大鼠Sertoli细胞与精原细胞的分离及共培养

目的 分离纯化14 d大鼠Sertoli细胞与精原细胞,用Sertoli细胞作为饲养层对大鼠精原细胞进行体外培养研究.方法 酶消化法制备大鼠睾丸组织单细胞悬液,采用牛血清白蛋白(BSA)不连续密度梯度沉降法分离Sertoli细胞和精原细胞.结果 经分离的Sertoli细胞与精原细胞的纯度分别达到92.73%和78.36%.Sertoli细胞与精原细胞共培养,可见精原细胞发生分裂增殖等行为.结论 在添加EGF、bFGF和GDNF等细胞因子的10%胎牛血清DMEM/F12培养基中,精原细胞能够存活一定时间;而Sertoli细胞表现为旺盛的生长状态,并可促进精原细胞的分裂与增殖.     

小鼠精原细胞的分离和纯化

目的　探讨小鼠精原细胞的分离纯化。　方法　用组合酶消化法制备 7～ 8d小鼠的生殖细胞悬液 ;用Percoll不连续密度梯度法分离精原细胞。　结果　所获细胞悬液内活细胞、死细胞及细胞团的百分比分别为90 .0 8%、9.92 %及 8.91% ;平均每个睾丸可获得 4.136× 10 5 个细胞 ;精原细胞主要分布于位于 2 7%～ 35 %间的Percoll梯度中 ,其超微结构与 7～ 8d小鼠睾丸切片内精原细胞的超微结构一致 ,经纯化后其纯度达 6 8.76 %。　结论　用组合酶消化、Percoll不连续密度梯度法分离的 7～ 8d小鼠的精原细胞能满足体外培养的需要     

新生昆明小鼠睾丸支持细胞和精原细胞的共培养及支持细胞的作用

目的 分离、纯化、培养小鼠睾丸支持细胞,通过与精原细胞共培养,研究体外培养的支持细胞对精原细胞的影响.方法 用复合酶消化、密度梯度离心和差异贴壁法分离、纯化、培养新生小鼠睾丸支持细胞,以苏丹Ⅳ染色鉴定支持细胞;用丝裂霉素-C处理支持细胞后作为饲养层,与精原细胞共培养;以直接分离培养的精原细胞作对照.倒置相差显微镜观察,细胞培养第3天,四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法测定精原细胞的增殖率;膜联蛋白V-异硫氰酸荧光素/磷脂酰肌醇(ANNEXIN-V-FITC/PI)染色;激光扫描共焦显微镜观察记录精原细胞的凋亡率,比较精原细胞克隆大小、存活时间、增殖率和凋亡率的不同. 结果 分离、纯化后经苏丹Ⅳ染色鉴定的小鼠支持细胞纯度可达95%以上,与支持细胞共培养的精原细胞的克隆大小、存活时间和细胞增殖率明显高于对照组,而凋亡鲻率则明显低于对照组.结论支持细胞可以促进精原细胞的增殖,抑制其凋亡.     

临床应用型人脐血间充质干细胞分离培养与鉴定

目的探讨能够达到临床细胞治疗标准的人脐血间充质干细胞的体外培养与纯化方法。方法以15%FBS/DMEM作为培养基,采用淋巴细胞分离液间接分离法,分离MSCs,以贴壁培养法进行原代培养和纯化。倒置显微镜下观察生长状态和形态学变化,共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞表面抗原CD34,CD44免疫组化染色的鉴定。结果细胞计数显示人脐血间充质干细胞产品的细胞成活率大于95%,其纯度大于85%,符合卫生部第三类医疗技术的有关标准。结论脐带血内含MSCs,可在体外分离培养纯化增殖,获得大量相对纯化的MSCs,达到临床应用水平。     

全骨髓贴壁并差速传代分离纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞:与密度梯度离心法的比较

背景:目前国内外分离纯化骨髓间充质干细胞有两种主要方法:密度梯度离心法及全骨髓贴壁法,前者步骤较复杂,后者简单易操作,但纯化效果不理想。目的:在全骨髓贴壁分离骨髓间充质干细胞基础上,并用差速传代消化法,建立大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外分离培养纯化方法。方法:全骨髓贴壁培养法分离并差速消化传代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,利用间充质干细胞在消化传代过程中较其他骨髓细胞消化悬浮速度快,以及贴壁快的特点,代替密度梯度离心操作来分离纯化间充质干细胞,对其形态学特征进行观察,并与密度梯度离心法比较两种分离培养法的细胞生长增殖情况;观察碱性磷酸酶及油红染色情况,验证骨髓间充质干细胞的分化能力;检测细胞表面标记物,验证免疫特性及检测其纯度。结果与结论:全骨髓贴壁培养法分离并差速传代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,流式细胞鉴定、成骨成脂肪培养结果显示其细胞免疫特性、纯度、分化能力与密度梯度离心法无显著差异,但细胞活力,增殖能力有明显提高。     

大鼠A型精原细胞的体外培养

目的探讨大鼠A型精原细胞的分离、鉴定及体外培养的方法与技术。方法利用非连续密度梯度离心及差速贴壁法纯化A型精原细胞;用抗c-kit和抗TERT免疫组织化学法进行细胞鉴定;用含10%NBS的DMEM进行体外培养。结果Percoll分离法结合差速贴壁法最终平均大鼠的每个睾丸可得到0.614×106个A型精原细胞,锥虫蓝染色显示细胞的存活率为92.1%。c-kit和TERT免疫组织化学阳性细胞平均分别为(90.8±1.0)%和(91.7±1.2)%。在含10%NBS的DMEM条件下,A型精原细胞于培养96 h增殖达高峰。结论Percoll分离与差速贴壁法结合是纯化A型精原细胞的有效方法;c-kit和TERT免疫组织化学结合证实本实验所获得的细胞是A型精原细胞;大鼠A型精原细胞可以在体外进行增殖。     

小鼠子宫巨噬细胞的分离纯化与鉴定

目的 建立一套简便易行、高效可靠的小鼠子宫巨噬细胞的分离纯化及鉴定方法. 方法 5只雌鼠处死并获取子宫,利用酶消化法和机械法相结合制备小鼠子宫组织单细胞悬液,密度梯度离心法收集子宫巨噬细胞,贴壁培养获得纯化的巨噬细胞.采用锥虫蓝拒染法鉴定巨噬细胞活率,利用鸡红细胞吞噬试验检测巨噬细胞吞噬活性,并通过酸性磷酸酶染色、非特异性酯酶染色和CD14免疫细胞化学染色鉴定巨噬细胞纯度. 结果 采用该法每只小鼠可获得子宫巨噬细胞3×105～5×105个,且活率达到(85.35±0.43)%,酶化学和免疫细胞化学鉴定阳性率分别达到了(86.12±1.19)%、(85.83±0.57)%和(84.02±1.64)%. 结论 成功建立了小鼠子宫巨噬细胞的分离纯化方法,并能获得较高的细胞存活率和纯度.     

一种改良的新生大鼠小胶质细胞原代培养方法

目的:改良现有的小胶质细胞纯化分离培养方法,建立稳定、高产的培养模型。方法:选用新生1～2d SD大鼠进行混合胶质细胞培养,然后结合营养剥离法及震摇法纯化分离小胶质细胞;利用CD11b/c(OX42)免疫细胞化学的方法对分离的小胶质细胞纯度进行鉴定。结果:改良的方法可稳定的获得5×104个/培养瓶(25cm2)的小胶质细胞,纯度达到95%,荧光倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,分离第1 d小胶质细胞呈不规则圆形,折光不均匀,继续培养3-5 d,小胶质细胞逐渐出现单极或多极突起,7 d时部分细胞转为静止状态,呈分枝状。结论:改良的小胶质细胞培养方法产量多,纯度高,为小胶质细胞在中枢神经系统疾病相关研究提供了新的基础。     

构建糖氧剥夺模型大鼠少突胶质细胞体外培养与分离纯化

目的:对原有少突胶质细胞祖细胞培养与分离纯化方法进行改进,以简单、高效获得少突胶质细胞并建立少突胶质细胞糖氧剥夺(oxygen glucose deprivation,OGD)模型。方法:取SD乳鼠脑皮质,采用两种不同的细胞增殖法和两种不同的分离纯化法分四组培养,分别为细胞因子增殖联合摇床震荡分离纯化法组,B104CM增殖联合摇床震荡分离纯化法组,细胞因子增殖联合EDTA消化机械吹打分离纯化法组,B104CM增殖联合EDTA消化机械吹打分离纯化法组。倒置显微镜下观察神经细胞形态学变化并进行细胞计数。A2B5和髓鞘碱性蛋白鉴定少突胶质细胞并分析其纯度。纯化后的少突胶质细胞祖细胞分化培养3 d后分四组培养,正常组正常培养,低氧组分三组,换无糖DMEM培养基,OGD 1、2、3 h。然后采用MTT比色法检测细胞活力;流式细胞术分析细胞的凋亡率。结果:(1)B104CM增殖联合EDTA消化机械吹打分离纯化法较其他3种培养方法收获的少突胶质细胞祖细胞数量多(P0.05)。(2)A2B5和MBP特异性标记,细胞纯度可达到95%。(3)MTT结果显示:OGD 1 h少突胶质细胞的细胞活力即降低(P0.05),随着缺氧时间延长细胞活力呈降低的趋势更加明显(P0.05)。(4)流式细胞测细胞凋亡的结果显示:OGD 1 h、2 h、3 h,细胞的凋亡率分别为14.43%±0.20%,21.99%±0.42%和44.71%±0.20%,均高于正常对照组(6.86%±0.05%,P0.05)。结论:(1)B104CM增殖联合EDTA消化机械吹打分离纯化培养法与其他三种方法比较实验操作简单,收获的少突胶质细胞祖细胞数量最多,可用于少突胶质细胞的培养。(2)OGD可致少突胶质细胞损伤,且与OGD持续时间密切相关,实验成功的建立OGD损伤模型。     

人骨髓基质细胞培养、纯化和鉴定

目的:介绍一种为临床细胞学治疗提供自体骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)的分离纯化方法.方法:采用红细胞沉降和密度梯度离心相结合的分离纯化方法从骨髓血中分离BMSCs.台盼蓝染色实验测定BMSCs活力;对BMSCs进行CD44、CD34抗体免疫荧光显色,激光共聚焦显微镜观察.结果:BMSCs活性大于95%,纯度大于85%,细胞的纯度和均一性均符合中国卫生部第三类医疗技术的要求,已达到临床应用标准.结论:本细胞制备方法简单易行,可批量获得BMSCs,满足临床治疗的需要.     

中心体蛋白centrin在大鼠精子发生过程中的表达

目的：研究中心体蛋白centrin在大鼠生精细胞中的表达情况,以深入了解centrin在精子发生过程中的作用。方法：通过重力沉降法分离大鼠不同发育阶段的生精细胞,用免疫荧光和蛋白印迹实验检测各级生精细胞中centrin蛋白的表达,用定量RT－PCR检测centrin同源基因centrin1和centrin2mRNA的表达水平。结果：间接免疫荧光和蛋白印迹显示精母细胞、圆形、长形精子细胞均有centrin蛋白存在,位于中心粒上,而在附睾的成熟精子中centrin则消失。RT－PCR研究发现,centrin在睾丸组织中特异性表达,centrin2在多种组织中均有表达。在睾丸中,centrin1仅在生精细胞进入减数分裂后转录,其mRNA水平在圆形精子细胞中最高,而centrin2在精原细胞中即有表达,减数分裂后其mRNA难以检测到。结论centrin蛋白在大鼠雄性配子的发育过程中最终丢失;该基因家族中同源基因centrin1和centrin2表达呈现组织特异性和发育阶段特性,在精子发生过程中发挥不同功能,centrin1蛋白可能与减数分裂及鞭毛生成相关,centrin2则参与细胞有丝分裂过程。     

Multinucleated spermatogonia in cryptorchid boys: A possible association with an increased risk of testicular malignancy later in life?

At birth, undescended testes contain germ cells, but after 1 year of life, a reduced number of germ cells is generally found. Microlithiasis and carcinoma-in-situ-testis occur in cryptorchid boys. Multinucleated germ cells, including at least 3 nuclei in the cell, exist in impaired spermatogenesis and in the senescent testis. AIM OF THE STUDY: We investigated whether multinucleated spermatogonia were present in undescended testes of cryptorchid boys, and if such a pattern is associated with special clinical features. RESULTS: Multinucleated spermatogonia occurred in 13/168 (8%) of 163 consecutive cryptorchid boys, who underwent surgery for cryptorchidism with simultaneous testicular biopsy showing seminiferous tubules. The patients with multinucleated spermatogonia more often exhibited a normal germ cell number (Fisher's exact test, p<0.0005), and were younger at surgery (Mann Whitney, p<0.005) than the rest of the patients. Before surgery, 3 patients underwent treatment with Erythropoietin because of renal failure. An intra-abdominal testis underwent clipping and division of the spermatic vessels, and a biopsy at final surgery 7 months later, exhibited multinucleated spermatogonia. In 1 case the undescended testicular position, a fixed retraction, was acquired after surgery for an inguinal hernia. Multinucleated spermatogonia were found in cases of carcinoma-in situ-testis in 2 cryptorchid boys. No case of multinucleated germ cells appeared in our normal material. CONCLUSION: Multinucleated spermatogonia are a further abnormality present in cryptorchidism. The cryptorchid boys with multinucleated spermatogonia in general exhibited rather many germ cells. This feature may be associated with an increased risk of testicular malignancy later in life, and we propose a careful follow up regime in these cases including ultrasound examination and a testicular biopsy in cases of symptoms or clinical findings.     

Cloning of cDNAs and the differential expression of A-type cyclins and Dmc1 during spermatogenesis in the Japanese eel, a teleost fish.

We cloned A-type cyclins (cyclins A1 and A2) and Dmc1 cDNAs from the eel testis. Cyclin A1 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the livers, ovaries, and testes of the eels. In contrast to cyclin A1 mRNA, a very high expression of cyclin A2 mRNA was observed in the brains, livers, kidneys, spleens, ovaries, and testes of the eels. Dmc1 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the testes and ovaries; expression in the brain was also detected. In the eel testis, a few type-A spermatogonia incorporating 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) were seen before the initiation of spermatogenesis by hormonal induction. On day 1 after hormonal induction, the number of BrdU-labeled spermatogonia increased remarkably, and after 3 and 6 days, many labeled type-B spermatogonia were also observed. The expression of cyclin A2 increased 1 day after the induction of spermatogenesis and reached a plateau after 6 days, when many type-B spermatogonia with high proliferative activity were found. In contrast, the expression of cyclin A1 mRNA was detected after 9 days, coincident with the first appearance of spermatocytes. Cyclin A1 mRNA was localized in germ cells of all stages, from primary spermatocytes to round spermatids, whereas cyclin A2 mRNA was specifically localized in spermatogonia, secondary spermatocytes, round spermatids, and testicular somatic cells, including Sertoli cells. Dmc1 was localized only in the earlier stages of primary spermatocytes; before this stage, cyclin A1 mRNA was not detectable. Overall, cyclin A2, Dmc1, and cyclin A1 are expressed in spermatogenic cells sequentially before and during meiosis in the eel testis.     

Cryopreservation of intact testicular tissue from boys with cryptorchidism

BACKGROUND: Boys with cryptorchidism often face fertility problems in adult life despite having orchiopexy performed at a very young age. During this operation, a biopsy of the testis is normally taken in order to evaluate their infertility potential and the presence of malignant cells. This study evaluated the morphology and functional capacity of cryopreserved testes biopsies and their possible use in fertility preservation. METHODS: Biopsies from 11 testes (eight boys) were obtained. Each biopsy was subdivided into six pieces and two pieces were frozen in each of two different cryoprotectants. One fresh and two cryopreserved pieces were cultured for 2 weeks. All pieces were prepared for histology. Used culture media were analysed for testosterone and inhibin B concentrations. RESULTS: The morphology of the fresh and frozen-thawed samples was similar, with well-preserved seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells. A similar picture appeared after 2 weeks of culture, but a few of the cultured biopsies contained small necrotic areas. The presence of spermatogonia was verified by c-kit-positive immunostaining. Production of testosterone and inhibin B (ng/mm(3) testis tissue) in the frozen-thawed pieces was on average similar to that of the fresh samples. CONCLUSIONS: Intact testicular tissue from young boys with non-descended testes tolerates cryopreservation with surviving spermatogonia and without significant loss of the ability to produce testis-specific hormones in vitro. It may be an option to freeze part of the testis biopsy, which is routinely removed during the operation for cryptorchidism, for fertility preservation in adult life.     

Role of spermatogonia in the repair of the seminiferous epithelium following X-irradiation of the rat testis

In the normal adult rat testis, type A₀ spermatogonia do not appear to participate to a significant extent in the production of spermatocytes, while type A₁ spermatogonia periodically initiate a series of divisions resulting in the production of spermatocytes and new type A₁ spermatogonia. The behavior of type A₀ and A₁ spermatogonia was investigated following administration of a single dose of x-rays (300 r) to the testis. Using whole mounts of seminiferous tubules, the type A₀ and A₁ cells were counted at various intervals after irradiation. At 8 and 13 days after irradiation, type A₁ spermatogonia reached lowest values, i.e., 6% and 3% of non-irradiated control, while type A₀ reached the lowest value, i.e., 62% of control at eight days. Thereafter the numbers of type A₀ and A₁ progressively increased to return to normal at 39 days. It was thus concluded that the type A₀ were comparatively more resistant to x-irradiation than type A₁ spermatogonia. To verify if the surviving type A₀ proliferated in the irradiated testis, animals were injected with ³H-thymidine three hours before they were sacrificed at various times after x-irradiation. In irradiated testes the labeling indices of the surviving type A (A₀, A₁–A₄) were the same as in the non-irradiated testes except in stages V-VI of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. While in the controls only 2% of type A cells were labeled at these two stages of the cycle, after irradiation the labeling index of type A reached a maximum of 31% at 13 days to return to control values by 39 days. Since at 13 days after irradiation type A₀ spermatogonia were the predominant component of the spermatogonial population, it was concluded that these cells must have incorporated ³H-thymidine and thereby contributed to the reconstruction of the spermatogonial population partially destroyed by irradiation.     

Tubular structure and germ cell distribution of cryptorchid or normal testes in early childhood (author's transl)]

Introduction: Many recent publications have demonstrated that the cryptorchid testicle (and, to a lesser extent, the descended partner) are progressively injured from the second year of life onwards. Do these injuries occur in an organ which has been healthy up to this time or are they superimposed on a structurally abnormal testicle? In order to answer this, parts of cryptorchid testicles, of the descended partners, and of normal testicles were compared by histological examination of serial sections. Material and Methods: Parts of four testes from children aged 4-7 months (2 specimens obtained by biopsy and 2 from autoptic material) and parts of four testes from children 1 1/2 years old (2 obtained by biopsy and 2 from autoptic material) were examined. The biopsies were fixed in Stieve's fixative. Tissue samples from clinically healthy children who had died suddenly were fixed in 4% formalin. The tissue was embedded in paraffin and sectioned serially; 6 mum sections were stained with HE. The spermatogonia in each cross-section and in each oblique section of a same tubule were counted and the counts of the latter were adjusted to a cross-section 50-60 mum in diameter. This counting technique did not alter the density of spermatogonia. The graphs present data on the density of spermatogonia through the lengths of the tubules examined and demonstrate tubular branching and blind ends. In the first year of life the cryptorchid testis and its descended partner showed repeated long sections lacking spermatogonia in the same tubule, whereas in normal testes the spermatogonia were more evenly distributed. The cryptorchid testis showed increased tubule branching in the areas examined. In the second year of life the tubules of the cryptorchid testis and its descended partner manifest areas free of germ cells, increased branching, and blind ends. The cryptorchid testis also had a tubule completely free of spermatogonia. The germ cell-free parts were always associated with a smaller tubule diameter than normal. The normal testes did not disclose increased branching or spermatogonium-free areas within similar lengths of tubules and showed an even distribution of spermatogonia. Discussion: The different distribution of spermatogonia within the tubules and the increased branching of the tubules in cryptorchid testes indicate a previous disturbance of testis development.     

环境压力对中国树鼩生殖生理影响的实验研究

目的： 探讨环境压力对中国树鼩生殖生理的影响。方法： 中国树鼩30只，随机分为3组，1组为对照组10只，2组8只，3组12只。实验组采用缩小饲育环境、增大同种性别动物密度的方法，用放免仪测定性激素水平，用光镜观察睾丸的组织结构。结果： 经分笼饲养21 d测定，2、3组动物血清睾酮（T）比1组分别低49.4%和80.3%（P<0.01）；雌三醇（E₂）水平各组间差异无显著；光镜观察发现，2组动物睾丸组织曲细精管在高倍镜下可见精原细胞与支持细胞网架；3组仅见少数几个精原细胞。结论： 环境压力能抑制中国树鼩睾酮形成，损伤睾丸组织结构。     

雷公滕及铅、镉对小鼠睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目的　探讨雷公藤及铅、镉等重金属元素对睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)活性的影响。　方法　用 NADPH- d黄递酶组织化学方法 ,观察给予氯化镉、醋酸铅、雷公藤 1、2、3、4周后 ,小鼠睾丸间质 NOS活性的变化。　结果　正常组间质细胞呈 NOS强阳性反应 ,而曲精小管生精细胞均呈 NOS阴性反应。给予雷公藤 2周内NOS反应无变化 ,第 3和第 4周后 ,NOS阳性的睾丸间质细胞数量无明显变化 ,但 NOS活性稍降低。给予醋酸铅和氯化镉 1周后 ,NOS阳性的睾丸间质细胞数量明显减少 ,并随给药时间延长而加重 ,NOS活性逐渐降低 ,给药 4周后 NOS阳性的睾丸间质细胞几乎不着色。　结论　雷公藤虽然具有明显抗生育作用 ,但对 NOS阳性的睾丸间质细胞数量及 NOS活性无明显影响 ;而铅、镉等对睾丸有毒理作用的重金属元素 ,不但可使 NOS阳性的睾丸间质细胞减少 ,NOS活性也明显降低。     

OCT2, SSX and SAGE1 reveal the phenotypic heterogeneity of spermatocytic seminoma reflecting distinct subpopulations of spermatogonia

Spermatocytic seminoma (SS) is a rare testicular neoplasm that occurs predominantly in older men. In this study, we aimed to shed light on the histogenesis of SS by investigating the developmental expression of protein markers that identify distinct subpopulations of human spermatogonia in the normal adult testis. We analysed the expression pattern of OCT2, SSX2-4, and SAGE1 in 36 SS cases and four intratubular SS (ISS) as well as a series of normal testis samples throughout development. We describe for the first time two different types of SS characterized by OCT2 or SSX2-4 immunoexpression. These findings are consistent with the mutually exclusive antigenic profile of these markers during different stages of testicular development and in the normal adult testis. OCT2 was expressed predominantly in A(dark) spermatogonia, SSX2-4 was present in A(pale) and B spermatogonia and leptotene spermatocytes, whilst SAGE1 was exclusively present in a subset of post-pubertal germ cells, most likely B spermatogonia. The presence of OCT2 and SSX2-4 in distinct subsets of germ cells implies that these markers represent germ cells at different maturation stages. Analysis of SAGE1 and SSX2-4 in ISS showed spatial differences suggesting ongoing maturation of germ cells during progression of SS tumourigenesis. We conclude that the expression pattern of OCT2, SSX2-4, and SAGE1 supports the origin of SS from spermatogonia and provides new evidence for heterogeneity of this tumour, potentially linked either to the cellular origin of SS or to partial differentiation during tumour progression, including a hitherto unknown OCT2-positive variant of the tumour likely derived from A(dark) spermatogonia.