索拉菲尼对肝癌细胞HepG2自噬的抑制作用

目的：研究化疗药物索拉菲尼（Sorafenib）对肝癌细胞HepG2自噬的作用及自噬与细胞增殖、细胞凋r_的关系。方法：常规细胞培养,以10μmol／L的索拉菲尼作用不同时间,采用MDC染色,在荧光显微镜下观察自噬泡的情况：用Western印迹检测自噬相关蛋白LC3的动态变化;用3-MA抑制肝癌细胞中自噬的表达,并用CCK8法检测索拉菲尼及其联合3-MA对细胞生存率的影响,用AnnexinV／PI流式细胞仪检测抑制自噬后凋亡的变化。结果：HepG2经索拉菲尼作用后,自噬泡明显减少,LC3蛋白尤其是LC3-Ⅱ随着作用时间延长逐渐减弱;索拉菲尼联合3-MA可进一步抑制HepG2细胞中自噬的表达,抑制自噬后细胞死亡明显增加,特别是细胞凋亡明显增加。结论：索拉菲尼抗肝癌作用可能与抑制肝癌细胞自噬有关。     

RNA干扰PLK1基因表达对肝癌细胞增殖的影响

目的探讨靶向PLK1基因在肝癌基因治疗中的可行性。方法采用PLK1小干扰核糖核酸分子(siRNA)转染人肝癌HepG2细胞,分别以荧光实时定量PCR和Western blot检测PLK1基因和蛋白的表达水平,观察PLK1 siRNA转染对肝癌细胞体外增殖的影响。并于转染不同时间后收集细胞,分别采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和TUNEL方法检测肝癌细胞的凋亡情况。结果 PLK1基因明显抑制癌细胞体外生长(P0.05)。肝癌HepG2细胞经siRNA转染处理后,PLK1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显下降(P0.05)。DNA电泳出现明显的梯度图谱;转染组癌细胞凋亡指数明显增加。结论 PLK1 siRNA转染可明显抑制肝癌细胞增殖,其机制可能与诱导细胞凋亡有关。本结果为肝癌以PLK1基因治疗提供了一条新的思路。     

自噬的特异性抑制对肝癌细胞凋亡的调控及其相关机制

目的:研究自噬特异性抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)对奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin,OX)诱导的肝癌细胞系HepG2存活率的影响,并探讨其机制。方法:MDC与DAPI双重染色后,采用荧光显微镜对自噬进行定性观察;以CCK8检测3-MA抑制剂自噬前后,经OX诱导的HepG2细胞存活率;并用RT-PCR检测自噬特异性基因LC3表达的变化,以Western印迹法分别检测自噬特异性蛋白LC3及凋亡活化蛋白Caspase-3的变化。结果:OX可诱导肝癌细胞HepG2产生自噬,且自噬在基因及蛋白水平的表达均增加;3-MA与OX联合作用可明显增强HepG2细胞的凋亡。结论:OX诱导肝癌细胞系HepG2凋亡的过程中自噬起到保护性作用;抑制自噬可明显增强OX诱导的HepG2细胞凋亡。3-MA可能为提高肝癌对化疗敏感性提供新思路。     

急性缺血缺氧诱导肝癌细胞自噬及其相关机制

目的:研究急性缺血/缺氧时肝癌细胞HepG2增殖率及自噬的变化,探讨自噬的作用及机制。方法 :以Western印迹法检测缺氧诱导因子-1(hypoxia induced factor-1,HIF-1)表达并确定体外模拟模型的可靠性;吖啶橙染色后采用荧光显微镜定性观察自噬;以自噬特异性蛋白LC3及P62(P62/SQSTM1)信号蛋白的变化表明自噬的诱导和可能的调控机制;以CCK8检测3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)抑制自噬前后急性缺血/缺氧下HepG2细胞的增殖率变化。结果:急性缺血/缺氧2 h后,HepG2细胞显著表达HIF-1α蛋白,表明体外急性缺血/缺氧模型的可靠性。急性缺血/缺氧可快速诱导肝癌细胞HepG2产生自噬,继而出现HepG2细胞显著增殖活跃;3-MA抑制自噬后,可特异性抑制急性缺血/缺氧所诱导的HepG2细胞增殖;急性缺血/缺氧条件下HepG2细胞P62信号蛋白表达显著下调,自噬抑制后逐渐恢复正常表达水平。结论:自噬在肝癌体外急性缺血/缺氧过程中对肿瘤起到保护作用,其机制可能与P62蛋白的清除有关;抑制自噬可显著降低肝癌细胞增殖率。自噬可能成为肝癌治疗的新靶点。     

S腺苷甲硫氨酸对肝癌细胞急性缺血/缺氧过程中的生物学作用

目的：研究S腺苷甲硫氨酸（SAMe）在急性缺血/缺氧过程中对肝癌细胞HepG2的生物学作用,并通过检测自噬的变化探讨其可能机制。方法：real time-PCR检测自噬特异性基因（Beclin 1）表达的变化;吖啶橙染色后,采用荧光显微镜定性观察自噬;CCK-8法检测HepG2细胞的成活率;用AnnexinⅤ/PI流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡的变化。结果：SAMe可诱导HepG2细胞的自噬,在单纯缺血和缺血/缺氧处理因素下,HepG2自噬在荧光强度和Beclin 1基因水平分别比空白对照组增强约3.2倍和3.5倍。细胞成活率分别比空白对照组增加了约20%和30%。SAMe对HepG2细胞具有显著的抑制作用,这种抑制作用在缺血/缺氧环境中更加明显,SAMe单独处理组和SAMe预处理结合缺血/缺氧组,其细胞成活率与空白对照组相比分别下降了约30%和70%。随着细胞成活率下降,细胞凋亡比例相应增加,与空白对照组相比,细胞经SAMe处理后凋亡比例增加约18%;细胞经SAMe预处理后再予以缺血/缺氧,凋亡比例增加约30%。结论：在SAMe抑制HepG2细胞生长过程中,自噬起着重要作用。     

siRNA靶向沉默TET2基因对人肝癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:通过siRNA靶向沉默TET2(ten-eleven translocation 2)基因,以研究TET2基因对于人肝癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响并初步探讨其可能机制。方法:RT-PCR和Western印迹法检测人肝癌细胞株和正常人肝星状细胞LO2中TET2表达情况。siRNA转染入Bel-7404和SMMC-7721肝癌细胞内,并设置阴性对照组(NC组)。靶向沉默TET2基因后,CCK-8法检测肝癌细胞增殖能力,FITC AnnexinⅤ-Apoptosis Detection KitⅠ检测肝癌细胞的凋亡;Western印迹法检测下游信号通路中Caspase-3和Caspase-8蛋白表达。结果:与正常人肝星状细胞LO2相比,TET2基因在人肝癌细胞中高表达。siRNA转染入SMMC-7721和Bel-7404细胞后,TET2基因的表达显著降低。与NC组相比,转染48 h后肝癌细胞的增殖水平显著降低(P<0.05)。肝癌细胞的凋亡水平率显著升高,下游信号通路中,Capase-3蛋白和Capase-8蛋白的表达量显著上调。结论:siRNA靶向沉默TET2基因可通过促进肝癌细胞凋亡的发生抑制其增殖。     

索拉菲尼联合树突状细胞与细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞抗肝细胞癌生长作用的实验研究

目的观察索拉菲尼联合树突状细胞与细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞抗肝细胞癌生长作用。方法体外培养细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞与树突状细胞,采用不同剂量索拉菲尼6.9μmol/L、13.8μmol/L、20.8μmol/L联合树突状细胞与细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞作用于小鼠H22肝癌细胞,应用酶联免疫分析技术测定二者联合对肝癌细胞增殖抑制率。结果随着索拉非尼剂量增加,对H22肝癌细胞增殖抑制作用增强,与索拉非尼相比,抑制率差异具有统计学意义(F=1.236,P0.05;4.4 mg/ml剂量除外);索拉非尼在13.25 mg/ml时联合DC-CIK细胞对肝癌细胞增殖抑制作用最强,与索拉非尼4.4 mg/ml剂量联合DC-CIK细胞作用相比,抑制率差异具有统计学意义(F=2.175,P0.05)。结论索拉非尼联合树突状细胞与细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞共同作用于肝癌细胞,能够提高索拉非尼杀伤肝癌细胞作用,且对肝癌细胞增殖抑制作用呈现剂量依赖性,为进一步提高分子靶向药物临床治疗肝细胞癌的疗效提供了理论依据。     

人甲胎蛋白增强子驱动自杀基因靶向杀伤肝癌细胞的实验研究

目的 探讨人AFP增强子驱动的单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶(HSV-TK)/丙氧鸟苷自杀基因系统体内外靶向杀伤肝癌细胞的效应.方法 构建人AFP增强子驱动的pAFP-cDNA3.1-TK自杀基因真核表达质粒;利用脂质体将质粒转染入AFP阳性肝癌细胞株HcpG2和AFP阴性肝癌细胞株SMMC7721;采用RT-PCR和Western blot检测TK mRNA和蛋白表达;MTT检测细胞的存活率;观察丙氧鸟苷对肝癌细胞体外增殖、生长曲线和细胞凋亡的作用,以及丙氧鸟苷体内抑制肿瘤生长的效应.采用t检验分析相关数据.结果 成功构建pAFP-cDNA3.1-TK自杀基因真核表达质粒并转染入肝癌细胞;AFP阳性肝癌细胞株HepG2中能检测到TKmRNA和蛋白表达;丙氧鸟苷呈剂量和时间依赖性抑制转染后肝癌细胞株HepG2的生长并诱导其凋亡;AFP阴性肝癌细胞株SMMC7721中没有TKmRNA和蛋白表达,细胞增殖、生长曲线和凋亡均不受影响,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.58,2.73,3.12,P＜0.05).丙氧鸟苷可以特异性地抑制转染后肝癌细胞株HepG2治疗组中肿瘤的生长,肿瘤抑制率为46%,而在转染后肝癌细胞株SMMC7721治疗组中,对肿瘤生长无明显抑制作用,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(t=3.36,P＜0.05).结论 人AFP增强子驱动的HSV-TK/丙氧鸟苷自杀基因系统可以靶向杀伤AFP阳性肝癌细胞,抑制肿瘤生长.     

核酶基因抑制肝癌细胞低氧诱导因子-1α表达的实验研究

目的探讨靶向HIF-1α核酶基因对肝癌细胞HIF-1α表达的调控。方法采用脂质体介导的方法，将靶向HIF-1α核酶基因真核表达载体转染肝癌细胞Hep3B2，并予低氧条件诱导。于转染后48h采用Western Blotting检测Hep3B2细胞中HIF-1α蛋白的表达水平；荧光报告基因方法检测HIF-1转录活性。结果Hep3B2细胞低氧诱导后，HIF-1α蛋白表达水平、HIF-1转录活性增高（1．0±0．02），转染核酶基因400μmol／L后48h，Hep3B2细胞低氧诱导的HIF-1α蛋白表达水平明显下降，HIF-1转录活性下调（0．12±0．025，P〈0．05）。结论核酶基因可特异性抑制低氧诱导的肝癌细胞HIF-1α表达，降低其转录活性。     

核酶基因抑制肝癌细胞低氧诱导因子-1α表达的实验研究

目的 探讨靶向低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)核酶基因对肝癌细胞HIF-1α表达的调控.方法 采用脂质体介导的方法,将靶向HIF-1α核酶基因真核表达载体转染肝癌细胞Hep3B2,并予低氧条件诱导.于转染后48 h采用Western Blotting检测Hep3B2细胞中HIF-1α蛋白的表达水平;荧光报告基因方法检测HIF-1转录活性.结果 Hep3B2细胞低氧诱导后,HIF-1α蛋白表达水平、HIF-1转录活性增高(1.0±0.02),转染核酶基因400 μmol/L后48 h,Hep3B2细胞低氧诱导的HIF-1α蛋白表达水平明显下降,HIF-1转录活性下调(0.12±0.025,P＜0.05).结论 核酶基因可特异性抑制低氧诱导的肝癌细胞HIF-1α的表达,降低其转录活性.     

血卟啉单甲醚对人肝细胞癌细胞系HepG_2的光动力杀伤效应

目的 光动力治疗是一种有效的局部肿瘤治疗手段.包括光敏剂的注射及激光照射两部分;观察以HMME作为光敏剂,再辅以630nm二极管激光照射对人肝细胞癌细胞HepG_2的光动力杀伤效应.方法 应用MTT技术来检测HepG_2细胞的抑制率;应用AnnexinV/PI双染色流式细胞仪来检测凋亡细胞所占的百分比;两种方法被用来检测细胞凋亡,TUNEL及激光共聚焦显微镜摄片.结果 在体外PDT实验中,不同的激光能量及药物浓度对HepG_2细胞显示出了很强的细胞毒性(P<0.05),并且HMME主要以凋亡的形式介导HepG_2细胞死亡.结论 笔者的研究证明,应用HMME及二极管激光器可以诱导人肝细胞癌细胞系HepG_2发生凋亡.这种治疗手段对临床上的HCC病人有较好的临床前景.     

索拉非尼对人肝癌细胞的体外杀伤作用与磷酸化胞外信号调节激酶基础表达水平的关系

目的 探讨索拉非尼对不同肝细胞肝癌(HCC)胞株的体外杀伤作用与基础磷酸化胞外信号调节激酶(pERK)表达水平的关系.方法 应用细胞免疫化学定量分析和Western blot方法 检测方法 ,评价不同浓度(0.01～30.00 μmol/L)索拉非尼对4种人肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721、MHCC97-L、MHCC97-H和HCCLM6)体外杀伤作用与细胞基础pERK表达的相关性.结果 4种细胞株基础pERK蛋白表达含量随着转移潜能依次递增.索拉非尼对各细胞株的IC_(50)与pERK蛋白表达呈负相关(Spearman r=-0.8671,P＜0.01,n=12),提示索拉非尼的药物敏感性与细胞基础pERK蛋白水平存在显著的相关性.结论 pERK可以作为一个潜在的生物标记物,预测索拉非尼对肝细胞癌的药物敏感性.     

The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells

The present study investigated the effects of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib on androgen-independent can- cer cells viability and intracellular signaling. Human androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells were treated with sorafenib. At concentration that suppresses extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, sorafenib treatment reduced the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Sorafenib also down-modulated the levels of mye- loid cell leukemia 1, survivin and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2. Sorafenib induced caspase-3 cleavage and the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. However, no nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor was detected after treatment and the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK had an obvious protective effect against the drug. In conclusion, sorafenib induces apoptosis through a caspase-dependent mechanism with down-regulated antiapoptotic proteins in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro.     

乙型肝炎病毒X基因在体内外对肝癌细胞增殖活性的影响

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒x(HBx)基因对肝癌细胞增殖活性的影响。方法将携带HBx基因的表达质粒pHA-HBx转染HepG2肝癌细胞,G418筛选阳性细胞克隆,RT-PCR鉴定HBx基因的整合及表达;通过细胞计数,观察HBx基因对肝癌细胞生长曲线和倍增时间的影响;流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化;^3H-TdR掺入法检测细胞增殖活性;裸鼠接种观察HBx基因在体内对肝癌细胞增殖的影响。结果HBx基因在体内外对HepG2细胞的增殖活性均有明显影响,细胞生长曲线左移,倍增时间缩短;G0／G1。期细胞减少,S期和G2／M期细胞增多;转染后的细胞^3H-TdR掺入率较对照组增高;转HBx基因的裸鼠移植瘤的生长速度较对照组细胞明显加快。结论HBx基因在体内外均可提高肝癌细胞的增殖活性,增加肝癌细胞的恶性表型,加速肿瘤生长。     

Adenovirus-mediated CD40 ligand therapy induces tumor cell apoptosis and systemic immunity in the TRAMP-C2 mouse prostate cancer model

BACKGROUND: The interaction between CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD40 on antigen presenting cells is essential for the initiation of antigen-specific T-cell responses, whereas CD40L stimulation of CD40+ tumor cells can induce cellular apoptosis. We investigated the anti-tumor effects induced by CD40L gene transfer into the mouse prostate adenocarcinoma cell line TRAMP-C2, both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: TRAMP-C2 cells were transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding CD40L (AdCD40L). The induced expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cell viability was analyzed. AdCD40L-transduced TRAMP-C2 cells were used in prophylactic vaccination studies, while therapeutic studies were performed using peritumoral injections of AdCD40L. RESULTS: AdCD40L yielded reduced TRAMP-C2 cell viability and induced apoptosis in vitro. Vaccination with CD40L-expressing TRAMP-C2 cells induced anti-tumor immunity and peritumoral AdCD40L injections induced tumor growth suppression. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations highlight the therapeutic potential of using AdCD40L as a monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or novel therapies (e.g., oncolytic viruses). The use of AdCD40L offers an attractive option for future clinical trials.     

晚期肾癌索拉非尼治疗后形态学改变二例报告

目的 探讨晚期肾癌患者索拉非尼治疗后形态学及肾癌相关蛋白表达改变的特点.方法 晚期肾癌索拉非尼治疗后的组织2例,行HE染色病理学检查,应用国内常用组织学分级系统评价治疗反应,免疫组织化学方法检测原发性肿瘤组织与复发或转移灶索拉非尼治疗后的免疫表型改变. 结果 2例患者标本病理类型与治疗前无改变,均出现不同程度的治疗反应,表现为肿瘤细胞轻度退行性改变,肿瘤组织可见明显坏死及间质纤维化.免疫组织化学分析结果显示索拉非尼治疗前后肾癌相关抗原Vimentin、AE1/AE3、CK7、CK8、CK18及CD10蛋白表达无明显变化,索拉非尼治疗后肾癌组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、VEGF受体-2(VEGFR2)、p53及Ki-67蛋白表达增强,而Bcl-2蛋白表达降低. 结论 索拉非尼治疗后可引起转移癌或复发肿瘤与原发肿瘤之间的形态学差异,以瘤细胞退行性改变及间质纤维化为主要表现,但转移性肾癌病理组织学类型无改变.VEGF、VEGFR2等表达的变化可能与索拉非尼疗效相关.     

Efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies in older patients for first line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Backgroundimmunotherapy became the first line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Nevertheless, a better understanding of the specificities of targeted therapies (TT) in the elderly population could be helpful in order to improve the management of mRCC in this population. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess efficacy and safety of sunitinib and sorafenib used as first-line TT in 70 years older patients compared to younger patients.MethodsData were retrospectively collected for all consecutive mRCC patients receiving first line TT treatment by sunitinib or sorafenib for mRCC from January 2006 to November 2017. Patients were divided into two groups according to the age using a cut-off at 70 years old. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank test.ResultsIn total, 147 patients were included; 94 (63.9%) were <70 and 53 (36.1%) were 70 years old or more. First line TT used was sunitinib in 123 (83.7%) patients or sorafenib in 24 (16.3%) patients. Median PFS was 8 months for elderly patients vs. 6 in younger group (P=0.68). Median OS were 26 vs. 36 months (P=0.08). Severe induced toxicity was more frequent among elderly patients: 34 (64.2%) vs. 46 patients (48.9%) (P=0.07). Rate of treatment discontinuation due to toxicity was 22 patients (23.4%) in younger group vs. 28 patients (52.8%) in the elderly group (P=0.0005). Results were similar in the 2 groups regarding the type of toxicities.ConclusionsOur results suggest similar efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents as first-line treatment for mRCC among younger and older patients with an age cut-off of 70 years. Safety results suggest that these drugs can be safely used for older patients with a need of caution regarding toxicity prevention.     

Treatment outcomes of sorafenib for first line or cytokinerefractory advanced renal cell carcinoma in Japanese patients

The objective of the present study was to document the treatment efficacy and safety of sorafenib in Japanese patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A retrospective analysis of 50 consecutive patients with metastatic RCC between January 2005 and December 2009 was carried out. Patients received sorafenib after failed cytokine therapy or first‐line sorafenib treatment. All received 400 mg of sorafenib orally twice daily. Five of 14 patients with bone metastases were also given bisphosphonates. Tumor response was evaluated every 1–2 months according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Adverse events (AE) were evaluated at each visit during and after treatment, and were recorded according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Dose modification of sorafenib was permitted if grade 3 or 4 AE occurred. Treatment continued until disease progression or treatment intolerance occurred. Partial response, and stable disease as best objective responses were observed in 11 (22%) and 23 (46%) patients, respectively. Median progression‐free survival was 7.3 months and median overall survival was 11.9 months. All patients experienced AE and one or more grade 3/4 AE occurred in 43 of 50 (86%) patients. Although it requires close monitoring, sorafenib treatment seemed to be effective in the present study population.