput and low power consumption on a wireless sensor network

Wireless communications are subject to fading and interferences that affect their performance. However, the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions is an advantage that has been exploited in the past to improve performance. Nodes belonging to a sensor network could listen to messages sent from other nodes and participate in this communication for the benefit of the entire network. In this paper, we present a protocol following these lines. The novelty of our approach is to obtain high throughput with low complexity and low energy consumption.     

基于密度和距离的多跳广播转发节点选择方案

多数车联网VANET(Vehicular Ad Hoc Network)的安全应用均采用多跳广播方式分发安全消息。现已提出了许多的多跳广播转发节点选择方案,但它们以减少转发节点数为目的。为此,提出基于密度和距离的多跳广播转发节点选择方案DDBFS(Density-Distance based multi-hop Broadcast Forwarder Selection scheme),记为DDBFS。DDBFS方案主要解决两个问题：密集区域的冗余广播和稀疏区域的高的传输时延。在提出的DDBFS方案中,节点在决策是否转播接收的消息前,依据距离和网络密度设置定时器,一旦定时完毕,且在定时期间,没有其他节点转发该消息,该节点就成为下一跳转发节点。仿真结果表明,与现有的方案相比,提出的DDBFS协议在重播次数和传输时延性能得到显著提高。在密集区域,消息重播次数下降了约57%,在稀疏区域,传输时延缩短了约82%。     

Feedback from nature: simple randomised distributed algorithms for maximal independent set selection and greedy colouring

We propose distributed algorithms for two well-established problems that operate efficiently under extremely harsh conditions. Our algorithms achieve state-of-the-art performance in a simple and novel way. Our algorithm for maximal independent set selection operates on a network of identical anonymous processors. The processor at each node has no prior information about the network. At each time step, each node can only broadcast a single bit to all its neighbours, or remain silent. Each node can detect whether one or more neighbours have broadcast, but cannot tell how many of its neighbours have broadcast, or which ones. We build on recent work of Afek et al. (Science 331(6014):183–185, 2011) which was inspired by studying the development of a network of cells in the fruit fly. However we incorporate for the first time another important feature of the biological system: varying the probability value used at each node based on local feedback from neighbouring nodes. Given any n-node network, our algorithm achieves with high probability the optimal time complexity of \(O(\log n)\) rounds and the optimal expected message complexity of O(1) single-bit messages broadcast by each node. We also show that the previous approach, without feedback, cannot achieve better than \(\varOmega (\log ^2 n)\) time complexity with high probability, whatever global scheme is used to choose the probabilities. Our algorithm for distributed greedy colouring works under similar harsh conditions: each identical node has no prior information about the network, can only broadcast a single message to all neighbours at each time step representing a desired colour, and can only detect whether at least one neighbour has broadcast each colour value. We show that with high probability our algorithm has a time complexity of \(O(\Delta +\log n)\), where \(\Delta \) is the maximum degree of the network, and also has an expected message complexity of O(1) messages broadcast by each node.     

Centralized asynchronous broadcast in radio networks

We study asynchronous broadcasting in packet radio networks. A radio network is represented by a directed graph, in which one distinguished source node stores a message that needs to be disseminated among all the remaining nodes. An asynchronous execution of a protocol is a sequence of events, each consisting of simultaneous deliveries of messages. The correctness of protocols is considered for specific adversarial models defined by restrictions on events the adversary may schedule. A protocol specifies how many times the source message is to be retransmitted by each node. The total number of transmissions over all the nodes is called the work of the broadcast protocol; it is used as complexity measure. We study computational problems, to be solved by deterministic centralized algorithms, either to find a broadcast protocol or to verify the correctness of a protocol, for a given network. The amount of work necessary to make a protocol correct may have to be exponential in the size of network. There is a polynomial-time algorithm to find a broadcast protocol for a given network. We show that certain problems about broadcasting protocols for given networks are complete in NP and co-NP complexity classes.     

Multi-constraint multi-objective QoS aware routing heuristics for query driven sensor networks using fuzzy soft sets

In this paper, a fuzzy based distributed power aware routing scheme considering both energy and bandwidth constraints, especially for query driven applications in the asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks are devised. The proposed multi-constraint, multi-objective routing optimization approach under strict resource constraints guarantees reliability and fast data delivery along with efficient power management in spite of unreliable wireless links and limited power supply. In query driven applications, the request from the sink to the individual sensor node will be a broadcast message, whereas the individual sensor nodes replies back to sink as unicast messages. In the proposed work, the fuzzy approach and “A Star” algorithm are utilized for satisfying energy and bandwidth constraints to route the broadcast messages of the sink while querying all the sensor nodes in the network. Every node will be provided with a guidance list, which is used to decide the next best neighbor node with good route quality for forwarding the received multi-hop broadcast messages. The route quality of the every node is estimated with fuzzy rules based on the network parameters such as maximum remaining energy, minimum traffic load and better link quality to increase the network lifetime. The provision of overhearing the broadcast messages and acknowledgements within the transmission range minimizes the effort to search for the active time of nodes while routing the broadcast messages with asynchronous scheduling. Further, in the proposed work only the time slot of its nearest neighbor relay node (to which packets are to be forwarded) is learnt to reduce the number of message transmissions in the network. For the unicast message replies, the fuzzy membership function is modified and devised based on the routing metrics such as higher residual energy, minimum traffic loads and minimum hop count under energy and bandwidth constraints. Also, the multi-hop heuristic routing algorithm called Nearest Neighbor Tree is effectively used to reduce the number of neighbors in the guidance list that are elected for forwarding. This helps to increase the individual sensor node’s lifetime, thereby maximizes the network lifetime and guarantees increased network throughput. The simulation results show that the proposed technique reduces repeated transmissions, decreases the number of transmissions, shortens the active time of the sensor nodes and increases the network lifetime for query driven sensor network applications invariant to total the number of sensor nodes and sinks in the network. The proposed algorithm is tested in a small test bed of sensor network with ten nodes that monitors the room temperature.     

Broadcast protocols for distributed systems

An innovative approach is presented to the design of fault-tolerant distributed systems that avoids the several rounds of message exchange required by current protocols for consensus agreement. The approach is based on broadcast communication over a local area network, such as an Ethernet or a token ring, and on two novel protocols, the Trans protocol, which provides efficient reliable broadcast communication, and the Total protocol, which with high probability promptly places a total order on messages and achieves distributed agreement even in the presence of fail-stop, omission, timing, and communication faults. Reliable distributed operations, such as locking, update, and commitment, typically require only a single broadcast message rather than the several tens of messages required by current algorithms     

Asynchronous distributed termination—parallel and symmetric solutions with echo algorithms

The principle of message counting is used to detect termination of distributed computations which consist of processes asynchronously communicating over non-FIFO channels. The solution is symmetric and not based on a predefined communication structure. An efficient variant of the echo algorithm, which dynamically builds a spanning tree, allows a parallel and distributed evaluation of the termination predicate in time proportional to the diameter of the communication graph. Concurrent and repeated initiation of the detection algorithm by different processes is possible at any time without prior synchronization due to a subtle method of collision detection and wave extinction, which can be regarded as a distributed election scheme where the average message complexity increases only logarithmically with the number of concurrent initiators. Control messages have a small length and additional communication links are not required. Only a fixed number of simple variables is needed in every process, global knowledge such as the total number of processes or the structure of the network is not used, making the scheme useful for dynamic systems. Several variations of the basic principle are presented, important issues such as message complexity and fault-tolerance are discussed.     

基于信息融合的分布式时间同步算法

时间同步算法作为无线传感器网络的支撑技术,成为近些年研究的一个热点。其中集中式时间同步算法一直以来被广泛研究,它依靠参考节点通过广播、泛洪或者多跳的方式达到全网时间同步,取得了良好的同步精度,但同时鲁棒性和可扩展性差。提出了一种分布式时间同步算法,通过融合全网节点的时间信息来达到时间同步,这种算法消除了网络拓扑变化和节点密度变化对集中式算法的影响。实验结果表明,针对典型的网络拓扑,分布式时间同步算法实现了全网时间同步,并且对于网络变化和节点数目变化具有鲁棒性。