高温高盐中渗油藏聚合物驱可行性研究

通过黏度测试方法,研究了温度、剪切作用等因素对2种耐温抗盐聚合物(高分子量部分水解聚丙烯酰胺HPAM和疏水缔合聚合物SSRAP)溶液性能的影响。并利用岩心驱替实验,研究了二者的渗流特征以及驱油效率。结果表明,SSRAP在高温高矿化度条件下仍具有较好的增黏能力,表现出较好的耐温耐盐抗剪切性能。在中渗多孔介质中,SSRAP溶液形成动态可逆的物理网络结构,具有良好的注入性,同时又能够建立较高的流动阻力,达到水驱流度控制的目的。在渗透率为200×10-3μm2左右的多孔介质中,1 750 mg/L的SSRAP溶液提高采收率幅度达到20%以上。因此,利用SSRAP在高温高盐中渗油藏开展聚合物驱具有较高的可行性。     

高含水油井聚合物控水剂的研制

本文通过研究证实：不同电性聚合物控水剂交替注入后有效降低了模型的水相渗透率,试验五轮次后,封堵率达到95.9%,反向水驱6PV后封堵率仍保持在93%,聚合物控水剂吸附层具的较强的耐冲刷性能且对油流动阻力小于水流动阻力,具有选择性控水性能。     

一种可改变相渗特性的压裂液在低渗透油田控水挖潜的可行性探讨

随着葡Ⅰ油田注水开发的不断深入,对高含水储层进行压裂增产措施并有效控制水的产出,一直是个难题.生产井中产出大量水,通常会导致产量的迅速下降,大量的水处理还会带来生产成本的增加.另外还会引起其他一些问题,如出砂、腐蚀和结垢等.其结果使生产井因无经济开采价值而被迫提前关井停产,本文结合葡Ⅰ油田的储层特性,通过对改变相渗特性压裂液组分、其添加剂与该体系成胶性能、膨胀性能、粘度稳定性能、耐冲刷性能、岩心相渗试验等方面研究,分析了该种压裂液在葡Ⅰ油田应用的可行性,改变相渗特性压裂液可以从根本上降低水相渗透率、增加油相渗透率,改善高含水储层的压裂后大量出水等难题,并起到很好的控水增油效果,对大庆外围油田高含水期的控水挖潜具有很好的指导意义.     

g-C3N4增强聚氧化乙烯-聚己内酯共混钠离子固态电解质电化学性能

采用溶液浇筑法结合热压法制备了复合固态电解质,将Na-β-Al2O3和g-C3N4无机颗粒加入到聚氧化乙烯和聚己内酯共混聚合物中得到复合电解质,结合物相表征和电化学测试研究了复合电解质性能.通过优化各组分特别是g-C3N4的质量比例,聚合物复合电解质获得了在室温下较高的离子电导率、宽的电化学稳定窗口以及较好的抑制钠枝晶...     

盐对聚丙烯酰胺黏度的影响评价

聚丙烯酰胺的抗盐、抗剪切性能较差,且有一定的化学降解性能,因此,聚合物(PAM)驱油剂的耐盐、增黏问题已经成为三次采油技术中极具挑战性的研究课题。影响溶液黏度的因素较多,本文主要研究几种离子对聚丙烯酰胺黏度的影响。以分子量500～700万的聚丙烯酰胺为原料,在一定温度下,探究不同的放置时间及不同的离子浓度下所形成的聚丙烯酰胺水溶液的黏度,通过测量其不同情况下的黏度,研究离子对聚丙烯酰胺的降黏效果。实验结果表明,聚合物的浓度越高,聚丙烯酰胺水溶液的黏度越大;聚合物浓度一定时,加入一定的盐,水溶液体系的黏度降低,且随着盐浓度的增加,体系黏度减小得更为明显。当盐的量达到某一程度,体系的黏度不再减小。此类盐的离子中,钙、镁、钡等二价离子的降黏效果较为明显,对聚丙烯酰胺水溶液黏度的影响依次为Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)Ba~(2+)K~+Na~+。     

矿化度对疏水缔合聚合物溶液溶解时间的影响研究

疏水缔合聚合物是在亲水的聚丙烯酰胺大分子主链上引入少量疏水基团合成的新型水溶型聚合物。其有耐温耐盐的良好特性。但是疏水基的引入降低了聚合物的水溶性,增加了溶解时间。本文以渤海某油田地层水的离子构成作为参考,通过配制不同矿化度溶液来溶解疏水缔合聚合物,探索矿化度对疏水缔合聚合物溶液粘度及溶解时间的影响,并从原理上解释了出现这些现象的原因。最终发现,随着矿化度升高,疏水缔合聚合物溶液粘度降低,溶解时间增大。这种现象是由于矿化度升高,溶液中电解质增多,溶液极性增强,影响了疏水缔合聚合物分子的展开和缔结。     

针对超高温、超高矿化度油藏驱油剂的合成及性能评价

本文采用乳液聚合法,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、苯乙烯(St)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酸(AA)作为单体,过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠引发剂,合成了一种新型耐温耐盐的四元共聚物,并对聚合物的各性能进行评价。结果表明,该四元共聚物具有良好的耐温抗盐性能;具有良好的耐剪切性能,具有良好的驱油性能。     

缔合聚合物三元复合体系性能研究

针对聚驱后开展三元复合驱现场试验,对疏水缔合聚合物-碱-表面活性剂三元复合体系油水适应性进行了研究。实验结果表明,疏水缔合聚合物配制的三元体系具有较好的粘度优势,能够降低聚合物用量;体系具有良好的抗剪切、抗硬水、抗吸附性能,缔合聚合物三元体系界面活性范围较宽,稳定性、乳化性能较好,缔合聚合物在三次采油中具有良好的应用前景。     

疏水缔合聚合物溶液的性能

疏水缔合水溶性聚合物指在常规水溶性聚合物主链上引入极少量疏水基团所形成的一类新型聚合物。与部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)相比,这类聚合物的分子量不高,但具有独特的溶液性能。本文综述了疏水缔合聚合物的增黏、耐温、抗盐、抗剪切的溶液性能。     

抗盐聚合物流变性影响因素研究

通过实验研究聚合物浓度、水矿化度、温度,聚合物分子量、剪切速率等对抗盐聚合物流变性的影响,总结了它们的影响规律。实验结果表明:在低剪切速率下抗盐聚合物较稳定,有利于驱油;抗盐聚合物受水矿化度影响不大;随着温度的升高,抗盐聚合物的动力黏度变化不大;对于抗盐聚合物,在任何剪切速率下,分子量大的动力黏度值也大;在低剪切速率(81 s~(-1))下,抗盐聚合物溶液的动力黏度与浓度无线性关系;当较高剪切速率(81 s~(-1))下,动力黏度与浓度成线性关系。通过抗盐聚合物与普通阴离子聚合物的对比研究,得出了抗盐聚合物更适用于驱油的优点。     

Effect of the anionic‐group/cationic‐group ratio on the swelling behavior and controlled release of agrochemicals of the amphoteric,superabsorbent polymer poly(acrylic acid‐co‐diallyldimethylammonium chloride)

A series of amphoteric, superabsorbent polymers [poly(acrylic acid‐co‐diallyldimethylammonium chloride)] with different molar ratios of anionic groups to cationic groups were prepared by solution polymerization to investigate their swelling behaviors and the controlled release of agrochemicals. Various factors, including the solution pH, the concentrations of different salt solutions, and the temperature, were studied. The dynamic parameters of hydrogels at different temperatures suggested that diffusion was Fickian at lower temperatures, whereas non‐Fickian diffusion prevailed at higher temperatures. A copolymer hydrogel with a low anionic‐group/cationic‐group ratio showed a higher swelling capacity in water and higher salt tolerance. Also, the anionic‐group/cationic‐group ratio was not the dominant factor in determining the water retention. A poly(acrylic acid‐co‐diallyldimethylammonium chloride) hydrogel could control the release of agrochemicals effectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 986–991, 2006     

Increasing viscosity in entangled polyelectrolyte solutions by the addition of salt

The viscosity of several polyelectrolytes is measured in both salt free solutions and solutions in the high salt limit. At low polymer concentrations, the zero shear rate viscosity decreases as much as 100-fold upon addition of a monovalent salt, namely NaCl. However, as polymer concentration increases, the viscosity difference between polymer in salt free and in monovalent salt solution diminishes. Further, the zero shear rate viscosity becomes independent of added monovalent salt at the critical polyelectrolyte concentration c_D. Above c_D, the addition of monovalent salt increases the zero shear rate viscosity of the entangled polyelectrolyte solutions. The viscosity increase agrees with viscosity scaling theory for polyelectrolytes in the entangled regime. Polyelectrolytes exhibiting an increase in viscosity above c_D in the presence of monovalent salt include three natural anionic polyelectrolytes (xanthan, carrageenan, welan), one synthetic anionic polyelectrolyte (hydrolyzed polyacrylamide), and one natural cationic polyelectrolyte (chitosan). Generally, these polyelectrolytes are relatively high molecular weight (>1 M Dalton), which makes c_D experimentally accessible (e.g., c_D = 0.2 wt% for xanthan). The magnitude of the viscosity increase is as high as 300% for xanthan and nearly independent of monovalent salt concentration in the high salt limit. The increase in viscosity in monovalent salt solution and magnitude of c_D appear to be heavily influenced by the molecular characteristics of the polymers such as monomer weight, molecular structure, and chain conformation.     

Synthesis and application of salt tolerance amphoteric hydrophobic associative flocculants

A series of amphoteric hydrophobic-associative flocculants with outstanding flocculation efficiency and salt tolerance, poly(acrylamide/acrylic acid/dimethyl benzyl aminoethyl acrylate chloride), are successfully prepared (named AAB series) and used to flocculate the montmorillonite suspensions. The solution properties of AAB copolymer are systematically evaluated by viscometer, rheology and steady-state fluorescence analysis. The results suggest that the space network structure forming via hydrophobic-associating interaction can increase solution viscosity and improve the bridging capacity of copolymers. Meanwhile, the apparent viscosity in salt solution increases with increase in the concentration of salt stemming from the anti-polyelectrolyte effect of polyampholyte. Further, the flocculation performances of flocculants in 1 wt% montmorillonite suspensions are evaluated by turbidity, optimal dosage and settlement rate measurement. The results elaborate that the flocculation performances of amphoteric hydrophobic-associating AAB flocculants are better than that of commercial flocculants (cationic and anionic polyacrylamide) and homemade cationic flocculant (AAB-0-5) independent of the type and concentration of salt. The novel ampholyteric hydrophobic-associative flocculants will exhibit intriguing prospective in industry water treatment, in that the anti-polyelectrolyte effect of polyampholyte and hydrophobic-associating interaction can endow excellent flocculation efficiency and salt tolerance.     

The pH‐responsive cycloterpolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, 3‐(N,N‐diallylammonio)propanesulfonate,and sulfur dioxide

The cycloterpolymerizations of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, 3‐(N,N‐diallylammonio)propanesulfonate, and sulfur dioxide afforded a series of pH‐responsive cycloterpolymers in excellent yields. The solution properties of these ionic polymers were controlled by the composition of the monomeric units; exhibiting dominance either in polyzwitterionic or cationic character. The unquenched valency of nitrogen in the monomeric units of the sulfobetaine zwitterions has permitted these cationic/zwitterionic polymers to be converted into a series of polyampholytes with a charge asymmetry arising out of excess of either the cationic or anionic centers. The water‐solubility of these polymers, upon low‐ and high‐salt (NaCl) additions has been investigated to provide critical solution concentrations to promote water‐insolubility and ‐solubility. A series of associating polymers of the above two monomers and SO₂ with a hydrophobic incorporation of 3–7 mol % of diallyloctadecylammonium chloride has also been synthesized. The solubility and viscosity of the hydrophobically modified polymers in the polyampholytic form were increased considerably in the presence of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Aqueous solution properties of poly(trimethyl acrylamido propyl ammonium iodide) [poly(TMAAI)]

The aqueous solution properties of a cationic poly(trimethyl acrylamido propyl ammonium iodide) [poly(TMAAI)] were studied by measurements of reduced viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, and flocculation test. The reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity of this cationic polyelectrolyte were related to the types and concentration of added salt. “Soft” salt anions were more easily bound on the quaternary ammonium (R₄N⁺) of poly(TMAAI) than those of “hard” salt anions. Halide anions are hard anions; consequently, hard cations were more easily attracted to halide anions for reducing the binding degree of halide anion on the quaternary ammonium group (R₄N⁺). Some salt ions were observed to strongly attract the quaternary ammonium of the cationic polymeric side chain for coagulation of the polymers. This effect would make the polymeric aqueous solution become turbid. The intrinsic viscosity behavior for cationic polyelectrolyte resulting from the electrostatic repulsive force of the polymer chain is contrasted with polyampholyte. A comparison of various flocculants as to the effect of flocculation was also studied. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

阴离子型清洁压裂液耐温性研究进展

阴离子型清洁压裂液是一种基于阴离子黏弹性表面活性剂的非聚合物水基压裂液,具有配制简单、易返排、无残渣、冻胶黏度低且弹性好、压裂性能稳定等特性。随着低压低渗油田开采困难和油井开采深度的不断增加,阴离子型清洁压裂液(Anionic Viscoelastic Surfactant Fluid,简称AVES)的耐温性成为重要研究课题。对典型非聚AVES压裂液和新型含聚AVES压裂液两大体系的应用性能和特征进行综述,列表阐明各类AVES压裂液在油田应用中的优势与不足。针对国内外AVES压裂液高温下压裂效果不明显、胶束稳定性差及主剂合成复杂等状况,提出改进阴离子侧链、研制不对称结构双子阴离子及开发新型纳米粒子等方法,从而达到简化体系配制、增加其耐温性与稳定性的目的。     

三次采油用聚合物驱油剂PL-2的合成与溶液性能研究

采用胶束聚合的方法合成了三次采油用聚合物PL-2,室内研究了表面活性剂的浓度、疏水单体、阴离子单体含量以及在盐水中聚合物溶液表观粘度的影响,并进一步评价了合成聚合物的抗剪切性与热稳定性。实验结果表明:疏水单体与阴离子单体含量分别在0.6%与10%时,该聚合物驱油剂PL-2具有很好的增粘效果,且抗剪切及热稳定性能优良,其性能可以满足高温、高矿化度油藏聚合物驱油的要求。     

Sorbents for removal surfactants from aqueous solutions: Surface modification of natural solids to enhance sorption ability

Particulate materials of natural origin, sulfite cellulose and two kaolinite clays, were modified by the formation of nonstoichiometric polyelectrolyte complex on the surface of particles. This resulted in positive surface charge on cellulose and clays. Modified materials as well as selected commercial polymers were used as sorbents for removal of anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants from aqueous solutions. It was stated that cationic surface modification of cellulose and kaolinite clays resulted in a significant increase of sorption rate and degree of removal of oppositely charged anionic surfactants. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1510–1515, 2004     

Mechanochemistry and permeability of polyelectrolyte complex membranes composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) derivatives

Two polyanions and two polycations were prepared by the esterification of poly(vinyl alcohol). Properties of their neutral polyelectrolyte complex membranes were compared with those of polyelectrolyte membranes. The charged state on the membranes was related closely to the mechanochemical reaction, the salt rejection, and the solution permeability. Both the salt rejection and the water flux of neutral polyelectrolyte complex memberanes were lower than those of the corresponding acidic or basic complex membranes.     

Polysulfobetaines and corresponding cationic polymers. IV. Synthesis and aqueous solution properties of cationic poly(MIQSDMAPM)

A cationic poly(methyl iodide quaternized styrene-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide) copolymer [poly(MIQSDMAPM)] was synthesized by imidizing styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer. Its aqueous solution properties were studied by measurements of reduced viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, and a flocculation test. The reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity of this cationic polyelectrolyte were related to the types and concentration of the added salt. “Soft” salt anions were more easily bound to the quaternary ammonium cation (R₄N⁺) of poly(MIQSDMAPM) than “hard” salt anions. Halide anions are hard anions; consequently, hard cations were more easily atracted to halide anions, and reduced binding degree of halide anion on the quaternary ammonium group (R₄N⁺). Some salt ions were observed to strongly attract the quaternary ammonium group of the cationic polymeric side chain and resulted in agglomeration of the polymers. A comparison of various flocculants as to the effect of flocculation was made in this study. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.